Category Archives: Quantum Computing

The idea of using the laws of quantum mechanics for computation was proposed in 1982 by Richard Feynman. But Deutschwho is at the University of Oxford, UKis often credited with establishing the conceptual foundations of the discipline. Computer bits that obey quantum principles, such as superposition and entanglement, can carry out some calculations much faster and more efficiently than ones that obey classical rules. In 1985 Deutsch postulated that a device made from such quantum bits (qubits) could be made universal, meaning it could simulate any quantum system. Deutsch framed his proposal in the context of the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics (of which he is an advocate), likening the process of one quantum computation to that of many parallel computations occurring simultaneously in entangled worlds.

To motivate further work in quantum computing, researchers at the time needed problems that a quantum computer could uniquely solve. I remember conversations in the early 1990s in which people would argue about whether quantum computers would ever be able to do anything really useful, says quantum physicist William Wootters of Williams College, Massachusetts, who has worked with Bennett and Brassard on quantum cryptography problems. Then suddenly Peter Shor devised a quantum algorithm that could indeed do something eminently useful.

In 1995 Shor, who is now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, developed an algorithm that could factorize large integersdecompose them into products of primesmuch more efficiently than any known classical algorithm. In classical computation, the time that it takes to factorize a large number increases exponentially as the number gets larger, which is why factorizing large numbers provides the basis for todays methods for online data encryption. Shors algorithm showed that for a quantum computer, the time needed increases less rapidly, making factorizing large numbers potentially more feasible. This theoretical demonstration immediately injected energy into the field, Wootters says. Shor has also made important contributions to the theory of quantum error correction, which is more challenging in quantum than in classical computation (see Focus: LandmarksCorrecting Quantum Computer Errors).

Without Deutsch and Shor we would not have the field of quantum computation as we know it today, says quantum theorist Artur Ekert of the University of Oxford, who considers Deutsch his mentor. David defined the field, and Peter took it to an entirely different level by discovering the real power of quantum computation and by showing that it actually can be done.

Data encryption is the topic cited for the award of Bennett (IBMs Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York) and Brassard (University of Montreal, Canada). In 1984 the pair described a protocol in which information could be encoded in qubits and sent between two parties in such a way that the information could not be read by an eavesdropper without that intervention being detected. Like quantum computing, this quantum cryptographic scheme relies on entangling qubits, meaning that their properties are interdependent, no matter how far apart they are separated. This BB84 protocol and similar quantum encryption schemes have now been used for secure transmission of data along optical networks and even via satellite over thousands of kilometers (see Focus: Intercontinental, Quantum-Encrypted Messaging and Video).

In 1993 Bennett and Brassard also showed how entanglement may be harnessed for quantum teleportation, whereby the state of one qubit is broadcast to another distant one while the original state is destroyed (see Focus: LandmarksTeleportation is not Science Fiction). This process too has applications in quantum information processing.

I am really gratified by this award because it recognizes the field of quantum information and computation, Shor says. Deutsch echoes the sentiment: Im glad that [quantum information] is now officially regarded as fundamental physics rather than as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, or engineering.

Deutsch, Shor, Bennett, and Brassard deserve recognition for their work, and Im delighted that theyre getting it, Wootters says. He notes that their research not only inspired the development of quantum technologies, but also influenced new research in quantum foundations. Quantum information theory views quantum theory through a novel lens and opens up a new perspective from which to address foundational questions.

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Physics - Breakthrough Prize for the Physics of Quantum Informationand of Cells - Physics

Quantinuum Announces Reaching Quantum Volume of 8192, an Additional Type of Two-Qubit Gate, and 500,000 Downloads of TKET

Quantinuum has announced another increase in their Quantum Volume (QV) metric for their Ion Trap machines. The previous measure was 4096 which they announced last April and now they have increased it to 8192. This means that it has successfully completed the Quantum Volume test specified by IBM with a circuit of 13 qubits that is 13 levels deep. A key ingredient to make this happen was the implementation of an additional type of two-qubit gate which they call the Arbitrary Angle Two-Qubit Gate. This provides a more flexible way of implementing a two-qubit gate versus the fixed rotations that are used in the original MlmerSrensen gate used in ion trap quantum processors. The benefit is that the Arbitrary Angle gate can implement certain quantum operations more efficiently with fewer levels, faster times, and higher fidelities. For example, Quantinuum indicates that the Quantum Fourier Transfer algorithm can be implement with one-half the number of two-qubit gates using this Arbitrary Angle gate.

In a related announcement, Quantinuum also announced that there have been 500,000 downloads of their open source TKET software since it was released. This number has been helped tremendously by Quantinuums decision in 2021 to make this software open source. Although we dont believe that all the people who downloaded the software are actively using it, it is still an impressive number. TKET has already incorporated support for the Arbitrary Angle Two-Qubit gate.

Additional information about Quantinuums announcement is available in a press release that can be seen here and also a technical paper posted on arXiv that demonstrates a use of the Arbitrary Angle two-qubit gate as well as the qubit resets and other advanced features here.

