Category Archives: Oceania

Introduction Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.

The geographic region Oceania includes roughly 10,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean, mainly in the western and central portions. Oceania covers about 20 million square miles (50 million square kilometers), or roughly one third of the enormous Pacific Ocean. Yet the total land area of the islands is very smallonly some 324,000 square miles (840,000 square kilometers). Papua New Guinea and New Zealand represent nine tenths of the total. The other islands cover merely 41,000 square miles (106,000 square kilometers)about the extent of Portugal or a third of Ecuador. Most of the islands appear simply as isolated specks on a map of the ocean, and some are mere rocks. Some of the islands are crowded with people, but others are total wilderness. About 14 million people live in the region, nearly three quarters of them in New Zealand and Papua New Guinea.

Numerous Pacific islands are beyond the limits of Oceania as it is normally conceived. Many geographers consider Australia to be a part of Oceania, but others exclude it. This article does not include Australia (and its adjoining islands) for reasons of culture and geography. The term Oceania usually also excludes countries near the Asian mainland, such as Indonesia, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Japan, and the smaller islands those countries control. East Timor has cultural affinities with some Oceanian islands, but it is not discussed here because of its location west of New Guinea. The eastern Pacific has very few islands. Apart from Easter Island and a couple of small uninhabited islets, the remaining few islands of the eastern Pacific are usually excluded from Oceania.

Oceania is usually said to consist of three large geographic areasPolynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. As with any generalization, however, this three-way division of Oceania is somewhat inaccurate: it was created by Europeans concerned with their own exploration, trade, missionary activities, and racial relationsand it ignored many cultural and historical details. Yet it helps to divide the region for quick reference, especially when considering differences in language and geography.

The name Polynesia means many islands; it applies mainly to islands with similar cultures that lie in the central Pacific. Among the countries of Polynesia are New Zealand, Tuvalu, Tonga, and Samoa. Also included are Frances overseas territory Wallis and Futuna and overseas country French Polynesia, which incorporates the Tuamotu, Gambier, Society, Austral, Leeward, and Marquesas islands. The New Zealand dependencies of Tokelau, the Cook Islands, and Niue; the United States dependencies of American Samoa, Jarvis, Palmyra, and Kingman Reef, among others; and the British-controlled Pitcairn Island are also part of Polynesia. Chile administers Easter Island, and Hawaii is a U.S. state.

The name Micronesia means small islands. Among the regions sovereign countries are Palau, Nauru, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands. Kiribati lies largely within Micronesia, but its eastern Phoenix and Line Islands jut into Polynesia. Also in Micronesia are the United States territories of Wake Island and Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth in association with the United States.

Melanesia means islands inhabited by Blacksa term introduced by racial-minded Europeans, though not all Melanesians have dark skin. Among the independent nations of Melanesia are Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Melanesia also includes Papua New Guinea, which occupies the eastern part of the enormous island of New Guinea, as well as the Bismarck Archipelago and other nearby islands. The western part of New Guinea is often excluded from Oceania because it is part of Indonesia. New Caledonia is a French overseas country.

Within the popular imagination of many Westerners, the Oceanian islands have been associated with visions of an earthly paradise of crystal blue waters, white beaches, coconut palms, and smiling, subservient natives. Such images have been reinforced by popular films, romance novels, and glossy travel magazines and tourist-oriented Internet sites. There are some elements of truth to those images, in that the islands beauty is often breathtaking. However, real life in Oceania is more complex and contradictory, and at times quite difficultwith the picturesque landscape, the poetic quality of the ocean, and the wretchedness of life here, as the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski wrote in the early 1900s. Problems on some islands include tropical diseases, drought, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, and stinging insects, as well as social problems such as unemployment, low-paying jobs, harsh working conditions, violence, and corruption.

Oceania is a physically diverse region, with climates ranging from desert to tropical rainforest and landforms from high mountain to inland swamp and coral reef. Some islands a thousand miles apart may have similar climates and features, yet large islands may have a variety of landscapes and climatic features within just a few miles.

Most continental and volcanic islands are called high islands even if they are not more than a few hundred feet high. Coral islands are generally called low islands because most are nearly at sea level.

New Zealand and the larger islands of Melanesia are called continental islands because they are made partly of extremely old rock layers, like portions of the continents. Many have steep slopes because of battering from sea waves and erosion from heavy rainfall. Not even the heavy growth of forest that covers these steep slopes can keep all the soil in place. Parts of New Guineas interior have terrain so rugged that they are nearly empty of people.

Most of the islands of Oceania are near the edge of the Pacific tectonic plate. As the plate moves northwest, it causes a great deal of geologic activity, including volcanic eruptions. Because of the many active volcanoes along the Pacific Plates boundaries, the surrounding shorelines are often called the Ring of Fire.

Volcanoes have created many Pacific islands, but only some are of the explosive kind. Others, such as those on the Hawaiian and Samoan islands, are massive dome-shaped volcanoes formed by successive sheets of lava flows. These types are called shield volcanoes because their rounded shapes look like warriors shields when viewed from above. The Hawaiian chain of islands is located on a geologic hot spot that has shifted southeastward for millions of years and is now under the island of Hawaii. Vast amounts of molten lava pour from Mauna Loa and Kilauea, the latter of which is the worlds largest active volcano. The island also has the highest shield volcano of Oceania, Mauna Kea, which rises to 13,796 feet (4,205 meters).

