Category Archives: Offshore

Heerema Marine Contractors will deploy Sleipnir, the worlds largest crane vessel, on the 450 MW Neart na Gaoithe wind farm offshore Scotland in the coming weeks.

Sleipnir, together with Wagenborgs barge, Wagenborg 7, and two tugs, Pacific Discovery and Multratug 3, will be in charge of transporting and installing the wind farms two offshore substations, including the three-legged jacket foundations and the topsides.

The work is due to begin on 12 May at the earliest, Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm Limited (NnGOWL) said.

The offshore substation jackets will be brought to the site and installed by Sleipnir. Once the jackets are secured in location, the South OSS topside will be installed by Sleipnir. The North OSS topside is to be installed at a later date.

The South OSS topside will be brought to the site using Wagenborg 7 and the two tugs.

It is anticipated that the installation of the jacket foundations will be completed by the end of May, weather dependent. This will be followed by the installation of the South OSS topside.

The commissioning of the substation is due to begin in early June and will continue throughout the Summer of 2022.

Jointly owned by EDF Renewables and ESB and under construction 15 kilometres off the coast of Fife,Neart na Gaoithewill comprise 54 Siemens Gamesa 8 MW wind turbines.

The 450 MW wind farm is scheduled to be fully commissioned in 2024.

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Sleipnir to Install Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Substations - Offshore WIND

For years, the United Kingdom has been the world leader in harnessing offshore wind power. Burly wind turbines poking out of the Thames estuary, the North Sea and the Irish Sea now produce more than 10 gigawatts of power enough to meet 10% of Britains electricity needs. And theres more to come. In March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson promised to triple the nations offshore wind-generating power to 40 gigawatts by 2030, with plans for 100 gigawatts by 2050.

But Johnson is losing his early lead. Spurred by growing electricity demand and the need to reduce its lethal pollution levels, the Peoples Republic last year installed 17 gigawatts of new offshore wind power more capacity than the whole world had produced in the previous five years. This expansion lifts Chinas offshore energy capacity to 26 gigawatts, nearly half of the global total of 54 gigawatts.

These gains followed a commissioning rush of sustainable power projects motivated partly by Chinas hosting of the 2022 Winter Olympics, which were purported to be run on 100% renewable energy. Previously, China had failed to meet a bold 2012 goal of building 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2020.

Although offshore wind is now 30 years old, it still accounts for less than 1% of world energy production. Development has been slow because of perceived high risks, steep up-front costs and evolving environmental regulations. In China, officials have also had to overcome production-quality issues, connectivity problems and grid-capacity shortages.

Compared to the U.S. northeast coast, Canada has access to a much larger offshore area with stronger wind speeds.

They persevered, because Chinas electricity demand grew another 10% in 2021, and the country still depends on coal for two-thirds of its electricity. China ranks 11th on the World Health Organizations list of nations with the worst air quality.

Happily, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that the potential for growth in offshore wind is near limitless. Improved technology and steep cost reductions are putting more and more of that potential within our reach. In 2019, the IEA estimated that offshore wind could generate 11 times more electricity than the world needs a whopping 420,000 terawatt-hours of electricity per year. (But then, the same report predicted that China would require six years to overtake Britain as the worlds largest producer of offshore wind power.)

When news of Chinas building boom leaked out, Sustainability Magazine called it an impressive feat that demonstrates just how underutilized offshore wind power is. While the U.S. lags behind, it has targeted 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030, gunning for 110 gigawatts by 2050.

Its not too late for Canada to get in on the action. In January, Toronto climate consultant Martin Bush proposed that Ontario replace its aging nuclear reactors with offshore wind farms in Atlantic Canada, with the help of upgraded transmission lines linking Atlantic Canada with Ontario.

As Bush noted, Compared to the U.S. northeast coast, Canada has access to a much larger offshore area with stronger wind speeds.

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China looks to overtake the UK as world leader in offshore wind power - Corporate Knights Magazine

I have read many articles on the rsted wind project offshore the Delaware beaches. And every time I see an article, the same questions scream at me: Why does Maryland have the rights to award contracts off the Delaware shoreline? Why does Delaware not have the rights to determine the use of its own offshore waters?

I understand offshore areas were determined by the federal government, but those states that border the areas should benefit from any projects off their own shores. No matter what your feelings are on wind energy and wind turbines off Delaware beaches, don't you think Delaware, its elected officials and its citizens should have that decision?

Maryland has plenty of its own shoreline, but is contracting to place the wind turbines in full view off Delaware and benefiting from the electricity and fees generated. Maryland should place them off Ocean City or some other Maryland shoreline and generate electricity from there. If Delaware citizens and tourists must look at the altered view, then Delaware should benefit from the electricity and fees generated, not Maryland.

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Delaware should have offshore wind rights off its coast - CapeGazette.com

UK-based renewable investment firm Octopus Renewables Infrastructure Trust (ORIT) has agreed to acquire a 7.75% stake in the Lincs offshore wind farm.

With an installed capacity of 270MW, Lincs is located offshore from Englands east coast and has been operational since 2013.

Covering a 35km area, the offshore wind facility is equipped with 75 wind turbines, each with 3.6MW of capacity. It is operated and managed by Danish energy company rsted.

The facility benefits from the UKs renewable obligation certificate (ROC) scheme, receiving two ROCs for each MWh of energy it generates in its first 20 years.

The deal is expected to close in the second quarter of this year subject to the receipt of consent from existing investors and lenders.

Upon completion,Lincswill represent almost 10% of ORITs portfolio on a gross asset valuebasis.