September 27, 2022

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Quantinuum Announces Reaching Quantum Volume of 8192, an Additional Type of Two-Qubit Gate, and 500,000 Downloads of TKET - Quantum Computing Report

We are pleased to announce that registration will open this week for the International Conference on Quantum Technology for High-Energy Physics, which will be hosted at CERN on 14 November 2022. The event will take place in the CERN Main Auditorium, with featured sessions being broadcast live.

The conference will serve as a forum to discuss both the potential of and the challenges surrounding the nascent quantum technology and what overall impact this new frontier of science might have on high-energy physics (HEP). Bringing the whole community together, we will discuss recent developments in the field and keep looking for those activities within HEP and beyond that can most benefit from the application of quantum technologies.

Spread across four days, the event will cover a number of topics ranging from four quantum technology areas (theory, sensing, computing and communication) to collaboration with academia and industry, entrepreneurship, training and education activities. There will also be a series of tutorials and hands-on sessions co-developed with companies and providers, to explore the fascinating field of quantum science to its fullest extent.

Following a successful workshop on quantum computing in 2018 that marked the beginning of a range of new investigations into quantum computing at CERN, this is the first edition of the QT4HEP conference and a great opportunity to share knowledge and ideas, advance quantum expertise and skills and foster common activities with academia and industry on national and international levels.

Join us as we unlock the full potential of innovative quantum technology and its great promise to support scientific research: https://indico.cern.ch/e/QT4HEP22.

_______________

About CERN QTI

The CERN Quantum Technology Initiative (CERN QTI) is a comprehensive R&D and knowledge-sharing initiative to investigate applications of quantum technologies for high-energy physics and beyond. Given CERNs increasing information and communications technology and computing demands, as well as the significant national and international interest in quantum-technology activities, CERN QTI aims to provide dedicated mechanisms for the exchange of both knowledge and innovation.

Find out more at quantum.cern and on Twitter and LinkedIn.Link to the roadmap: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5553774.

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CERN to host International Conference on Quantum Technology for High-Energy Physics (QT4HEP22) - CERN

As computer scientists march forward in the process of taking quantum computing into the practical realm, cybersecurity vendors and practitioners will need to be ready with encryption mechanisms that can withstand the power of quantum's compute potential. But risk experts say that future-proofing measures for post-quantum cryptography don't have to be created in panic.

Contrary to the way some early pundits have painted the post-quantum computing landscape, the truth is that there will be no quantum cliff in which today's encryption mechanisms will suddenly become obsolete, says Dr. Colin Soutar, the US quantum cyber-readiness leader and managing director for Deloitte Risk & Financial Advisory, which just released a report on quantum encryption. He explains that in reality, the transition to quantum is going to be an ongoing process.

"There's a lot of discussion around quantum right now, and there's a lot of conflation of different ideas. There are even some alarmist statements about how everything needs to change overnight to update to quantum-resistant algorithms," says Soutar. "That implies there's a specific date (for quantum adoption), and there's really not."

Viewing post-quantum security problems from that kind of lens can help the cybersecurity industry start to work the issue with the same kind of risk management and roadmap planning steps they'd take for any other kind of serious emerging technology trend.

One thing is for certain: The drumbeat for quantum computing and post-quantum cryptography is getting louder.

Quantum computing stands to give the computing world a major boost in the ability to tackle multi-dimensional analysis problems that strain today's most advanced traditional supercomputers. Whereas traditional computers fundamentally work based on the storage of information in binary, quantum computing is not limited by the "on" or "off" position of information storage.

Quantum computers depend on the phenomenon of quantum mechanics called superposition, in which a particle can exist in two different states simultaneously. They take advantage of that phenomenon by using "qubits," which can store information in a variety of states at the same time.

Once perfected, this will give quantum computers the ability to greatly speed up data analysis on tough problems in areas as disparate as healthcare research and AI. However, this kind of power also makes these computers ideal for cracking cryptographic algorithms. This is the crux of the push for awareness from security advocates over the last several years to ensure that the industry starts preparing for that post-quantum reality.

"Our view on this is less about being alarmist and saying, 'You need to update everything now' and more of raising the awareness to start to think about what your data are, what your risk could be relative to that data and the crypto you use," Soutar says. "And then deciding when you might want to think about, start looking at discovery on your roadmap, and then updates later."

According to the survey released by Deloitte this week, the good news is that among those technology and business executives who are aware of quantum computing, a little over 50% also understood the attendant security considerations to it as well.

The trick in all of this for security professionals is that there are a lot of fires to put out elsewhere before worrying about something that could be years away. Today's quantum computers operate in the research realm only. They require immensely specialized equipment including microwaves manipulating quantum objects within supercooled environments that operate at near absolute zero in many instances. There is a long way to go on the research front for quantum computers to work in a commercially viable fashion, and no one is quite sure on what the timeline will be.

That "ambiguity of the timeline" is complicated, says Soutar, who explains there are numerous timelines to consider from a post-quantum cryptography perspective.

"The implications of quantum computing on cybersecurity is fairly well known, and it could be huge. I mean, cryptography is endemic in what we do throughout the economy. The thing is that the timing is unknown because first, a quantum computer needs to be mature and viable enough and commercially robust as well, to actually be able to run Shor's algorithm," he says, referring to an algorithm for finding prime factors of an integer that is the benchmark for whether a quantum computer could effectively break public key cryptography. "Secondly, attackers need to get access to data, and they need to untangle that data."