Low islands are called atolls if they consist of a ring of land or islets surrounding a shallow lagoon. Their land consists of broken pieces of coral and white sand. Many such low islands also have patches of fertile soil formed by slowly accumulated plant matter, airborne dust, and fertilizers applied by farmers. Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands is the largest atoll in the world. It consists of 90 islets on the rim of a lagoon of about 650 square miles (1,683 square kilometers). Many low islands are at risk from storms, tsunamis, and rising sea levels because of global warming.

Some coral islands consist of reef limestone that was raised slowly over thousands or even millions of years. Most of Tongas islands are of this raised type, including the largest, Tongatapu, which covers some 100 square miles (260 square kilometers). Equally large is the raised island of Niue. The two islands have rather flat surfaces and reddish-brown soil.

Because the limestone and volcanic rock on some islands is porous, there is little or no surface water. Many people depend on rainwater collected in cisterns, as well as imported potable water. Rainwater seeps underground where it collects above heavier salt water in a so-called freshwater lens. The bigger the island, the thicker and larger the lens. Small islets perched on atoll rims have small, thin, and fragile lenses. Such lenses are easy to exhaust, in which case seawater flows up and replaces themespecially where town wells draw excessive water.

Coral is also an important feature in the waters surrounding many islands. Nearly all the inhabited high islands of Oceania are surrounded by a type of coral reef called a fringing reef, except where the water is too cold.

Some parts of Oceania experience frequent earthquakes because of the movement of continental plates. Quakes that occur underwater sometimes produce tsunamis, or giant sea waves, which can cause terrible destruction when they reach shorelines. The worst natural disaster in Hawaiis history occurred when a tsunami struck the city of Hilo on April 1, 1946, causing 159 deaths. A tsunami that struck Papua New Guinea on July 17, 1998, killed more than 2,100 people, injured 1,000, and displaced 10,000 more.

Oceania is generally hot and humid year-round. The islands have no true winter or summer, but many areas experience seasonal changes in winds, ocean currents, and rainfall. Low islands are at the mercy of the winds, which can bring enough rain to create lush forests on some islands while leaving others dry wastelands. Most Oceanians live in parts of the western Pacific where rainfall exceeds 80 inches (200 centimeters) per year. In general, in the tropical areas strong trade winds blow from the east. Much farther away from the equator, the prevailing winds blow west to east. However, major storms and El Nio events can disrupt normal weather patterns.

Higher elevations generally have lower temperatures and higher amounts of rain, especially on slopes facing the wind. Mountains cause the air moving over them to rise and thus to cool. Clouds then form and produce rain. On the island of Kauai in Hawaii, roughly 460 inches (1,170 centimeters) of rain strike the summit of Mount Waialeale each year. But on the nearby sea the annual rainfall is only about 10 inches (25 centimeters). Hawaiis highest peaks, such as Mauna Kea, can be quite dry, because air blowing up the mountainsides loses most of its moisture before reaching the top. Mauna Kea has such clear air that it is one of the best astronomical sites on Earth.

Thunderstorms are frequent in Oceania, but far more dangerous are tropical storms, which extend for hundreds of miles. They sometimes grow powerful enough to become hurricanes, also called typhoons or tropical cyclones. The roaring winds and massive surges of ocean water that they produce can devastate farms, forests, villages, ports, and entire islands.

Where rainfall is plentiful, tropical plants such as coconuts, other palms, and breadfruit trees are common. The wetter islands also support varied animal life, such as multihued birds, fruit bats, crawling rodents, reptiles, and myriad insects. However, in some locations mosquitoes, biting flies, and sand fleas are unrelenting. Wild mammals bigger than pigs live only on the largest islands.

Many species have become extinct or endangered because of human farming, fishing, and hunting, as well as ill-conceived or accidental introductions of foreign species. Plants imported for agriculture or for ornamental reasons have crowded out innumerable species. Brown tree snakes, brought to Guam after World War II, are now a major threat to birds, lizards, and small mammals. Red deer, introduced to New Zealand by hunting enthusiasts, have multiplied into the millions. Rats gorging on eggs have nearly decimated entire species such as the tuatara lizard, which is now found only on some protected islands.

In their warm, shallow waters, coral reefs shelter enormous varieties of life, including sea anemones, marine worms, eels, fishes, shellfish, and sharks. Fringing reefs provide islands with an underwater wall that helps protect them from waves and swells. But submerged reefs can also tear gashes into boat hulls. Many reefs have been damaged or destroyed by overzealous fishers and clam hunters, as well as by ships and their anchors.

In all the vast area of Oceania there are roughly 14 million people. About three fourthsnearly 10 millionare in New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Some 2 million more are divided between Hawaii and Fiji. The remainder are spread among numerous small islands. Oceanias population includes people of many different indigenous groups, in addition to later arrivals. Various indigenous Pacific Islanders form the largest groups in most places, with New Zealand, Hawaii, and the Northern Marianas being notable exceptions.

Of the three regions within Oceania, Melanesia has the largest population, especially in Papua New Guinea and Fiji. In addition to large numbers of indigenous islanders, there are many Indians, Chinese, and Indonesians. The latter groups have been called nonnative, though many of them were born on the islands. Nevertheless, they are often subject to racial and ethnic biases and even outright bigotry.

Polynesia is the next most populous region. New Zealand and Hawaii together account for more than 5 million people. At the other extreme, Pitcairn Island has only about 50 peopledescendants of the mutineers of the British ship HMS Bounty and their Polynesian companions. The Mori of New Zealand make up the largest number of indigenous Polynesians in the region, though nearly three fourths of that countrys people are of European descent. Most of Hawaiis people are descended from Asians and Europeans. In search of jobs, education, or other social opportunities, many Polynesians have migrated elsewhere; more people born in Niue and the Cook Islands live overseas than in their homelands. (See also Polynesian culture.)