ORIT chairman Phil Austin said: Our investment intoLincsis ORITs first into an operational offshore wind farm, and will provide us with an additional revenue-generating asset that benefits from the favourable renewable obligation certificate (ROC) subsidy regime and gives ORIT further portfolio diversification.

The acquisition will also strengthen ORITs relationships with leading investors and operators in the offshore sector.

ORIT is managed by Octopus Energys sister company, Octopus Renewables.

Octopus Energy acquired Octopus Renewables last July, having announced plans to acquire the company earlier in the year.

In December last year, Canadian investment company CPP Investments announced a $300m equity investment in Octopus Energy under a long-term strategic partnership.

The investment was intended to support Octopus Energys global expansion plan and made by CPP Investments Sustainable Energies Group.

Octopus said it planned to use the funding to improve its Kraken technology platform, which was created to support its own retail, generation and flexibility businesses.

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ORIT to acquire stake in 270MW Lincs offshore wind farm in UK - Power Technology

Works on the construction of the Yunlin offshore wind farm in Taiwan have now resumed, following a winter break, with monopile installation starting up again.

As reported earlier this month, National Petroleum Construction Company (NPCC) will install the remaining monopiles on the offshore wind farm, replacing Sapura Energy which abandoned the project earlier this year, citing delays in the execution as the main reason.

NPCC will deploy its flagship offshore installation vessel DLS 4200 on the project which, according to the vessels AIS data, left Abu Dhabi late last night (28 April).

Yunneng Wind Power, the owner and developer of the 640 MW project, has also hired Havfram for Project Management and Owners Engineer Services within the foundation installation package.

While the monopile installation is set to restart and Boskalis already commenced with scour protection and subsea works, Jumbo is also getting ready to continue the installation of the transition pieces soon.

The projects wind turbine supplier Siemens Gamesa and cable installation contractor Seaway 7 are also preparing to start their respective construction campaigns at the project site in the Taiwan Strait, some eight kilometres west of the coast of Yunlin County.

During the winter break Yunneng focused their efforts on completing the remainder of the installation campaign taking into account many challenges encountered which were overcome through the efforts of all parties concerned. This has led to Yunnengs confidence of seeing steady progress in 2022, said Yunnengs chairperson Yuni Wang. Thanks to our project management team and our reliable partners, we will successfully bring the Yunlin project towards completion.

The Yunlin wind farm, which will comprise 80Siemens Gamesa 8 MW wind turbines, is owned by wpd (25 per cent), TotalEnergies (23 per cent), EGCO Group (25 per cent), and a Sojitz Corp-led consortium (27 per cent) which also includes Chugoku Electric Power, Chudenko Corporation, Shikoku Electric Power, and JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation.

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Construction on Yunlin Offshore Wind Farm Resumes - Offshore WIND

Despite the fact that SBM Offshore N.V.'s (AMS:SBMO) value has dropped 4.0% in the last week insiders who sold US$1.1m worth of stock in the past 12 months have had less success. Insiders might have been better off holding onto their shares, given that the average selling price of US$13.36 is still below the current share price.

Although we don't think shareholders should simply follow insider transactions, we do think it is perfectly logical to keep tabs on what insiders are doing.

See our latest analysis for SBM Offshore

In the last twelve months, the biggest single sale by an insider was when the Chairman of Management Board & CEO, Bruno Y. Chabas, sold 684k worth of shares at a price of 13.36 per share. That means that even when the share price was below the current price of 13.74, an insider wanted to cash in some shares. When an insider sells below the current price, it suggests that they considered that lower price to be fair. That makes us wonder what they think of the (higher) recent valuation. However, while insider selling is sometimes discouraging, it's only a weak signal. We note that the biggest single sale was only 3.9% of Bruno Y. Chabas's holding.

In the last year SBM Offshore insiders didn't buy any company stock. The chart below shows insider transactions (by companies and individuals) over the last year. If you click on the chart, you can see all the individual transactions, including the share price, individual, and the date!

If you like to buy stocks that insiders are buying, rather than selling, then you might just love this free list of companies. (Hint: insiders have been buying them).

Looking at the total insider shareholdings in a company can help to inform your view of whether they are well aligned with common shareholders. Usually, the higher the insider ownership, the more likely it is that insiders will be incentivised to build the company for the long term. It appears that SBM Offshore insiders own 1.4% of the company, worth about 35m. This level of insider ownership is good but just short of being particularly stand-out. It certainly does suggest a reasonable degree of alignment.

It doesn't really mean much that no insider has traded SBM Offshore shares in the last quarter. Still, the insider transactions at SBM Offshore in the last 12 months are not very heartening. The modest level of insider ownership is, at least, some comfort. While we like knowing what's going on with the insider's ownership and transactions, we make sure to also consider what risks are facing a stock before making any investment decision. Every company has risks, and we've spotted 2 warning signs for SBM Offshore (of which 1 shouldn't be ignored!) you should know about.

Of course SBM Offshore may not be the best stock to buy. So you may wish to see this free collection of high quality companies.

For the purposes of this article, insiders are those individuals who report their transactions to the relevant regulatory body. We currently account for open market transactions and private dispositions, but not derivative transactions.

Have feedback on this article? Concerned about the content? Get in touch with us directly. Alternatively, email editorial-team (at) simplywallst.com.

This article by Simply Wall St is general in nature. We provide commentary based on historical data and analyst forecasts only using an unbiased methodology and our articles are not intended to be financial advice. It does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell any stock, and does not take account of your objectives, or your financial situation. We aim to bring you long-term focused analysis driven by fundamental data. Note that our analysis may not factor in the latest price-sensitive company announcements or qualitative material. Simply Wall St has no position in any stocks mentioned.