The other variable in this is a concept of attack called "harvest now, decrypt later," where attackers gather encrypted information now with the understanding that they could break it through quantum computing resources at a later date. The Deloitte survey shows that 50.2% of organizations believe they could be at risk for harvest now, decrypt later schemes.

"That then opens up risk to this data that I'm expecting to be good for the lifetime out of an individual," Soutar says. "Maybe it's personal information, or it's financial information that I want to be secure for at least 10 years. Or it's national security information which may have longer requirements on it."

He adds, "So, people are starting to think about, 'Well, what data do I have and how do I need to protect it? For how long? Secondly, how long is it going to take me to do the updates to post quantum cryptography? When should I start thinking about it?'"

These are the big timeline questions for security and quantum computing experts, who are still at odds over whether we've got 5, 10, or 15 years before the quantum effect impacts encryption. Soutar reiterates that perhaps the better thought process is to stop thinking about it as a definitive date the industry times for, and instead think about relative risk over time. He explains that this is an idea put forward by Dr. Michele Mosca, co-founder and CEO of Evolution Inc, and co-author of a report earlier this year that details that line of thinking.

"Then you can start to think, if I'm with a huge organization, maybe it's going to take me a decade to do the updates," Soutar explains. "I've got all these medical devices or other OT devices that I've got to think about the supply chain communications, and how do I enforce this on my suppliers?"

He adds, "So, again, it's getting that right degree of understanding so that people can start to maybe even quantify what the risk is, and stack that up against other cyber-risks that they're looking to invest in over time."

At the end of the day, Soutar says that maybe that the quantum lens can be a bit distracting to security. As long as organizations keep quantum on the horizon, it may just be a matter of making "perfunctory updates to crypto" that might not be that big of a deal for the industry if it is all done in due time.

"The quantum threat to crypto should really just be something that's addressed over time. Just do updates as the algorithms get standardized," says Soutar, who believes that the industry should be talking about the nuts and bolts of standardization, which can be boring but also are the most important way to start moving forward. "As they go through that process, then companies and governments have more confidence in making the changes, doing the updates, and they just do it. So, it really should be a non-event."

That's not to say that Soutar believes security practitioners should be sticking their heads in the sand with regard to quantum risk to security postures. The risks will accelerate, but it's just a matter of working that encryption roadmap like any other part of the cyber-risk roadmap. That includes doing risk assessments, discovering and classifying data, and projecting risk over time.

"It's never a bad idea to go look around in the attic. You don't know what you're going to find there. When we do that, when we go through basic cryptography, there are things that we find," he says. "You might say, 'Well, let's update that or let's make sure that we've got the right segregation of duties relative to that.' Or, 'Have we got all the responsibilities and governance laid out?' Again, it's the boring things. But those are things that you find when you look through the quantum lens."

Deloitte's survey shows that it may take some kind of regulatory push to prod security practitioners into serious steps on post-quantum cryptography. Soutar hopes that the industry is able to come together in the coming years to develop a framework for post-quantum cryptographic methods perhaps in the same spirit as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF).

"It's not a bad idea to have some framework out there when there's a whiff of potential regulation downstream," he says. "I think that's always better than just regulation, having something that's voluntary and outcome-based."

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Time to Quell the Alarm Bells Around Post-Quantum Crypto-Cracking - DARKReading

In July 2022, the Israel Innovation Authority announced a budget of NIS 100 million ($29 million) to build a quantum computing research center headed by Israeli startup Quantum Machines, which will also help create a quantum computer.

Israels new quantum computing center is part of the NIS 1.25 billion ($390 million) Israel National Quantum Initiative, launched in 2018 to facilitate relevant quantum research, develop human capital in the field, encourage industrial projects, and invite international cooperation on R&D.

Israel has about two dozen startups and companies currently focused on quantum technologies, including Quantum Machines, whichraised $50 millionlast September. The company was founded in 2018, and went on to develop a standard universal language for quantum computers, as well as a unique platform that helps them run.

According to the Times of Israel, Defense Ministrys Directorate of Defense Research and Development (DDR&D) will issue a separate tender to finance the development of quantum technologies for military use for another NIS 100 million, the innovation authority said. According to their joint announcement Tuesday, the budget will fund two parallel avenues. The Israel Innovation Authority will focus on developing the infrastructure for quantum computational ability, which, it said, may include the use of technology from abroad. Meanwhile, the Defense Ministrys Directorate of Defense Research and Development (DDR&D) will establish a national center with quantum capabilities that will work with academia, industry, and government partners to develop a quantum processor and a complete quantum computer.

Tech giants like Google, Microsoft, IBM, and Intel are allracingto make quantum computing more accessible and build their systems. Countries such as China, the US, Germany, India, and Japanare pouring millionsinto developing their quantum abilities.

According to recent marketprojections, the global quantum computing market size was expected to have been worth $487.4 million in 2021, and reach $3.7 billion by 2030. Israels $29 million is minuscule compared to the governments above, and the tech elephants.

These government-funded initiatives to achieve dominance in critical technology remind me of Japans Fifth Generation, which never really reached its goals.