Micronesia has the smallest population in Oceania. As in Polynesia, most of its population is widely dispersed in small groups on many islands. The largest cluster is on Guam, many of whose people are recent arrivals from Asia and the United States. Asians are also quite numerous in the Northern Marianas and Palau.

Nearly all the peoples of Oceania live in clusters, whether hamlets, villages, or cities. The majority of the people make a living in agriculture, either by farming their own plots of land, by working for plantations, or by exporting agricultural products.

In many places in Oceania, people have traditionally lived in large, extended-family groups. On many islands land has been owned and controlled at the village, family, or clan level and is inherited mainly through family connections. However, under the influence of European colonization and landowning laws in the 1800s and 1900s, large tracts of land were taken from hereditary owners.

Village layouts and building methods have changed radically. For example, traditional thatched roofs are well suited to the climate. However, many have been replaced with imported tin or corrugated steel roofs, which heat up quickly under the merciless tropical sun. The larger towns have grown faster than the villages, partly because of migration from rural areas to towns and cities. Nevertheless, large cities are still rare in Oceania.

In many Oceanian societies, people belong to large networks of relatives to whom they owe obligations based on kinship and on whom they may call in time of needfor example, in a drought or when a child is sent to school and needs tuition, books, and clothing. For a wedding or other large gathering, fellow villagers and relatives may feel honor-bound to assist. They may harvest extra taro and coconuts and make traditional gifts such as bark cloth and mats. They may also gather large quantities of fish or raise additional pigs for slaughter. In many places, large quantities of food are cooked in a rock-lined pit that is covered with leaves and a layer of earth, wet jute, or burlap sacks. At the start of the festivities, welcome speeches are often made and gifts exchanged.

Although traditional skills and customs have been kept alive in some areas, they have disappeared elsewhere, notably in cities. Rather than eating fresh-caught fish, many now eat fish out of cans, potted meat, and other convenience foods. At some celebrations, traditional Oceanian music has been replaced by recorded music, including American rap and hip-hop. As towns and cities grow, so do the numbers of video players, TVs, and computers. Yet the detritus of city life also grows, in the form of garbage heaps, sewage, and slums.

Major sources of individual and family income in Oceania include agriculture, fishing, mining, and tourism. Also important is the money sent home by workers who have found jobs in foreign countries, often as plantation or mine laborers. Foreign aid, fishing-rights contracts, and agricultural or mining exports are important sources of income to many island governments, which are generally the largest employers in the region.

Traditional households support themselves mainly by agriculture and fishing. Many households maintain gardens where crops are grown in shifting cultivation, also called slash-and-burn agriculture. Trees in forests are cut down and burned, leaving ashes to nourish the crops for a few brief seasons. After the soil nutrients are exhausted or the weeds have become too troublesome, another part of the forest is cleared and another garden planted.

Most subsistence crops produce edible roots or tubers such as taro and its relatives, which are grown in warm places. Sweet potatoes are found at higher altitudes or where it is colder, as in New Zealand. Coconut is very important. Its cream is used in cooking, and its dried meat, called copra, is the source of coconut oil. What is left is fed to pigs and other livestock, which may also graze on vegetation beneath the coconut trees. Chickens are also raised. Besides coconut palms, other common useful trees include bananas, sago palms in Melanesia, and breadfruit. Like many plants of Oceania, the breadfruit tree is not only grown for its fruit but is used to make other materials: the wood is good for building houses, the latex is used to caulk boats, and the leaf can be used as a plate.

On many of the larger islands, large companies that may be of European or Japanese origin own many coconut plantations. Indigenous islanders own smaller numbers of plantations. The principal plantation crop is copra, produced for export. Small farms also produce copra, and because people who live on atolls have little else to sell, coconut groves are the single most noticeable feature of many islands.

The more traditional societies of coastal Oceania still venture onto the reefs and open sea, catching and gathering fish, crustaceans, sea slugs, and a host of other edible marine species. Many groups have lost their fishing traditions, however. Large fishing boats working for foreign-owned corporations catch most of the fish in the region.

Mining is important, though Oceanias mineral reserves are small by world standards. In the 19th century guano, a natural fertilizer consisting of the manure of seabirds, was mined on many low islands. Today phosphate rock is taken from raised limestone islands. For decades, the main source of phosphate was Nauru, but its center has been transformed into a wasteland. New Caledonia is among the worlds leading producers of nickel, so its economy is influential in the region. Gold deposits have been found in limited quantities, with Papua New Guinea leading the region in exports. New Zealand also mines coal, natural gas, and petroleum, as well as minerals used in construction and industry.

Because opportunities and natural resources are limited on most islands, many see tourism as a major potential source of income. However, many jobs in tourism are menial and seasonal, and high travel times and costs can limit the number of visitors. Nevertheless, in recent decades tourism investment has significantly increased in Hawaii, New Zealand, Guam, Fiji, Tahiti (in French Polynesia), and other islands.

New Guinea and neighboring parts of Melanesia were probably first settled by Southeast Asians from 50,000 to 30,000 years ago, at roughly the same time as Australia. Bamboo rafts or other simple watercraft were probably used to make short ocean voyages during that period of discovery. Thriving on their abilities as gatherers (foragers), hunters, and fishers, these colonists and their descendants gradually multiplied, particularly as they invented more advanced watercraft. By 9,000 years ago, small-scale farming had spread throughout the Solomon Islands. Between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, large parts of Micronesia and Polynesia were settled, and by ad 1200 nearly the entire region had been navigated. Watercraft included paddle-driven rafts and dugouts, double canoes, and large outrigger canoes powered by triangular sails. Most of these early Polynesians and Micronesians were highly skilled sailors able to navigate for thousands of miles by reading the stars, sun, ocean swells, and winds.