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Insiders who sold SBM Offshore N.V.'s (AMS:SBMO) earlier year may find some solace in the 4.0% drop - Simply Wall St

US-based WINDEA CTV LLC has started construction of its first three 30-metre hybrid-ready crew transfer vessels (CTVs) for the emerging US offshore wind market.

Two of the Incat Crowther-designed CTVs will be constructed at St. Johns Shipyard in Palatka, Florida and one will be built at Gulf Craft in Franklin, Louisiana.

The CTVs are scheduled to be delivered in 2023 and will go immediately into service for GE Renewables.

The vessels will first operate out of New Bedford, MA, during the Vineyard Wind I construction period.

In collaboration with our operating partner Hornblower we are pleased to be working with Incat Crowther and the shipyards to construct the first vessels of our CTV fleet in the US. These three CTVs represent the first wave of our fleet which we have been developing since 2019 with our Euorpean partners, said Bradley Neuberth, Managing Partner of WINDEA CTV LLC and owner of MidOcean Wind.

The 806 MW Vineyard Wind I offshore wind farm, developed by a joint venture between Iberdrola-owned Avangrid Renewables and Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP),entered constructionin November 2021.

The wind farm, located 15 miles (some 24 kilometres) off the coast of Marthas Vineyard in Massachusetts, will feature 62 GE Haliade-X 13 MW turbines and is expected to deliver its first power to the grid in 2023.

WINDEA CTV is part of the WINDEA Offshore USA consortium that provides a full set of services for construction support and operations and maintenance (O&M) activities.

The companys fleet is owned and operated by MidOcean Wind LLC and Hornblower Wind, LLC., with technical and operational support from WINDEA Offshore shareholder Ems Maritime Offshore GmbH.

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WINDEA CTV Begins Construction of Three CTVs for US Offshore Wind Market - Offshore WIND

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Looking back at the past five years in the oil and gas market and subsequently the offshore supply vessel (OSV) market, there have been distinct periods that have resulted in major shifts. 2017 to 2019 saw the industry climb out of the oil price crash that occurred in 2014. From late 2019 to 2021 the world battled coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which brought a number of variants and waves, leaving the OSV market uncertain when or if it will see a recovery. Vaccination programmes being rolled out globally, among other mitigation measures put in place, have allowed for the resumption of economic activity. Improvement in oil and gas activity enabled oil and gas prices to increase. As a result, it has created a positive motivation for the recovery of the OSV industry moving into 2022. Using data and information from IHS Markit products MarineBase, Global Supply Vessel Forecast, and Offshore Marine Monthly, along with regional expertise from our team of OSV market analysts, this blog aims to look at the challenging nature of the OSV sector in recent years.

Globally, the market began seeing notions of recovery in early 2017 after experiencing 10 quarters of sliding demand and plummeting utilisation. Some of the long-standing challenges that the OSV market faced even before the 2014 price crash included large fleet sizes and the ordering and building of vessels outweighing the projected demand. The market saw newbuilds enter at a slower pace, although this only delayed the inevitable continuous fleet growth. Scrapping levels remained low with the preferred option being to stack the vessels. Duration of contracts shortened considerably along with the spot market becoming popular. Even when the industry began seeing a rise, drilling campaigns, construction projects, and longer-term chartering requirements were kept tight and controlled in a very cautious manner. Globally, recovery was not consistent. By the end of 2019, regions with the most optimistic projections were Northwest Europe, the Middle East, and the Asia Pacific. Others remained relatively flat with oversupply being one of the prime reasons.

The market then faced another catastrophe; the COVID-19 pandemic. As the entire world struggled to cope with the effects of the pandemic, lockdowns and restrictions were implemented resulting in vast economic repercussions. Oil demand weakened resulting in projects being suspended, delayed, or cancelled among other consequences. All progress made since the previous downturn was lost. West Africa and the US Gulf of Mexico experienced the greatest drop in term activity of almost 40% year on year, with other regions not being saved from sharp demand cuts. Towards late 2020 and into 2021, demand had picked up with the cautious hope for a recovery. Drilling campaigns and field developments resumed in 2021 resulting in a demand uptick for OSVs. Yet again the positive sentiment was not a blanket one as North America, West Africa, and the Mediterranean continued a relatively flat forecast.

Vaccination programmes have been somewhat of a relief to the global economy allowing for the ease of restrictions and resumption of activity. As a result, demand for oil and gas increased causing prices to strengthen. The first half of 2021 saw the demand for OSVs climb steeply leaving the last two quarters to gradually flatten out. Oversupply remains a dark cloud along with weak day rates, both in turn providing a challenging picture against the hopeful optimism for the OSV industry in 2022.

Asia Pacific (Including India, Australia and Far East)

Project delays and cancellations had become the norm, with vessel owners having to react to low oil prices in 2017 and 2018. In 2017, rig utilisation was at 60% which further emphasised the challenges faced by the repercussions of the languishing oil prices. Day rates remained low overall, even with increasing demand. Oversupply played a large factor in holding back the recovery of the industry. Attrition levels lingered at low rates which in turn lowered hopes for oversupply balancing out. India saw the main demand driver, ONGC, offer multi-year contracts which enabled the country to recover at a relatively stable rate.

The Asia Pacific region carried oversupply and a lack of older vessel removals into 2019. Drilling and field development activities by state-owned companies across the region continued to drive the demand for OSVs, especially for countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and India; this being with the effects of the pandemic not fully experienced as yet. Indonesia saw a high supply of vessels leading to a very competitive market, resulting in exceptionally low day rates remaining longer than expected. Australia saw big players such as Santos, Cooper Energy, and Inpex contribute to OSV demand as their projects created a hopeful future.