Itamar Sivan, co-founder and CEO of Quantum Machines, said in a company statement that the project's goal was to give Israeli companies access to the most advanced quantum technologies and services so that they can develop deep quantum expertise across industry and academia. This expertise will allow Israeli companies across various sectors and industries to gain a leading global position.

Quantum Machines, founded in 2018, has built a hardware and software solution Quantum Orchestration Platform (QOP) for operating quantum systems to facilitate research and enable future breakthroughs. The startup also developed the QUA, a standard universal language for quantum computers that will allow researchers and scientists to write programs for varied quantum computers with one unified code. Quantum Machines, together with a consortium of Israeli and international quantum tech companies at the center, will build a quantum computer to be made available to the commercial and research communities.

Israels $29 million is minuscule compared to the governments above and tech elephants. According torecent market projections, the global quantum computing market is expected to grow from about $470 million in 2021 to about $1.765 billion by 2026.

Quantum Machines is an exciting company. They possess no quantum computer of their own, and their products are somewhat unique. While most quantum computers are in labs as objects of experiments by scientists, Sivan explained something I didnt realize to me. According to Sivan, a quantum computer needs three elements: a quantum computer and an orchestration platform of (conventional) hardware and software. There is no software in a quantum computer. The platform manages the progress of its algorithm mainly through laser beam pulses. The logic needed to operate the quantum computer resides with and is controlled by the orchestration platform.

The crucial difference between Google's and Quantum Machines' strategy is that Google views the current NISQ state of affairs as a testbed for finding algorithms and applications for future development. At the same time, Sivan and his company produced an orchestration platform to put the current technology into play. Their platform is quantum computer agnostic it can operate with any of them. Sivan feels that focusing solely on the number of qubits is just part of the equation.

The center will offer access to research and development on three quantum processing technologies superconducting qubits, cold ions, and optic compute and provide services to the Israeli quantum computing community, the Israel Innovation Authority said Sunday. As per the Times of Israel:

Ami Appelbaum, chairman of the Israel Innovation Authority, said the new center was 'the answer to an existing strategic market failure and is part of the authoritys policy of enabling the industry to maintain its leading position at the forefront of breakthrough and disruptive technologies.'

'Quantum computing is a technology Israeli industry cannot ignore,' said Israel Innovation Authority CEO Dror Bin in a statement Tuesday. 'The industry must develop knowledge and access to infrastructure in which it can develop growth engines for activities it will decide to lead.'

I've always believed that action speaks louder than words. While Google is taking the long view, Quantum Machines provides the platform to see how far we can go with current technology. As I wrote in The unpredictable rise of quantum computing - have recent breakthroughs accelerated the timeline?

Google suggests the real unsolved problems in fields like optimization, materials science, chemistry, drug discovery, finance, and electronics will take machines with thousands of qubits and even envision one million on a planar array etched in aluminum. Major problems need solving, such as noise elimination, coherence, and lifetime (a qubit holds its position in a tiny time slice).

Googles tactics are familiar. Every time you use TensorFlow, it gets better. Every time you play with their autonomous car, it gets better. Their collaboration with a dozen technically advanced companies improves their quantum technology.

Read more here:

The Israel Innovation Authority is building a new quantum computing research center - what will the impact be? - Diginomica

South Korea and the U.S. Open Several Centers to Collaborate on Quantum Research

The Korea-U.S. Science Cooperation Center (KUSCO) announced five different centers to foster collaboration between U.S. and Korean universities on various quantum research projects. These include:

In addition, two professors from the University of Chicagos Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering (PME) were awarded $1 million to co-lead the creation of The Center for Quantum Error Correction. Also, a new Korea-US Quantum Technology Cooperation Center was open in Washington, D.C. last week to help provide support for quantum projects between the two countries.

Additional information about these activities is available in a press release posted on the University of Chicago web site here and also a news article posted on the Korea Times website here.

September 24, 2022

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South Korea and the U.S. Open Several Centers to Collaborate on Quantum Research - Quantum Computing Report

The tech industry has long been very alluring for young professionals, offering an engaging and potentially lucrative career. Consequently, the technical nature of many roles has started to generate a sentiment that non-technical degrees are not a worthwhile pursuit. Yet with the rate of development of emerging technologies like AI and quantum computing, this is not necessarily accurate.

As the new university year approaches, fewer students will be beginning a degree in arts and humanities subjects than before. Weve seen a fall of 40,000 enrolments over the last decade and Sheffield Hallam University recently suspended its English Literature degree. Members of UK government have been magnifying this belief by speculating about the phasing out of degrees with low-earning potential, with the reasoning that that they dont equip young workers with the necessary skills for our current job market.

In parallel, we are on the brink of a potential quantum age. Quantum computing, with its unprecedented speeds and processing power, promises to transform our computing abilities and further the development of next-gen AI. Naturally, we will need to equip our emerging workforce with complimentary skills, which is driving a rise in popularity for STEM degrees. Acceptances to computer science courses rising by almost 50% in the last decade, and acceptances to the newer AI courses having seen a tremendous 400% rise.

But this isnt the end of humanities degrees, far from it. In fact, humanities degrees are going to be vital in the rapidly advancing world of tech.