Ancient Oceania had several distinct cultures and lifestyles. For example, religious practices and beliefs varied among different groups. Also, political power was divided between men and women in various ways, and different societies had differing rules for how land, wealth, and magical abilities were supposed to be inherited. Relationships with neighbors also varied greatly. As in Europe, Asia, and elsewhere, neighbors sometimes traded with one another and sometimes fought wars. Revenge killings and headhunting were also known in some areas. Oceania was not a paradise, as some Europeans and Americans would later assume. Yet neither was it a realm of perpetual anarchy and savage bloodlust, despite the horrid tales later told by European missionariestales that were sometimes based on eyewitness accounts.

Oceania changed rapidly in the 1800s when Europeans established colonies there and pressured islanders to accept their styles of government and religion. On the positive side, Europeans claimed to have ended local warfare and headhunting. They also introduced helpful tools, crops, and domesticated animals. On the negative side, Europeans brought new diseases and weapons that caused the loss of many lives. They also damaged or destroyed numerous cultural traditions, disrupted trade networks, and, in some instances, forced islanders into virtual slavery.

The work of European missionaries in Oceania has also been controversial. Many islanders have described the spread of Christianity as a blessing. Others, however, lament the loss of native culture, including the neglect of traditional religious sites, the loss of ceremonial ties and group unity, and, on some islands, the requirement that layers of clothing be worn in the hot climateeven while playing in the ocean surf.

Europeans also introduced money and the desire for it where none existed before. Taxes were required from some islanders. Also, many parents wanted their children to have a European-style education so they could adjust more easily to the economic and social changes brought by Europeans. Villagers built schools but had to raise money to buy the concrete, tin roofs, and other materials. Books and supplies also had to be bought and teachers paid. In order to raise money, they had to sell exportable products. Copra was the first major product to fill this role, and in many places it remains the largest export.

During World War II Oceania experienced destruction on a scale never witnessed there before. Japanese and American forces fought major battles on such islands as Guam and Chuuk (Truk) in Micronesia, Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, Oahu in Hawaii, and Tarawa in Kiribati. Even islands not in the line of fire were affected by troop placements, food shortages, and disrupted trade.

Economic developments occurred rapidly after World War II. Many villagers began to desire the kinds of consumer goods available only from distant countries. Seeking cash incomes, they left their villages for places of greater opportunitycities in the islands as well as overseas. They often suffered hardships abroad, including long hours and harsh conditions for low pay. But the money they sent home from New Zealand, the United States (particularly Hawaii and California), and elsewhere became a major source of local income. Meanwhile, increasing numbers of traders, tourists, and Christian missionaries arrived. Some villages grew into towns and cities, supporting a new bureaucracy. Traditional social life declined.

Until the 1990s nuclear bombs were tested on several Polynesian islands, including the United Statescontrolled Bikini and Johnston and the French Polynesian Mururoa and Fangataufa. Johnston was used for chemical weapons storage and incineration until 2000, despite numerous protests. Some United States islands are still used as missile testing sites.

Interactive

In the early 21st century, many Oceanian societies sought to increase income from international tourism and a variety of other sources, including the sale of fishing contracts, mineral rights, stamps, and Internet domain names. As trade increased, however, so did fears that the small economies of Oceania could be overwhelmed by global economic forces. One of the greatest concerns facing the region was global warming. Even slight changes in sea temperature could increase the frequency of typhoons, and rising sea levels could completely submerge some islands and devastate coral reefs.

Ward Barrett

Stephen P. Davis

Colbert, Evelyn. The Pacific Islands: Paths to the Present (Westview, 1997).Crocombe, Ron. The South Pacific (Univ. South Pacific, 2001).Denoon, Donald, ed. The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997).Douglas, Norman, and Douglas, Ngaire, eds. Pacific Islands Yearbook, 17th ed. (Fiji Times,1994).Rapaport, Moshe, ed. The Pacific Islands: Environment and Society (Bess Press, 1999).Theroux, Paul. The Happy Isles of Oceania (G.P. Putnams Sons, 1992).

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Oceania - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help

Oceania is one of the Earth's seven continents. It is made up of 14 countries, all of which are geographically situated in the southern region of the Pacific Ocean, and is comprised of over 10,000 islands. These island landmasses not only include the nations of Australia and New Zealand but also Papua New Guinea, Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, the Soloman Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.

The nation of Australia lies completely below the equator (an imaginary line dividing the Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres). Because of its southern location, Australia is often referred to as being "down under." Another interesting fact related to the origin of the word "Australia" is that it is derived from the Latin term Terra Australis, meaning "Southern land."

The largest urban center in Oceania is Sydney, Australia which is spread over a total land area of 4,775.2 square miles (12,368 square km). This city, which lies on Australia's eastern coast, serves as the capital for the Australian state of New South Wales. It was founded in 1788 and statistics from 2019 show that its total population is approximately 5,312,163 residents with a population density of 1,112 people per square mile. About 65% of all residents living in the state of New South Wales reside in Sydney.

The highest mountain in Oceania is Aoraki/Mount Cook which is located in New Zealand. Also known as Aoraki, at its highest point, this towering mountain reaches a maximum elevation of 12,316 feet. The Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park was opened in 1953 and is home to 19 mountain peaks measuring over 9,840 feet as well as 72 glaciers. The local South Island Maori refer to the mountain as Aoraki which can be translated to "cloud piercer."