The effects of COVID-19 were truly felt well into 2020 both in Australia and across the region. Major projects were cancelled or deferred with companies reducing their workforce as energy demand nosedived and prices were battered. Towards the end of 2020, India appeared to have navigated the pandemic waves well with the OSV market remaining steady, however, 2021 saw a number of jackups cease operations as the country experienced heightened effects of COVID-19. The country now faces pressure to improve production in order to meet demands. This has led to the two biggest players, ONGC and Oil India, being requested by the government to improve their production quotas.

In late 2021, demand in the region improved slightly with vaccine programme rollouts. Australia is expected to experience a large wave of offshore development wells approaching the end of their commissioning life, leading to an increase in plug-and-abandonment (P&A) activities which will provide a positive gain for the OSV market, particularly for vessels with at least DP-2 capabilities. The forecast for 2022 looks promising for the industry, however, with the recent developments in Russia, the Asia Pacific OSV market will be affected although the full extent is currently unknown.

Figure 1: Asia Pacific demand, supply & utilisation (2017-21)

Latin America

The Latin America micro-market bubbled with activity yet remained in tight competition, while the global OSV industry grappled with the 2014 oil price crash. Offshore oil and gas exploration slowly improved in parts of the Americas over the 2017-18 period, but the market recovery was slow and uneven. A commonality throughout the region was the oversupply of vessels. This was mainly due to the great Brazilian ramp-up of 2010-13 causing a steep uptick of vessel construction. Mexico and Brazil provided the majority of the offshore activity in the Latin America region, however, other micro-markets in Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and the likes have provided growing opportunities for vessel owners.

In Mexico, the offshore industry experienced a number of discoveries, from companies such as Talos Energy and Eni. Charter rates throughout 2017 into 2018 remained at or close to operating expense levels. PEMEX remained focused on the region, however, this did little to improve day rates. Moving into 2019, the Mexican industry moved in a positive direction as discoveries were made leading to long-term charters and drilling units being fixed, however, this was short-lived as the effects of the pandemic came into play resulting in project delays. Into 2021, the number of chartered units improved slightly with activity in the region growing. This trend is expected to continue into 2022 as drilling plans are scheduled to materialise.

Guyana's industry interest intensified as ExxonMobil's discovery was announced in 2017. The Liza Phase 1 development was confirmed. This success continued creating a favourable environment for PSVs. As of April 2021, ExxonMobil made its 16th discovery, the Uaru-2 well. The Guyana-Suriname basin is and will look to continue being one of the best performing oil and gas regions. For this reason, ExxonMobil will proceed with moving its supply chain base to Guyana from Trinidad and Tobago.

Brazil's OSV demand continued to decrease due to Petrobras downsizing its fleet of PSVs from 2017 into 2018. As Petrobras reduced activity, IOCs like Total, Statoil, Shell, and Chevron have stepped in, but not enough to have filled the gap. The region is a leading market for FPSOs which in turn favours high-power AHTS vessels. A notable trend seen was the spare PSV capacity being modified for more specialised jobs such as oil spill response, ROV, and diving support. Late 2018/early 2019 saw Brazil reach its lowest point of 140 OSV term charters, however, towards the end of the year the view was more optimistic as the pre-salt fields opened up more attraction for international players to invest.

Over the last two years, OSV demand in Brazil has risen steadily due to increasing drilling activity including the arrival of new FPSOs. OSV demand is expected to continue increasing over the next two years. Petrobras also has around six new additional floating rigs starting long-term contracts towards the end of 2022.

FPSO support is one of the leading demand drivers for large AHTS vessels in Brazil. The market for powerful AHTS vessels was not nearly as oversupplied as the PSV sector in 2017, and AHTS owners did not lose as much pricing power as the plentiful PSV fleet following the price crash in 2014. FPSOs create significant vessel demand at installation as well as long-term routine support for loading and offloading.

E&P companies within Latin America, specifically in Brazil, were able to continue operations throughout the oil price dip caused by the pandemic. Day rates improved in 2021 as term fixtures increased along with longer contract durations. This positive activity is further encouraging shipowners to reactivate laid-up units and mobilise others from different regions. Hybrid units are also becoming more popular with clients like PEMEX increasing its requests for this type. This type of vessel makes use of batteries as an energy storage solution in order to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions.

As for other Central and South American countries, the emergence of Guyana and more recently, Suriname as growing hotspots has diversified the interests of operators, as well as the appetite of other governments around the continent in hopes of finding similar success. To that end, some countries are working to become more than an outlier, but results are mixed so far. Colombia, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands are some of the more active nations chasing investments for their offshore basins. It is expected that offshore production from these countries would triple by the middle of the next decade. The Latin America outlook for 2022 is a positive one as demand and day rates are expected to climb.

Figure 2: Latin America demand, supply & utilisation (2017-21)

Mediterranean

In the Mediterranean region, 2017 was a relatively stable year in comparison to 2016 with almost a third of the term fixtures occurring in Egypt followed by 17% in Libya and 12% in Italy. Looking further back, 2015 saw approximately eight discoveries made within the region which dropped to approximately three in 2017. The following year, the Mediterranean and Black Sea region experienced slightly higher OSV term demand, driven mainly by the offshore work in Egypt and Libya as well as offshore Israel and the Black Sea. However, within the higher-specification PSV segment, activity decreased moving into 2019 as work tapered off. The rise and fall of OSV demand added to the already low day rates and presented vessels in lay-up with an unattractive reactivation value proposition.