Despite once being heralded as technology of movies and science fiction, AI is now a common reality of modern-day life and quantum computing will soon follow suit. Predictions show that by next year, 25% of the Fortune Global 500 will be using some form of quantum computing to gain a competitive advantage. However, many questions remain about what appropriate usage actually looks like.

Regulation in quantum computing and other advancing technologies is going to be key to making sure that they arent being abused or misused. Already, we are facing issues with AI and quantum that need to be addressed for instance, AIs intrinsic bias problem. The effects of bias within datasets are only going to be intensified by quantum computing, and it will become impossible to manually analyse and redress its impact. To deal with the handling and regulation of quantum effectively, we need to be nurturing skills like ethics and decision making valuable skills that arts and humanities degrees intrinsically teach students.

We can already see a plethora of ethical dilemmas emerging. As the trend of quantum computing explodes, how will we make sure that it's used in a socially responsible manner? How will we enable fair access to quantum computing? How will we stop the monopolisation of quantum by companies? There are many issues we cannot predict, but we do know that we will need strict standards in the technology industry, and we need people to decide and enforce them and these are unlikely to come from the pure tech or scientific community, whose focus tends to be solely on progress.

The inherent fast-paced nature of the tech industry means the needs of the job market are constantly changing. For example, right now software developers are in increasingly high demand. There are over 465,700 software development professionals and programmers in the UK, more than doubling the 224,000 that there were a decade ago in 2011. However, as technology continues to rapidly advance, the advent of practical usage of quantum computing will begin to render these software developers' jobs obsolete as the knowledge required evolves.

It has been suggested that the half-life of a specific technical skill is now only 2.5 years. With the intense speed of technological development, any skills being learned now could be redundant a few years after graduating.

Therefore, instead of exclusively focussing on equipping our workforce with specific technical skills, we need to prepare for the longer-term requirements that will be necessary when technology itself supersedes the rate of human development. Supplementing a tech-minded workforce with non-tech workers with different perspectives, such as those with humanities backgrounds, can bring balance and enable teams to navigate these evolving needs more readily, drawing on knowledge that will not become outdated as the sector advances.

As technology progresses, many tech-skilled roles will become automated. We need to start nurturing the skills that we need for our future tech workforce.

Our future workforce will need to have the soft skills that humanities degrees bring to survive the fast-paced sector of technology. Critical thinking and problem-solving skills will be essential to be able to grapple with unprecedented problems and rapid developments. Communication skills involving public speaking, teamwork, professional writing and leadership skills will be indispensable to working with the many companies and groups that will be beginning to work with quantum computing.

In a future where developers jobs may be significantly reduced, those with skills from humanities degrees will be necessary for the future of technology.

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The future of tech relies on humanities degrees - IDG Connect

Los Angeles, USA: A recent report published by Verified Market Research, titled [Global Quantum Computing Market, History and Forecasts for 2022-2029, data broken down by manufacturers, key regions, types and applications], contains an in-depth analysis of the Global Quantum Computing Market. The research report is divided in such a way as to highlight the key areas of the market and give the reader a complete picture. The report examines various aspects of the Quantum Computing market, such as its opportunities to explore its driving forces and limitations, market size, market segment analysis, regional prospects, key players and the competitive environment. Market Research Report Quantum Computing uses the methodology of primary and secondary research to provide accurate data to its readers. To fully assess the market and key players. Analysts also used SWOT analysis and analysis of Porters five strengths.

In the Global Quantum Computing Market, analysts provided historical and forecast data on the market, as well as the expected growth of average annual indicators. This will help the reader to evaluate the market in terms of its growth.

Quantum Computing Market size was valued at USD 252.2 Million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 1797.1 Million by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 30.32% from 2021 to 2028.

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Key Players mentioned in the Global Market Research Report Quantum Computing Market:

Market segmentation of Quantum Computing market:

Quantum Computing market is divided by type and application. For the period 2021-2028, cross-segment growth provides accurate calculations and forecasts of sales by Type and Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you grow your business by targeting qualified niche markets.

Quantum Computing Market, By Offering

Consulting solutions Systems

Quantum Computing Market, By Application

Optimization Machine Learning Material Simulation

Quantum Computing Market, By End User

Space and Defense Automotive Healthcare Banking and Finance Chemicals Energy & Power

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Quantum Computing Market Report Scope

Global Quantum Computing Market: Regional segmentation

For further understanding, the research report includes a geographical segmentation of the Global Quantum Computing Market. It provides an assessment of the volatility of political scenarios and changes that may be made to regulatory structures. This estimate provides an accurate analysis of the regional growth of the Global Quantum Computing Market.

Middle East and Africa (GCC countries and Egypt)North America (USA, Mexico and Canada)South America (Brazil, etc.)Europe (Turkey, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Italy, France, etc.)Asia-Pacific region (Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, India, Indonesia and Australia)

Global Quantum Computing Market: Research methodology

The research methodologies used by analysts play a crucial role in how the publication was compiled. Analysts used primary and secondary research methodologies to create a comprehensive analysis. For an accurate and accurate analysis of the Global Quantum Computing Market, analysts use ascending and descending approaches.

Table of Contents

Report Overview:It includes major players of the global Quantum Computing Market covered in the research study, research scope, and Market segments by type, market segments by application, years considered for the research study, and objectives of the report.