Oceania is home to a wide array of diverse fauna and flora. Animals native to the region include the common wombat, a marsupial usually inhabiting southern and eastern regions of Australia as well as Tasmania; emus, the world's second-largest bird species by height; koalas, a plant-eating marsupial; the platypus, a partially aquatic mammal found in parts of eastern Australia as well as Tasmania; the kookaburra, a tree kingfisher bird species; and red kangaroos, the largest land mammal native to Australia. Native vegetation in Oceania includes coachwood, also known as scented satinwood or tarwood; the grass tree, characterized by its long flowered white spikes; cabbage-tree palm, a fanned palm tree with large shiny green leaves; and waratah, a vibrantly red flower native to Australia.

A majority of residents living in Oceania, approximately 73%, identify as Christians. The remaining members of the population subscribe to various religions including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Judaism, Baha'i, as well as a wide array of traditional Indigenous belief systems. In 2018, 37% of those living in New Zealand considered themselves to be Christians while 48% did not subscribe to any religion. According to figures from 2016, 52% of Australians were Christians while 30% cited no religious affiliation. Citizens living on several Pacific island groups were much more likely to believe in Christianity. In Micronesia, for example, 93% defined themselves as Christians. That number rose to 96% in Polynesia.

Oceania is so much more than white sand beaches and palm trees. Each island in its many sprawling archipelagoes has unique features and Indigenous traditions to immerse yourself in. Its eclecticism is sure to inspire and amaze travellers who make their way to these distant lands

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5 Things You Should Know About: Oceania - WorldAtlas

Oceania Healthcare (NZSE:OCA) Is Paying Out Less In Dividends Than Last Year  Simply Wall St

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Oceania Healthcare (NZSE:OCA) Is Paying Out Less In Dividends Than Last Year - Simply Wall St

1. 'Wingspan' Oceania Expansion Announced for Release Soon on iOS, Android, Switch, Xbox, and PC TouchArcade  Touch Arcade
2. Wingspan getting Oceania Expansion  Nintendo Everything
3. 'Wingspan' Oceania Expansion Announced, Coming Soon - Screens & Trailer  WorthPlaying.com
4. Wingspan is soon launching its second content update that takes players to the Oceania region  Pocket Gamer
5. View Full Coverage on Google News

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'Wingspan' Oceania Expansion Announced for Release Soon on iOS, Android, Switch, Xbox, and PC TouchArcade - Touch Arcade

The rankings this yearfound that the dominance ofUS institutions at the highest level is continuing, but acknowledged it is clear that the crown is slipping.

For the first time, continental data reveal that Oceania has overtaken North America to enjoy the distinction of the highest average overall score (based on universities ranked each year since 2018), THE said.

UK and US institutions dominate the top 10 universities worldwide, with the University of Oxford, Harvard University, Stanford, Cambridge and MIT occupying the top five positions.

The average score across Oceania is 51.4, compared with 50.4 in North America, THE said. Last year, both regions scored 50.4.

Institutions in Australia haveincreased by6.4 points over the past six years and are now almost equal to the average US score, the ranking said. The fall in US rankings was put down to a steady drop incitation scores and declines in research and teaching reputation.

Earlier this year,QS World University Rankings 2023 also noted thatAmerican higher education continues to show signs of decline, despiteMIT maintaining its top position.

Of the201 USuniversities ranked by QS, 103saw their position fall, while29 improved.

THE found that, along withOceania rising, Africais on the increase, withZambia, Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Mauritius all represented for the first time.

The number ofAfrican countries in the THE ranking has increased fromnine in 2018 to 17 this year. The 12 Nigerian institutions included this year is twice as many as 2021.

It also pointed toSaudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates as improving overall scores ata faster rate than the global average.

You have to run very fast to stand still in the global rankings, said Phil Baty,THEs chief knowledge officer. Losing ground can risk a vicious circle of gradually losing access to global talent and partnerships.

Australias overall success was attributed to its universitiesresearch productivity,very strong international collaboration, lucrative overseas student market and very healthy levels of research funding over the past 15years orso, Baty added.

The QS rankings, released in June, saw Australia retain its five top-50 universities, but suggested it is stagnating, with as many universities improving as declining.

Universities Australia chief executive Catriona Jackson said the latest rankings show thatAustralias universities are continuing to grow in strength and prominence.

Our world-class universities are playing a greater role in our region, and this is reflected in the latest rankings as Oceania finishes top of the class, she said.

With sevenuniversities in the worlds top 100 all members of the Group of Eight and 10 in the top 200, Australia is thejoint-fifth most-represented country in the ranking.

Go8 universities invest $7.2 billion annually into quality research and we receive $1bn annually in research income from industry more than twice the rest of the sector combined,Go8 chief executive Vicki Thomson said.

We are without peer when it comes to research effort and reputation which augers well for the future as we emerge from the Covid crisis and the associated economic challenges.

More Australian universities have gained ground rather than dropped in the rankings

More Australian universities have gained ground rather than dropped in the rankings, which is testament to the overall quality of our higher education sector.

Our higher education sector is a global leader in teaching and research, Jackson added.

This is an outstanding achievement and much-deserved recognition of the role our universities play in a modern economy, especially after the challenges of the last few years.

Seven of the nine German universities in the top 100 are also members ofresearch-intensive university group German U15.

German U15 chairman and president ofJohannes Gutenberg-Universitt Mainz, Georg Krausch, said the result underlines the international reputation and the research and teaching strengths of the group.