Similar to other regions, drilling support charters are one of the main OSV demand drivers in the Mediterranean. A slight increase in the number of drilling units in the region in 2018 provided further evidence for the slight uptick in demand. This increase trend continued into 2019 with the same countries contributing. Noble Energy continued with developing in the Leviathan field contributing to Israel's demand while BP's West Nile Delta Phase and Rashpetco's West Delta Deep Marine (WDDM) provided a significant source of OSV demand in Egypt. The effects of the pandemic hit the region in 2020 causing offshore exploration operations to almost stop entirely. New projects were suspended or cancelled resulting in significant drops in vessel utilisation. Early 2021 saw Eni commence an exploration project offshore Tunisia while Energean continued to develop the Karish field. Noble Energy continued working on the Leviathan development in Israel after the first gas was delivered in 2019. Rig tows to Turkey further provided a steady flow of work for AHTS vessels and AHTs. The momentum created by continued projects as well as new ones in the region remained soft and under threat as the economic conditions unfolded. Looking ahead, there are a number of projects in the pipeline involving jackups, semisubmersibles, and drillships being required thus creating a hopeful outlook for OSVs.

Figure 3: Mediterranean demand, supply & utilisation (2017-21)

Middle East

As oil prices recovered, the Middle East experienced improved term activity mimicking the slow regain of demand in oil. Prior to 2017, OSV term activity dropped in areas such as the Gulf, Red Sea, and the Gulf of Suez in response to the oil price crash in 2014. The region did not feel the brunt as hard in comparison to other parts of the global market, mainly due to significant discounts offered as opposed to increased vessel requirements. This resulted in a number of expansion and maintenance projects being awarded at low rates. Daily charter rates were at break-even levels as the market remained tight due to oversupply within the region. Commitment of field development projects by national oil companies in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Egypt have driven the overall offshore activity. Demand was relatively stable throughout 2018. The number of stacked units was high, however, attrition levels improved slightly.

In 2019, the Middle East OSV market reached its highest level since the 2014 downturn mainly driven by the considerable increase in contracted rigs. Saudi Aramco awarded 10 AHTS vessels and 10 PSVs as part of its Phase 2 multi-vessel tendering round in mid-2019. In addition to this, large projects in the Gulf and in Qatar contributed to the spiked demand. The region remained a predominately AHTS market along with growth from all vessel types apart from small PSVs. Day rates increased slightly from breakeven to an average of 5-10% improvement on 2018 levels. The large number of stacked vessels and oversupply remained a challenge for the market. As with other regions, activity in the Middle East nosedived as the effects of the pandemic occurred along with the low oil price. Term utilisation in 2020 dropped to below 50% as drilling suspensions, project delays, tender cancellations, and client renegotiations took place against already low charter rates. Further to that, lockdowns and quarantine processes created additional logistical and operational pressures. Many of the national oil companies were seen as being aggressive in deferring contracts, terminating contracts early, or cancelling before their start dates. The year saw the largest employer of jackups, Saudi Aramco, suspend at least six rigs, in turn severely affecting its OSV requirements.

As vaccine rollouts took place in 2021 along with positive developments in oil price, improvement was seen in rigs either resuming or being tendered for work. The year saw some operators reposition their units in other regions targeting new markets such as offshore wind farm projects in Southeast Asia. This trend is particularly strategic for owners of modern, diverse and competitive fleet capacity.

OSV demand in the region is expected to grow significantly in the coming months. Utilisation is expected to rise by at least 10% with day rates looking to grow around 5-10% over the next 12 months. Bullish expectations driven by the USD 100+ oil price and the national oil companies' intention to bring more oil into the global markets are key to the sustained growth of OSV Middle East over the long term.

Figure 4: Middle East demand, supply & utilisation (2017-21)

North Sea

The North Sea region was no different in reacting to the effects of the oil price crash from 2014. Three years later and the North Sea still saw a tough environment with poor day rates, lack of demand, and a large number of vessels laid up. Work within the region picked up, however, competition for the work between vessel owners became intense thus leading to lower than normal charter rates to secure contracts. Work outside of the traditional OSV sector were explored by owners. Examples of this were fixtures in the Aquaculture market and providing support and supplying offshore wind farms. The term demand increased in 2018 with several industry players out for long-term charter requirements. The positive effect of this was not fully felt by the OSV market, however, as it remained oversupplied with tonnage. Some owners went as far as removing tonnage from lay-up earlier than required for jobs with short durations, further adding to the surge.

A ripple effect of the market caused a number of OSV owners to refinance and carry out debt restructuring. Overall utilisation in 2018 hovered around 60%, a touch higher than the previous year. Summer 2019 allowed the region to achieve satisfactory utilisation rates as well as increased charter rates. Continuing the trend from the previous years, attrition levels remained less than required, although some owners attempted to tackle the oversupply issues by selling tonnage out of the market. As 2020 began, demand in the region had been increasing until the effects of the pandemic hit. Similar to the global OSV market, Northwest Europe saw projects cancelled, unprecedented numbers of vessels laid up, and vessel owners left with no alternative other than to abandon or scrap tonnage that would otherwise have had life left in them. Owners that continued to keep their PSVs on term contracts were forced to negotiate charter rates at discounts of up to 30% due to the large drop in demand. The rig market mimicked similar activity; eight semis were retired and three jackups were taken out of service. This provided some bursts of towage work for AHTS vessels and AHTs. Towards the end of 2020, the region saw some hope as the list of requirements for vessels grew slightly. Aiding the demand improvement, approximately 15 OSVs landed work in the Kara and Pechora Seas with contracts lasting three to four months.