Global Growth Trends:This section focuses on industry trends where market drivers and top market trends are shed light upon. It also provides growth rates of key producers operating in the global Quantum Computing Market. Furthermore, it offers production and capacity analysis where marketing pricing trends, capacity, production, and production value of the global Quantum Computing Market are discussed.

Market Share by Manufacturers:Here, the report provides details about revenue by manufacturers, production and capacity by manufacturers, price by manufacturers, expansion plans, mergers and acquisitions, and products, market entry dates, distribution, and market areas of key manufacturers.

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Quantum Computing Market Size And Forecast To 2022 |Qxbranch QC Ware Corp., International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), D-Wave Systems Inc.,...

Published on Friday, September 23, 2022

Last week, World Business Chicago and the Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE) hosted leading innovators in celebration of Chicagos quantum and deep tech ecosystem.

The event doubled as a ribbon-cutting ceremony for quantum hardware company EeroQs new lab headquarters at The Terminal in Humboldt Park. EeroQ, a CQE corporate partner since March 2022, is developing cutting-edge quantum computing technology using electrons trapped on superfluid helium. This event marked the companys official relocation to Chicago where they will continue to work with CQE to drive quantum innovation.

Representatives from companies such as IBM, JPMorgan Chase, Protiviti, IonQ, Quantum Design and Quantum Machines as well as research institutions including the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Northwestern University, Fermilab, and Argonne National Laboratory were present for the ceremony. Also in attendance were Mayor Lori Lightfoot, Emma Mitts, Ari Glass, and Michael Fassnacht.

After the ribbon cutting, Lightfoot expressed optimism about this newest addition to the citys research ecosystem. This is exciting for a whole host of reasons, none the least of which is this company will make Chicagos quantum economy that much stronger, she said. As many of you know, quantum technologies have the potential to revolutionize every field of science and engineering, as well as our everyday lives. It can enable advanced computing, unhackable communicationsimagine thatand many other applications that have yet to be discovered. This is what the future looks like.

The citys ecosystem is also strengthened by startups, which the Duality Accelerator is working to identify and support. The five companies in Dualitys second cohort were present at the ribbon cutting, as well as Cohort 1 members qBraid, Great Lakes Crystal Technologies, QUANTCAD, and Super.tech (recently acquired by ColdQuanta). Through their partnership with Duality, all are now located in or have deep ties to Chicago, and they will contribute to the future of the citys quantum landscape.

Lightfoot took a moment to welcome these startups in acknowledgment of the key role they play, as well as partners including the Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, the Chicago Quantum Exchange, the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, Argonne National Laboratory, and P33.

Matthew Anderson, CSO of Cohort 2 startup Wave Photonics, was inspired by the example this event set for supporting quantum research. As a company focused on solving a deep technical problem with significant applications for quantum technologies, were really excited to be part of the Duality accelerator and the wider Chicago quantum ecosystem it is helping to build together with the Chicago Quantum Exchange, he said.

Also representing Cohort 2 was Manish Singh, CEO of memQ. As head of a quantum hardware company, he was encouraged by the success of another player in the industry. We see EeroQ lab space inauguration as a milestone in the development of Chicagos quantum ecosystem, he said. I think it makes for a great role model for other startups and an inspiration to the scientistsand engineers in training.

The addition of EeroQ to a rapidly growing innovative force in Chicago is a major step in the pursuit of this exciting quantum future shaped by large companies and startups alike, Lightfoot concluded. Looking forward to the future of the city, she confidently claimed, Chicago is able to become the central hub for cutting-edge quantum research and innovation in America.

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'This is What the Future Looks Like': Celebrating Quantum Innovation in Chicago - Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Polsky Center...

PsiQuantum

In 2009, Jeremy O'Brien, a professor at the University of Bristol, published a research paper describing how to repurpose on-chip optical components originally developed by the telecom industry to manipulate single particles of light and perform quantum operations.

By 2016, based on the earlier photonic research, OBrien and three of his academic colleagues, Terry Rudolph, Mark Thompson, and Pete Shadbolt, created PsiQuantum.

The founders all believed that the traditional method of building a quantum computer of a useful size would take too long. At the companys inception, the PsiQuantum team established its goal to build a million qubit, fault-tolerant photonic quantum computer. They also believed the only way to create such a machine was to manufacture it in a semiconductor foundry.

Early alerts

PsiQuantum first popped up on my quantum radar about two years ago when it received $150 million in Series C funding which upped total investments in the company to $215 million.

That level of funding meant there was serious interest in the potential of whatever quantum device PsiQuantum was building. At that time, PsiQuantum was operating in a stealth mode, so there was little information available about its research.

Finally, after receiving another $450 million in Series D funding last year, PsiQuantum disclosed additional information about its technology. As recently as few weeks ago, a small $25 million US government grant was awarded jointly to PsiQuantum and its fabrication partner, GlobalFoundries, for tooling and further development of its photonic quantum computer. Having GlobalFoundries as a partner was a definite quality signal. GF is a high-quality, premiere fab and only one of the three tier one foundries worldwide.

With a current valuation of $3.15 Billion, PsiQuantum is following a quantum roadmap mainly paved with stepping stones of its own design with unique technology, components, and processes needed to build a million-qubit general-purpose silicon photonic quantum computer.