The unbroken dominance of the financially strong Anglo-American universities and the clear upward trend of the strongly funded Chinese universities show that research and teaching are in direct relation to adequate funding, he said.

Despite the tense budget situation and in view of rising energy prices and high inflation rates, we must not allow ourselves to be left behind when it comes to university financing in an international comparison.

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Oceania and Africa rising in university rankings - The PIE News

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Recent rules in important industries have an impact on total demand for Pea Fiber.Detailed company profiles of the various Pea Fiber market playersSignificant trends highlighting big investments by prominent owners in a variety of countriesChanging consumer tastes and current developments in key industriesNew investment opportunities in a variety of technology and product/service sectorsTrends in consumption and demand across a variety of product categoriesThe findings and projections in this report are the result of extensive research by Factmr experts. Because of the new approach and practical suggestions provided in this report, stakeholders will be better able to comprehend the growth dynamics of the global market for Pea Fiber.

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Study of policies in wealthy as well as developing nations to understand what components are vital in aiding participants to recover following COVID-19 epidemic, with a focus on prospective adjustments in the post-COVID period. Important rules and norms adopted by governmental organisationsEvaluation of the size and market shares of key product segmentsanalysis of several technologies that are crucial in driving the market for flash dryers' demanda summary of current and future research and development projects being carried out by both governmental and private organisations working in the pea fibre sectorA thorough analysis of the financial disruptions that the COVID-19 pandemic is projected to cause in several global areas for the next few months

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South Asia And Oceania Pea Fiber Consumption Is Expected To Grow By Nearly 2x By 2032 - openPR

Proficient Market Insights

covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America).

PUNE, Oct. 17, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- "PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market" research report focus on overall information that can help to take decisions on current market situation. The prime objective of this report is to provide the insights on the post COVID-19 impact wwhich will help market players in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America).

PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Report Contains: -

Complete overview of the global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market

The global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch market was valued at 61.4 Million USD in 2021 and will grow with a CAGR of 5.99% from 2021 to 2027, based on researcher'snewly published report.

Top Country data and analysis for United States, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, Brazil and Saudi Arabia, etc. It also throws light on the progress of key regional PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch markets such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East and Africa

Description and analysis of PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch market potential by type, Deep Dive, disruption, application capacity, end use industry

impact evaluation of most important drivers and restraints, and dynamics of the global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch market and current trends in the enterprise

Detailed profiles of the Top major players in the industry, including. SUKANO,Gabriel-Chemie,A. Schulman,Setas,CONSTAB,Clariant,Spearepet,YILDIZ,Plastika Kritis S.A,Cromex,Colorwen,VIBA,Dongguan Jishuo,Shantou Best Science,Changzhou Siruiman

Get a Sample Copy of the Report at - https://proficientmarketinsights.com/enquiry/request-sample/20107742

PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Segmentation: -

researchers latest report provides a deep insight into the global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch market covering all its essential aspects. This ranges from a macro overview of the market to micro details of the market size, competitive landscape, development trend, niche market, key market drivers and challenges, SWOT analysis, Porters five forces analysis, value chain analysis, etc.

Anti-block masterbatch is made by several kinds of high effect special additives to mix together and through specific technical process. This kind of masterbatch can enhance the products anti-block property, and lubricant property. When Anti-block masterbatch is used, one layer of lubricant film will occur and cover the plastic products surface. Meanwhile one microcosmic concavo-convex frame will be formed on the plastic product surface. By this way, it is distinctly to reduce the adhesion effect of plastic products. PET Type antiblock masterbatch means the carrier is mainly PET resin and it is primarily used in the PET film and sheet industry. PET type antiblock masterbatch, belonging to the family of functional masterbatch, is mainly made of carrier resin, slipping agent and anti-block agent, as well as other additives. Antiblock Masterbatch is a combination of special additives for efficient anti block and the special processing aid technology. Add this product to the plastic, on one hand can be formed on the surface layer of plastic is extremely thin film lubrication with maintaining smoothness and other hand can bump formed on the surface of a micro-shaped structure, which is very effective in reducing adhesion of plastic products without effect on the transparency of plastics products.

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Its role is mainly used in films and cap opening to maintain good performance. As for the application, PET type antiblock masterbatch are used during the production of film and sheet. There is no doubt that PET film owns the largest application share, which was 63.77% in 2016, followed by PET sheet with 28.93% market share. Compared with other masterbatches, the whole PET type antiblock masterbatch market size is relatively small for the time being. As is known, PET type antiblock masterbatch is mainly used in the PET industry. Actually, when looking up the whole masterbatch industry, demand from the PP and PE is the largest. Masterbatch consumed in the PET industry is relatively small. Thus, the PET type antiblock masterbatch is a market with about 54.96 million USD presently and is estimated to grow gradually in the coming years, which will reach to 82.50 million USD in 2022.

Key Indicators Analysed

Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2016-2027 & Sales with a thorough analysis of the markets competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors and comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of major market vendors.

Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2016-2027. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its sales, sales volume & revenue forecast. With detailed analysis by types and applications.

Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.

Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology

Porters Five Force Analysis: The report provides with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.

PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market segments help decision-makers direct the product, sales, and marketing strategies, and can power your product development cycles by informing how you make product offerings for different segments.

By Types:

Organic Type

Inorganic Type

By Applications:

Market segment by Region/Country including: -

North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Spain, etc.)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia, Southeast Asia, etc.)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.)

Middle East & Africa (South Africa, UAE, Saudi Arabia, etc.)