Early 2021 saw term fixtures rise; in the Norwegian area, Equinor led chartering activity with Repsol Sinopec, TotalEnergies, TAQA, and others issuing long-term charters on the UK side. Furthermore, April saw a large number of PSVs exit lay-up to satisfy demand requirements indicating the uptick in the market. Day rates followed a similar trend, both on the spot and term markets. As the energy transition becomes more imperative, vessel owners are either exploring or taking action to hybridise their fleet, switch to a more efficient fuel type, and enter offshore wind farm activity.

As 2021 neared the end, the overall feeling within the market was one of cautious optimism, with the hope of 2022 bringing steady growth. Environmental-related upgrades are being spotlighted and considered more and more as the indication is it will be easier to land long-term work in both the oil industry as well as in the wind sector. Major OSV players will also look to take advantage of the increased demand in West Africa and Latin America in 2022.

Figure 5: North Sea demand, supply & utilisation (2017-21)

West Africa

The OSV region experienced peak demand in West Africa back in early 2014 and has witnessed a declined turbulence since, following the oil price crash in the same year. In 2017 the term demand moved from an average of 36 to 39 vessels in comparison to the prior year. Exploration remained suppressed throughout the year, heavily contributing to the region's low demand; countries that dominated offshore activity included Angola, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, and Ghana. It was not much different in 2018, with demand remaining steady at suppressed levels. Similar to other regions, West Africa held a high number of unchartered OSVs with over 150 units in various states of lay-up.

The start of 2019 provided hope for the region as term demand increased along with slight improvements in day rates. This trend did not carry through with growth stagnating over the summer period and remaining flat as the year closed. The number of laid-up vessels continued to be a high concern for the region. The cold stacked fleet contained over 160 units as the year took off with Nigeria housing approximately half of this number. Throughout the year reactivation levels increased and saw more than 15 vessels re-enter the market. This indicated the willingness of vessel owners in investing capital to secure contracts in the region. The rig market, being a large player in driving OSV demand, provided sufficient development to hold OSV demand steady for 2019.

The little hope that was experienced in 2019 was wiped out in 2020 as the pandemic struck along with the drop in oil prices. The West African region was one of the worst hit, causing vessel owners to succumb to survival mode as the market became oversupplied with little chartering opportunities and low day rates. The rig market experienced approximately 20 drilling units having existing or upcoming contracts being suspended or terminated; a similar path was followed for field developments. This resulted in extremely low utilisation rates for OSVs.

As 2021 commenced, the region showed continued weakness with demand having plateaued since the final quarter of 2020. One aspect that highlights a potentially optimistic projection is the increasing number of FPSOs scheduled for installation on field development projects in the coming years.

While the recent period has proven challenging for the OSV market in West Africa, current indications are that improvements will be seen across the region and demand can be expected to climb back from the current lows.

Figure 6: West Africa demand, supply & utilisation (2017-21)

North America

The OSV industry in North America shifted drastically after the oil price crash in 2014; shallow-water activity suffered a virtual collapse while the deepwater side of the market remained more stable. In 2017, onshore unconventional drilling competed for investment with offshore projects, with the former being favoured. Deepwater PSV demand remained at low levels throughout the year. Day rates within the deepwater sector picked up in the following year due to fleet consolidation and a contraction of the spot market availability. The demand in shallow water remained at a steady low; as the major players exited this area of the market, smaller independent oil companies took the opportunity to obtain value from existing fields. The impact on day rates caused levels to remain fairly close to operating costs, providing opportunities for bargaining on term charters.

In 2019, the OSV market battled with the oversupply issue which kept term day rates low. E&P spending increased by 8-14% within the wider offshore sector, however, drilling activity remained short resulting in increased available OSV tonnage in the market. To try and combat the oversupply in the region, many OSV companies sought out work in Latin America and even West Africa which created a thinning of immediate vessel availability in turn increasing spot market rates. The Jones Act AHTS market reached an all-time low in 2019 further indicating the challenges faced by owners.

The OSV demand did not improve throughout 2020 due to the effects of COVID-19. This was particularly visible in Canada and the US Gulf. Eastern Canada term utilisation hovered at around 78% in 2018 with an increase to 83% in the next year and falling drastically in 2020 to 46%. This trend continued into 2021 and long-term prospects will be dependent on sustained production sites. Similar to other markets, operators stalled upcoming projects and suspended current ones as the pandemic engulfed the world and oil prices plunged.

Rig activity in 2021 declined as several units completed their contracts, however, activity is expected to increase in 2022. The same picture is expected for OSV demand for 2022. Recovery from Hurricane Ida will play a large role in near-term demand in the US Gulf. Day rates are looking to follow the same trend, however, operational costs have increased drastically since 2020 mainly due to COVID-19 quarantines. Labour costs further added to the high operating costs as an increase of approximately 7-10% was seen in 2021. As such there are many factors indicating increasing costs along with day rates for the OSV industry over the next year.

Figure 7: North America demand, supply & utilisation (2017-21)

As the first quarter draws to an end, 2022 has indicated that a cautious approach needs to be taken by OSV players. The outlook is one of hope as a result of high oil prices, mixed with a great deal of uncertainty. Following the chaos caused by the pandemic, vaccinations and other mitigation measures have contributed significantly to a recovery trend for the industry. Recent years have shown that the OSV market conditions do not improve in a unified manner, with some regions seeing recovery and increased demand while others continue to battle challenges.

In the Latin America region, Brazil looks to continue growing as the floating production market progresses in generating long-term OSV requirements. Mexico is expected to see a similar trend as offshore exploration and production activities pick up. Egypt is also expected to experience a number of exploration projects which will assist the soft recovery that the Mediterranean region has been seeing. West Africa has made a handful of discoveries in recent months, creating an optimistic picture for the OSV market as well as the oil and gas industry for the continent.