Technology

Classical computers encode information using digital bits to represent a zero or a one. Quantum computers use quantum bits (qubits), which can also represent a one or a zero, or be in a quantum superposition of some number between zero and one at the same time. There are a variety of qubit technologies. IBM, Google, and Rigetti use qubits made with small loops of wire that become superconductors when subjected to very cold temperatures. Quantinuum and IonQ use qubits formed by removing an outer valence electron from an atom of Ytterbium to create an ion. Atom Computing makes neutral atom spin qubits using an isotope of Strontium.

Light is used for various operations in superconductors and atomic quantum computers. PsiQuantum also uses light and turns infinitesimally small photons of light into qubits. Of the two types of photonic qubits - squeezed light and single photons - PsiQuantums technology of choice is single-photon qubits.

Using photons as qubits is a complex process. It is complicated to determine the quantum state of a single photon among trillions of photons with a range of varied frequencies and energies.

Dr. Pete Shadbolt is the Co-founder and Chief Science Officer of PsiQuantum. His responsibilities include overseeing the application and implementation of technology and scientific-related policies and procedures that are vital to the success of PsiQuantum. After earning his PhD in experimental photonic quantum computing from the University of Bristol in 2014, he was a postdoc at Imperial College researching the theory of photonic quantum computing. While at Bristol, he demonstrated the first-ever Variational Quantum Eigensolver and the first-ever public API to a quantum processor. He has been awarded the 2014 EPSRC "Rising Star" by the British Research Council; the EPSRC Recognizing Inspirational Scientists and Engineers Award; and the European Physics Society Thesis Prize.

Dr. Shadbolt explained that detecting a single photon from a light beam is analogous to collecting a single specified drop of water from the Amazon river's volume at its widest point.

That process is occurring on a chip the size of a quarter, Dr. Shadbolt said. Extraordinary engineering and physics are happening inside PsiQuantum chips. We are constantly improving the chips fidelity and single photon source performance.

Just any photon isnt good enough. There are stringent requirements for photons used as qubits. Consistency and fidelity are critical to the performance of photonic quantum computers. Therefore, each photon source must have high purity, proper brightness, and generate consistently identical photons.

The right partner

GlobalFoundries facility in Essex, Vermont

When PsiQuantum announced its Series D funding a year ago, the company revealed it had formed a previously undisclosed partnership with GlobalFoundries. Out of public view, the partnership had been able to build a first-of-its-kind manufacturing process for photonic quantum chips. This manufacturing process produces 300-millimeter wafers containing thousands of single photon sources, and a corresponding number of single photon detectors. The wafer also contains interferometers, splitters, and phase shifters. In order to control the photonic chip, advanced electronic CMOS control chips with around 750 million transistors were also built at the GlobalFoundries facility in Dresden, Germany.

Photon advantages

Every quantum qubit technology has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. PsiQuantum chose to use photons to build its quantum computer for several reasons:

Another major advantage of photon qubits worth highlighting is the ability to maintain quantum states for a relatively long time. As an example of lights coherence, despite traveling for billions of years, light emitted by distant stars and galaxies reaches earth with its original polarization intact. The longer a qubit can maintain its polarized quantum state, the more quantum operations it can perform, which makes the quantum computer more powerful.

Why start with a million qubits?

We believed we had cracked the code for building a million-qubit quantum computer, Dr. Shadbolt said. Even though that's a huge number, the secret seemed simple. All we had to do was use the same process as the one being used to put billions of transistors into cell phones. We felt a large quantum computer wouldnt exist in our lifetime unless we figured out how to build it in a semiconductor foundry. That idea has been turned into reality. We are now building quantum chips next to laptops and cell phone chips on the GlobalFoundries 300-millimeter platform.

According to Dr. Shadbolt, PsiQuantums custom fabrication line has made much progress. Surprisingly, building a million-qubit quantum machine in a foundry has many of the same non-quantum issues as assembling a classical supercomputer, including chip yields, reliability, high-throughput testing, packaging, and cooling albeit to cryogenic temperatures.

From the time that our first GlobalFoundries announcement was made until now, we've produced huge amounts of silicon, Dr. Shadbolt said. Weve done seven tapeouts in total and were now seeing hundreds and hundreds of wafers of silicon coming through our door. We are investing heavily in packaging, assembly systems, integration, and fiber attachment to ensure the highest efficiency of light flowing in and out of the chip.

PsiQuantum is performing a great deal of ongoing research as well as continually improving the performance of photonic components and processes. In addition to high-performance optical components, the technologies that enable the process are also very important. A few enablers include optical switches, fiber-to-chip interconnects, and bonding methods.

We have greatly improved the efficiency of our photon detectors over the last few tapeouts at GlobalFoundries, Dr. Shadbolt explained. Were constantly working to prevent fewer and fewer photons from being lost from the system. We also have driven waveguide losses to extremely low levels in our recent chips.

There is much innovation involved. Our light source for single photons is a good example. We shine laser light directly into the chip to run the single photon sources. The laser is about a trillion times more intense than the single photons we need to detect, so we must attenuate light on that chip by a factor of about a trillion.