Key Players in the PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market: -

SUKANO

Gabriel-Chemie

A. Schulman

Setas

CONSTAB

Clariant

Spearepet

YILDIZ

Plastika Kritis S.A

Cromex

Colorwen

VIBA

Dongguan Jishuo

Shantou Best Science

Changzhou Siruiman

Get a Sample Copy of the Report at - https://proficientmarketinsights.com/enquiry/request-sample/20107742

Key Benefits of PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Research Report:

Types, applications, regions, and key players covered in the study

Industry drivers, restraints, and opportunities covered in the study

Recent industry trends and developments

Competitive landscape & strategies of key players

Historical, current, and projected market size, in terms of value

In-depth analysis of the Artificial Intelligence AI Chips Market

Sales, price, revenue, market share, and growth rate are covered in the report sales channels, distributors, traders, dealers, etc. are covered in the report

Detailed TOC of Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Research Report 2022 Professional Edition

1 Report Overview

1.1 Study Scope

1.2 Key Market Segments

1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Revenue

1.4 Market Analysis by Type

1.4.1 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2021 VS 2027

1.4.2 Organic Type

1.4.3 Inorganic Type

1.5 Market by Application

1.5.1 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Share by Application: 2022-2027

1.5.2 PET Film

1.5.3 PET Sheet

1.6 Study Objectives

1.7 Years Considered

1.8 Overview of Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market

1.8.1 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Status and Outlook (2016-2027)

1.8.2 North America

1.8.3 East Asia

1.8.4 Europe

1.8.5 South Asia

1.8.6 Southeast Asia

1.8.7 Middle East

1.8.8 Africa

1.8.9 Oceania

1.8.10 South America

1.8.11 Rest of the World

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)

2.2 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)

2.3 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)

2.4 Manufacturers PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Production Sites, Area Served, Product Type

3 Sales by Region

3.1 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Sales Volume Market Share by Region (2016-2021)

3.2 Global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Sales Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)

3.3 North America PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Sales Volume

3.3.1 North America PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Sales Volume Growth Rate (2016-2021)

3.3.2 North America PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Sales Volume Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)

Explore Full Report With Detailed TOC Here: https://proficientmarketinsights.com/TOC/20107742#TOC

1.To study and analyze the global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch consumption (value) by key regions/countries, product type and application

2.To understand the structure of PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch market by identifying its various sub segments.

3.Focuses on the key global PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the value, market share, market competition landscape, Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.

Originally posted here:

PET Type Antiblock Masterbatch Market Size reach to 82.50 million USD in 2022-2027 With Impact of domestic and global market Top players: Review by...

NIS America has announced that the long-awaitedThe Legend of Heroes: Trails to Azurewill be releasing on March 14, 2023 in North America. It will come out slightly later in Europe on March 17 and Oceania on March 24.

The Legend of Heroes: Trails to Azure is a direct sequel to Trails from Zero and sees the Special Support Section back in action against all the new threats that face Crossbell.

A new story trailer for the title provides a taste of what players can expect in it. Note that it may spoil events that were alluded to in Trails from Zero so if you are still working through that game, be aware.

The Legend of Heroes: Trails to Azure is coming to PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and PC (Steam, GOG, Epic).

The story of aspiring hero Lloyd Bannings continues in Trails to Azure! A temporary peace has settled over Crossbell and the Special Support Section now find themselves with newfound fame and status. However, the peace is soon broken with the rise of multiple organizations with ulterior motives!

Framing these growing tensions is the increasing pressure from the Erebonian Empire and the Republic of Calvard. Does the SSS have what it takes to stand against these looming fates? What lies in store for the state of Crossbell?

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The Legend of Heroes: Trails to Azure launches on March 14, 2023 in North America; March 17 in Europe and March 24 in Oceania - RPG Site

Indian companies view 5G as a key enabler of digital transformation, which has become increasingly important since the pandemic accelerated adoption of digital services. Industries like healthcare, manufacturing, energy and utilities, education, and public safety will be the early adopters of 5G, says Nitin Bansal, MD, India & Head Networks, South East Asia, Oceania and India, Ericsson. 5Gs added capacity will be beneficial for both consumers and businesses as data demand and consumption grow, he tells Sudhir Chowdhary in a recent interview. Excerpts:

Tell us about the potential for 5G adoption from an enterprise perspective.5G will be critical for driving Industry 4.0, considering it requires reliable and secure private networks to drive digital transformation of enterprises. We recently got Omdia to do a study on the Indian market with regards to 5G; it shows that more than half (52%) of Indian enterprises want to start using 5G within the next 12 months and a further 31% expect to use 5G by 2024.

As per the study, enterprises in India view 5G as a critical technology enabling their digital transformation. The top ranked benefits of 5G are superior network performance enabling automation and new ways of working. The study highlights that quality of experience rather than price will drive customers to buy 5G, changing the competitive dynamics of Indias telecom market. The top 5G use cases that enterprises identify are enhanced content streaming, real-time video analytics and control of autonomous vehicles and drones.

Which industry will be the early adopters of this new technology?Industries like healthcare, manufacturing, energy and utilities, automotive education, and public safety will be the early adopters of 5G. As per Ericssons 5G Business Compass report, the total 5G-enabled B2B opportunity for Indian operators, across 10 industries, would be $17 billion by 2030. The initial use-case of a private 5G network for any geography will be around gaining operational flexibility and reliability etc.

Also Read: Fastrack Reflex Play+: Captures the right fitness & health data

The manufacturing sector will rely on 5G for smart manufacturing. In the healthcare sector, wearable devices, secure online consultations, and mission critical applications will improve resource efficiency.