On the field development, West Africa is holding a positive outlook with several projects in the pipeline and several others expected to be awarded. The Asia Pacific outlook for 2022 includes the continuation of tenders and contracts being issued as the oil price recovery motivates operators to move ahead with projects that were previously postponed. It is expected that operators making final investment decisions will keep the regional tendering activity at a strong pace in the coming years. As such, the overall field and rig markets are hopeful for a continuation of the positive trend in activity which will overflow into the OSV market.

A factor that has and will continue to cause turbulence in the upstream market is Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The full impact on the OSV industry remains unclear but already several offshore players have announced plans to divest their interests in the regions' projects. Vessel owner Viking Supply Ships confirmed in February 2022 it had been awarded a contract for four AHTS vessels and further announced it was for a Russian client in Russian waters. The company stated that it is likely the contract will be postponed or cancelled. This is in accordance with several countries having imposed sanctions as well as the situation remaining unclear and rapidly changing.

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Editor's Note: The summary bullets for this article were chosen by Seeking Alpha editors.

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The Turbulent Journey Of The Offshore Supply Vessel Market - Seeking Alpha

About 400 years ago the deserted coastal village of Ravenscar was the bustling centre of Britains alum industry and thus owed some of its success to its abundance of seaweed.

For 250 years, thousands of tonnes of kelp were dragged up the sheer cliff edges of Englands east coast to be used in the process of making alum crystals, which for centuries were the core component for the worlds textile industry, making it possible to fix dyes to cloth.

As technology progressed with the creation of synthetic dyes, demand in the alum industry shrank away and kelp became a forgotten sea crop at the turn of the 19th century.

But as governments globally seek ways to mitigate carbon emissions, Yorkshires seaweed is once again at the fore of a new farming wonder, in the form of a pioneering offshore seaweed farm 16 kilometres along the coast in Scarborough.

Seaweed harvesting. Photo: SeaGrown

Scientists say seaweed can be a useful instrument for achieving the global goal of becoming carbon-zero.

Research by Sylvia Hurlimann, from the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University, reveals that as they grow, seaweed pods consume more carbon than trees in forests.

When plants such as trees photosynthesise and grow, carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and converted into biomass, such as a branch or leaf on a growing tree, she said.

Although trees store carbon, this storage is vulnerable since deforestation or forest degradation release this carbon back into the atmosphere, undoing the benefits. When thinking about carbon sequestration, we need to focus on permanent solutions.

Coastal ecosystems sequester away surprisingly large amounts of carbon. They can sequester up to 20 times more carbon per acre than land forests.

As we decrease our use of fossil fuels, carbon sinks such as kelp forests will play a key role in getting us to net-zero emissions.

The inspiration for Scarboroughs aquatic farm wasnt born of the crops once-rich local history, however, but in the heart of frozen Antarctica, more than 14,000 kilometres away.

Former Royal Navy officer Wave Crookes was working as a navigator on the RRS James Clark Ross scientific research vessel for the British Antarctic Survey, with fellow Briton Laura Robinson, a professor of geochemistry.

Together, they found a novel solution to the worlds climate problems and launched the pioneering seaweed farm SeaGrown, thought to be the UKs first.

Wave Crookes of SeaGrown at the deck of his vessel. Photo: SeaGrown

Originally from a fishing family in Scarborough, Mr Crookes knew it would be the perfect place for the venture.

It was while working in Antarctica on scientific projects that we knew we wanted to start a business that could help the planet back in the UK, he told The National.

We did a lot of research into seaweed. The world needs to offset the carbon and seaweed farming is a way of doing that so we decided to give it a crack.

The offshore farm is producing a sustainable seaweed crop, which can be used in everything from biodegradable plastics and food to a new source of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and textiles.

Ocean farming is good for the planet as it draws down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while oxygenating, de-acidifying and cleaning the ocean, Mr Crookes said.

Seaweed collected from the East coast. Photo: SeaGrown

We use nothing but sunlight and the cold, clean waters of the North Sea to make healthy, sustainable and innovative products which benefit humans, animals and planet Earth.

Our ambition is to help the ocean to turn the tide on climate change and keep itself healthy.

We have developed a brand-new method for seaweed farming which can stand up to the challenging open-water environment of the wild North Sea.

The crop just needs sun and sea to grow no chemicals, fresh water, power or even land and can absorb huge amounts of carbon and release oxygen into the water as it grows.

SeaGrown obtained a licence to wild-harvest the seaweed. It hand-harvests the kelp that washes up on the beaches, which is used in their food seasonings, including salt and Sichuan seaweed and smoky piri-piri seaweed flavourings. They also grow their own at their North Sea farm, which enables the company to supply products to industry on a larger scale.

Sometimes its just me and 400 seals down on the beach at first light, harvesting, Mr Crookes said.

We then dry it, mill it and blend it with herbs and spices at our processing site and sell it all over the world.

Its even in Selfridges, in London.

The business operates from Scarborough Harbour in its vessel the Southern Star, which was formerly used as a supply ship in the Great Barrier Reef, a survey vessel in the Falkland Islands and had a previous life in antipiracy operations in the Gulf of Aden.

A seaweed mineral bath soak product by SeaGrown. Photo: SeaGrown

The vessel plays a key role as a seaweed hatchery and a visitor centre showcasing the ecological importance of the initiative.

It enables tourists to enjoy Scarboroughs picturesque harbour on the sun-soaked deck whist just metres below them the hatchery is providing one of the answers to the worlds climate change crisis.