Dr. Shadbolt attributes PsiQuantums manufacturing success to GlobalFoundries. From experience, he knows there is a significant difference between a second-tier foundry and a first-tier foundry like GlobalFoundries. Building chips needed by PsiQuantum can only be built with an extremely mature manufacturing process.

PsiQuantum has two demanding requirements. We need a huge number of components, and we need those components to consistently meet extremely demanding performance requirements. There are very few partners in the world who can reliably achieve something like this, and we always knew that partnering with a mature manufacturer like GlobalFoundries would be key to our strategy.

The partnership has also been beneficial for GlobalFoundries because it has gained additional experience with new technologies by adding PsiQuantums photonic processes to the foundry.

The end is in sight

According to Dr. Shadbolt, the original question of whether large numbers of quantum devices could be built in a foundry is no longer an issue as routinely demonstrated by its output of silicon. However, inserting new devices into the manufacturing flow has always been difficult. It is slow and it is very expensive. Nanowire single photon detectors are an example of a development that came directly from the university lab and was inserted into the manufacturing process.

PsiQuantums semiconductor roadmap only has a few remaining items to complete. Since a million qubits wont fit on a single chip, the quantum computer will require multiple quantum processor chips to be interconnected with optical fibers and facilitated by ultra-high-performance optical switches to allow teleportation and entanglement of single photon operations between chips.

What remains is the optical switch, Dr. Shadbolt said. You might ask why photonic quantum computing people have never built anything at scale? Or why they havent demonstrated very large entangled states? The reason is that a special optical switch is needed, but none exists. It must have very high performance, better than any existing state-of-the-art optical switch such as those used for telecom networking. Its a classical device, and its only function will be to route light between waveguides, but it must be done with extremely low loss and at very high speed. It must be a really, really good optical switch.

If it cant be bought, then it must be built

Implementing an optical switch with the right specs is a success-or-fail item for PsiQuantum. Since a commercial optical switch doesnt exist that fits the application needs, PsiQuantum was left with no choice but to build one. For the past few years, its management has been heavily investing in developing a very high-performance optical switch.

Dr. Shadbolt explained: I believe this is one of the most exciting things PsiQuantum is doing. Building an extremely high-performance optical switch is the next biggest thing on our roadmap. We believe it is the key to unlocking the huge promise of optical quantum computing.

Summary

PsiQuantum was founded on the belief that photonics was the right technology for building a fault tolerant quantum machine with a million qubits and that the proper approach was based on semiconductor manufacturing. In contrast to NISQ quantum computers, the founders wanted to avoid building incrementally larger and larger machines over time.

Considering the overall process needed to build a million-qubit quantum computer, its high degree of complexity, and the lack of proven tools and processes to do it with, PsiQuantum has made amazing progress since it first formed the company.

It established a true partnership with one of the best foundries in the world and produced seven tapeouts and funded a half dozen new tools to build a first-of-its-kind wafer manufacturing process, incorporating superconducting single photon detectors into a regular silicon-photonic chip.

And today, it is answering yet another challenge by building an optical switch to fill a void where the needed product doesnt exist.

It is no surprise that an ultra- high-performance optical switch is a key part of PsiQuantums plans to build a scalable million qubit quantum computer. Other quantum companies are also planning to integrate similar optical switching technology to scale modular QPU architectures within the decade. The high-performance optical switch PsiQuantum is developing could someday connect tens of thousands of quantum processing units in a future multi-million qubit quantum data center. As a standalone product, it could also be a source of additional revenue should PsiQuantum choose to market it.

Once the optical switch has been built, it will then need to be enabled into GlobalFoundries manufacturing flow. That is the last step needed to complete PsiQuantums foundry assembly process and then it will be ready to produce photonic quantum computer chips.

But even with a complete end-to-end manufacturing process, significantly more time will be needed to construct a full-blown fault-tolerant quantum computer. It will remain for PsiQuantum to build complete quantum computers around chips produced by GlobalFoundries. For that, it will need a trained workforce and a location and infrastructure where large qubit photonic quantum computers can be assembled, integrated, tested, and distributed.

Based on the amount of post-foundry work, development of the optical switch, and assembly that remains, and assuming no major technology problems or delays occur, I believe it will be after mid-decade before a photonic quantum computer of any scale can be offered by PsiQuantum.

Ill wrap this up with comments made by Dr. Shadbolt during our discussion about the optical switch. I believe it demonstrates why PsiQuantum has been, and will continue to be successful:

Even though the optical switch will obviously be a very powerful generic technology of interest to others, we are not interested in its generic usefulness. We are only interested in the fact that it will allow us to build a quantum computer that outperforms every supercomputer on the planet. That is our singular goal.

Paul Smith-Goodson is Vice President and Principal Analyst for quantum computing, artificial intelligence and space at Moor Insights and Strategy. You can follow him on Twitter for more current information on quantum, AI, and space.

Note: Moor Insights & Strategy writers and editors may have contributed to this article.

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Moor Insights & Strategy founder, CEO, and Chief Analyst Patrick Moorhead is an investor in dMY Technology Group Inc. VI, Dreamium Labs, Groq, Luminar Technologies, MemryX, and Movand

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PsiQuantum Has A Goal For Its Million Qubit Photonic Quantum Computer To Outperform Every Supercomputer On The Planet - Forbes