What is the impact of private networks on enterprises?Private networks are the preferred way to power digital transformation by connecting devices, industrial sites, and augmenting workers. They support a diverse set of Industry 4.0 use cases, such as real-time location system (RTLS)/asset tracking, inventory management, building automation, and robotics etc.

Considering the long-term benefits, private networks will help enterprises achieve better scalability, quality, and efficiencies, etc. thereby, making business operations more robust and agile. Some of the global deployments include: Telia in Sweden is building a dedicated local 5G-ready mobile network for mining company Boliden at Aitik, the worlds most efficient open-pit copper mine located in the north of Sweden. Telefnica, Ericsson and Mercedes-Benz are building the worlds first 5G mobile network for automobile production in Germany. Ericssons very own factory in the USA is a 5G smart factory. In India, we have set up a 5G lab with Capgemini in Mumbai where the 5G EP5G solution has been deployed. It will enable industry innovation, experimentation, and deployment of 5G and Edge technologies for clients across industries.

What have been the learnings from Ericssons global deployment experiences?Ericsson has an established global 5G leadership with 130+ live 5G networks. Some of the global use-cases that we are deploying across other markets can be adapted and introduced in India. We are seeing rapid adoption of 5G in markets where it is live. In 2019, we partnered with SK Telecom, the largest mobile operator in South Korea to switch on its commercial 5G network in the worlds fastest growing 5G market.

We also partnered with Telstra, Australias largest mobile network provider, to roll out and activate 5G in 10 cities in the same year. Early users were able to experience better network coverage even in the underground and over popular areas while advanced technologies such as AR and VR are being utilised for diverse use cases powered by the speed and low latency of 5G.

What kind of new jobs/roles will be in demand with the introduction of 5G services?Accelerated digitalisation coupled with the launch of 5G services in India will see an increase in employment opportunities across sectors like manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, retail, agriculture. 5G will transform each of these industries with various new applications and technologies like AI/ML, AR/VR, edge computing, network slicing etc. Therefore, professionals with an in-depth understanding of 5G and related technologies are going to be in very high demand.

The rest is here:

A 5G-proficient workforce will be in high demand: Nitin Bansal, MD, India & Head Networks, South East Asia, Oceania And India, Ericsson - The...

NEW DELHI : Being in India is more critical than ever for Ericsson, Nunzio Mirtillo, head of South East Asia, Oceania and India, said in an interview. The South Asian market, among the top five regions globally for the company, is expected to not only solidify its position but also move at a faster pace, by at least three to four times, in the adoption of 5G compared to other global markets such as the US and Japan.

Mirtillo said Ericsson will scale up investments to manufacture network gear in India to meet local demand, ramp up supply chains, and increase headcount and research and development. He said captive private networks on 5G will drive additional revenue, and the company will create a separate unit to explore deals in India. Edited excerpts:

How is the Indian market looking now with operators speeding up 5G rollouts, perhaps at a faster pace than global peers?

The Indianpopulation has proven to be very willing to use technology and super willing to innovate, which is an environment perfect for 4G or 5G. For example, in India, consumers are more willing to go from 4G to 5G than in other countries where 5G has been launched, two or three times more. With this kind of environment and facts, the operators will accelerate 5G even more because they understand that people appreciate the quality.

At Ericsson, we have always been looking at India as a big market. Earlier, it was a scale market where you needed to be competitive cost-wise with reliable products, and then you could get access to big volumes of India. That was the case till a few years back with GSM and 3G. But nowadays, thats not good enough.

What has changed?

Now, you also need the best possible technology because demand in India is second to none. So, you cant go halfway. India is among the top markets, not only in revenue but in importance, which will require Ericsson to continue to excel in technology and cost.

So, by being successful in India, obviously, we will get revenue from India, and we will get the volumes in India. It will also make us successful as a company beyond India. And that is exactly why for us, its so important more than ever.

What are the distinct factors that make India an attractive market for 5G?

At Ericsson, we have always considered India a big market. For 5G, I dont think its late; its perfect and right on time because now technology is mature, its optimized, and its great cost per quality. We have 22,000 people working for Ericsson in India, where a few thousand are working for India, and the others are working in India for the rest of the world. So, the biggest community of 5G competence maybe is in India, working already for 5G networks. Second, it is a successful country. It is set for innovation. The government is driving an agenda that is music for our ears, as we say internally. Its just the right place to be in.

So, will you be scaling up investments here?

Absolutely, yes. We will continue to scale with our partners. One area is our supply chain and manufacturing, we are doing it with our partnerJabil, and we will continue to scale to ensure that we can serve the demand coming from India. We will continue to invest in local capability in the global centre for R&D.

Whats the impact of component shortage for gear markers like yourself?

That has not affected us because I think we have been planning well. It has never been an easy job to make sure that the supply chain is geared up in the past few years, and it will be the same going forward as well.

How big can the 5G private captive network market be in India for Ericsson?

There will be a great growth market for private networks because 5G is now a technology that is reliable, safe with superb capacity and latency better than good enough to replace all physical problems.

So, we see a big opportunity for many companies in the industry to go mobile rather than keep their own fixed infrastructure. We have created a new unit, called Business Area Enterprise Wireless Solutions, which takes care of the B2B and B2B2C business when it comes to private network solutions which are based on our acquisition of Cradlepoint, which provides B2B, Plug and Play cloud-based solutions to provide mobile access to SMEs or big companies like RedHat or others. It extends to all (markets), and were exploring India too.

The rest is here:

Being in India more critical than ever: Ericssons Mirtillo | Mint - Mint