We create the seeds in tanks at the hatchery, Mr Crookes said.

When they are big enough we then transfer them to ropes in our offshore farm.

It carries out the work on its second vessel the Bright Blue, which previously worked as an oil spill response vessel in Asia and the UK.

Mr Crookes says seaweed can play a big role in the future of the farming industry as the kelp can be used as fertiliser and added to cattle feed.

We want to support the farming industry, he said.

Food security is so important, issues of land and obtaining fertiliser is a pressing issue.

The seaweed farm is great as it doesnt need land or power to grow. The crop can play a big role in the farming industry as it can be added to cattle feed and can be used as fertiliser and a soil enhancer as its minerals are good for the soil and plant growth.

Seaweed harvesting. Photo: SeaGrown

About 70 per cent of the worlds oxygen is produced by marine plants, including seaweeds.

This month, Brad Ack, chief innovation officer of Ocean Visions, a non-profit research organisation, told the World Ocean Summit that the ocean stores 50 times more carbon in bicarbonate and carbonate forms such as shellfish, seagrass and seaweed in the bottom of the sea than what is in the atmosphere.

At the end of the day, carbon dioxide removal is ocean conservation, he said.

The potential for employing the power of the ocean to sequester and safely store carbon dioxide is enormous, relative to that of land-based counterparts.

Oceans covers 71 per cent of the Earth.

It naturally cycles and stores carbon safely at the bottom of the sea; and has far fewer social and political controversies/ramifications than many land-based approaches, Mr Ack said.

Ocean-based carbon dioxide removal can take a number of forms, from growing marine trees like kelp and other seaweeds, to accelerated weathering of minerals that interact with seawater, to ocean iron fertilisation, and more.

Carbon dioxide removal is imperative in the race against dangerous climate change and ocean-based carbon dioxide removal is a legitimate and critical tool in the race to avert climate disasters.

Last year, the British government announced an investment of more than 400,000 ($502,640) in a seaweed academy to teach people how to farm the mineral-rich plant.

Hopes are that training and education in seaweed farming will help to grow an industry that will play an important role in the countrys net-zero ambitions.

Wave Crookes has launched a seaweed farm in the UK. Photo: SeaGrown

Mr Crookes is setting up an educational centre for schools on his vessel, to teach young people about the importance of seaweed in carbon removal.

He has also set a consultancy to help others create their own aquatic farms and has been inundated with requests from around the world.

We have been contacted by people all across the world eager to learn how to set up their own, he said.

We are helping people in Australia, India, Canada and across Europe and the UK. It is a young industry but it has the potential to play such a vital role in all our futures.

Right now it is the most important thing we can do with seaweed.

Updated: April 29, 2022, 6:00 PM

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Britain launches offshore seaweed farm thats a boon in the climate change battle - The National

File image courtesy Equinor

PublishedApr 22, 2022 9:09 PM by The Maritime Executive

Norwegian state-owned oil majorEquinor intends to invest $23 billion in offshore wind projects in the medium term as it implements an ambitious energy transition plan, hoping to achieve carbon-neutrality by 2050.

The plan, which will be submitted for an advisory vote by shareholders at a meetingnext month, is aimed at ensuring the company reduces net group-wide operated emissions (not including combustion of its products) by 50 percent by 2030, in line with the Paris Agreement.

Our energy transition plan is based on actions. We believe it demonstrates that we have the right strategy, ambition level, capabilities and track record to be a leading company in the energy transition while ensuring long-term shareholder value creation and competitiveness, said Anders Opedal, Equinor CEO.

In the plan, Equinor is committing to $23 billion in capital expenditure for offshore wind projects over the next five years. Its overall aim is to increase installed capacity by 12 GW to 16 GW by 2030, five years earlier than previously announced.

The capital allocation to renewables and other low-carbon solutions will increase towards 2030. Equinor plans for these expenditures to reach30 percent of gross capex by 2025 and 50 percent by 2030, up from a share of four percent in 2020.

Equinor currently hasoffshore wind capacity of 0.7 GW in its portfolio, but it is expanding quickly with projectslike Dogger Bank andEmpire Wind. Itis also exploring opportunities in regions like Eastern Europe and East Asia, where there is potential for renewables to displace coal from the electricity mix.

Apart from renewables, the company is investing inlow carbon solutions with a focus on blue hydrogen and carbon capture and storage (CCS).On CCS, its target is to develop a CO? transport and storage capacity of 5-10 million tonnes by 2030 and 15-30 million tonnes by 2035.

In the energy transition plan, the company also aims to supply hydrogen to major industrial clusters like steel and cement and transport sectors such as heavy duty trucking, shipping and aviation by 2035, aiming at a 10 percent market share of clean hydrogen in Europe. Theseambitions will be realized through a portfolio of hydrogen projects centerd in industrial clusters in Norway, Northwest continental Europe, the UK and the U.S.

This will also include developing replacement fuels for the maritime sector, as Equinorhas extensive maritime activity around the world, including around 175 vessels on charter. Equinors goal is halving its maritime emissions in Norway by 2030 and globally by 2050.

As a supplier of fuel to the maritime sector, the company plans to escalate production and use of alternative fuels, including LNGand ammonia.

Equinor also aims to minimize emissions during the oil and gas production process,which plays a part inthe overall lifecycle emissions of fossil-fuel extraction and utilization.Since 2015, the company has reduced upstream carbon intensity by around 30 percent, bringing it below half of the current industry average, and it has set a target to keep itunder eight kilos ofCO?/boe towards 2025 and around six kilosCO?/boe by 2030.

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Equinor Unveils $23B Offshore Wind Plan - The Maritime Executive