Category Archives: Marie Byrd Land

While much of Antarctica has been claimed by various nations, this large swath of uninhabitable territory goes unspoken for. The snowy expanse of Marie Byrd Land is the largest no mans land on Earth.This uninhabitable Antarctic tundra was named by an explorer for his wife, and because no one else has claimed it, the namestuck.

The area was christenedby Admiral Richard E. Byrd, who led the first exploratory flight over the area in 1929. He named the area after his wife, Marie. The previously unresearched region was so inhospitable the crew was unable to camp there, and instead set up on the neighboring Ross Ice Shelf.

Little has changed in the years since Byrds exploration. Marie Byrd Land remains one of the harshest climates on the planet, so inaccessible and rough that no sovereign nation has laid claim to it. Some expeditions have forged further into the area, but the only way explorershave been able to map outMarie Byrd Land in the years since has been from the air.

Aerial photography has revealed a great deal about the region. Although it borders Antarcticas highest point, Vinson Massif mountain, Marie Byrd Land is mostly made up of the Bentley Subglacial Trench, the lowest point on the continent.

While no nations are fighting over this antarctic tundra,one man has attempted to claim Marie Byrd Land for himself. Supposedly through a loophole in the Antarctic Treatythe document that dictates international relations regarding AntarcticaTravis McHenry laid claim to the region, named it the Protectorate of Westarctic, and sent letters to various countries informing them of his claim. McHenry hoped to create his own currency for his micro-nation, but thus far none of the nations he contacted have replied to him and his claim goes unrecognized.

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Marie Byrd Land Antarctica - Atlas Obscura

A mantle plume producing almost as much heat as Yellowstone supervolcano appears to be melting part of West Antarctica from beneath.

Researchers at NASA have discovered a huge upwelling of hot rock under Marie Byrd Land, which lies between the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ross Sea, is creating vast lakes and rivers under the ice sheet. The presence of a huge mantle plume could explain why the region is so unstable today, and why it collapsed so quickly at the end of the last Ice Age, 11,000 years ago.

Mantle plumes are thought to be part of the plumbing systems that brings hot material up from Earth's interior. Once it gets through the mantle, it spreads out under the crust, providing magma for volcanic eruptions. The area above a plume is known as a hotspot.

For 30 years, scientists have suggested that a mantle plume may exist under Marie Byrd Land. Its presence would explain the regional volcanic activity seen in the area, as well as a dome feature that exists there. However, there was no evidence to support this idea.

Now, scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory have created advanced numerical models to show how much heat would need to exist beneath the ice to account for their observationsincluding the dome and the giant subsurface rivers and lakes we know are present on Antarctica's bedrock. As lakes fill and drain, the ice thousands of feet above rises and falls, sometimes by as much as 20 feet.

Study author Hlne Seroussi, from JPL, said when she first heard that a mantle plume might be heating Marie Byrd Land she thought the idea was "crazy."

"I didn't see how we could have that amount of heat and still have ice on top of it," she said in a statement.

However, in a study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Seroussi and colleagues looked at one of the most well studied magma plumes on Earththe Yellowstone hotspot. The team developed a mantle plume model to look at how much geothermal heat would be needed to explain what is seen at Marie Byrd Land. They then used the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM), which shows the physics of ice sheets, to look at the natural sources of heating and heat transport.

This model enabled researchers to place "powerful constraint" on how much melt rate was allowable, meaning they could test out different scenarios of how much heat was being produced deep beneath the ice.

Their findings showed that generally, the energy being generated by the mantle plume is no more than 150 milliwatts per square meterany more would result in too much melting. The heat generated under Yellowstone National Park, on average, is 200 milliwatts per square meter.

Scientists also found one area where the heat flow must be at least 150-180 milliwatts per square meterbut data suggests mantle heat at this location comes from a rifta fracture in the Earth's crust where heat can rise up.

Concluding, the team say the Marie Byrd Land mantle plume formed 50-110 million years agolong before the land above was hidden by ice. Heat from it, they say, has an "important local impact" on the ice sheetand understanding these processes will allow researchers to work out what will happen to it in the future.

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NASA Finds Mantle Plume Melting Antarctica From Below

Segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica

Coordinates: 784403S 1331641W / 78.73417S 133.27806W / -78.73417; -133.27806

The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains that lies in the Western Hemisphere. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves. The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf, the Ronne Ice Shelf, and outlet glaciers that drain into the Amundsen Sea.

It is estimated that the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet is about 25.4million km3 (6.1million cu mi), and the WAIS contains just under 10% of this, or 2.2million km3 (530,000 cu mi).[1] The weight of the ice has caused the underlying rock to sink by between 0.5 and 1 kilometre (0.31 and 0.62 miles)[2] in a process known as isostatic depression.

Under the force of its own weight, the ice sheet deforms and flows. The interior ice flows slowly over rough bedrock. In some circumstances, ice can flow faster in ice streams, separated by slow-flowing ice ridges. The inter-stream ridges are frozen to the bed while the bed beneath the ice streams consists of water-saturated sediments. Many of these sediments were deposited before the ice sheet occupied the region, when much of West Antarctica was covered by the ocean. The rapid ice-stream flow is a non-linear process still not fully understood; streams can start and stop for unclear reasons.[citation needed]

When ice reaches the coast, it either calves or continues to flow outward onto the water. The result is a large, floating ice shelf affixed to the continent.[3]

Indications that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is losing mass at an increasing rate come from the Amundsen Sea sector, and three glaciers in particular: Pine Island Glacier, Thwaites Glacier and Smith Glacier.[4] Data reveals these three glaciers are losing more ice than is being replaced by snowfall. According to a preliminary analysis, the difference between the mass lost and mass replaced is about 60%. The melting of these three glaciers alone is contributing an estimated 0.24 millimetres (0.0094 inches) per year to the rise in the worldwide sea level.[5] There is growing evidence that this trend is accelerating: there has been a 75% increase in Antarctic ice mass loss in the ten years 19962006, with glacier acceleration a primary cause.[6] As of November 2012 the total mass loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is estimated at 118 9 gigatonnes per year mainly from the Amundsen Sea coast.[7]

Satellite measurements by ESA's CryoSat-2 revealed that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is losing more than 150 cubic kilometres (36 cubic miles) of ice each year. The loss is especially pronounced at grounding lines, the area where the floating ice shelf meets the part resting on bedrock, and hence affects the ice shelf stability and flow rates.[8]

Large parts of the WAIS sit on a bed which is both below sea level and sloping downward inland.[A] This slope, and the low isostatic head, mean that the ice sheet is theoretically unstable: a small retreat could in theory destabilize the entire WAIS, leading to rapid disintegration. Current computer models do not account well for the complicated and uncertain physics necessary to simulate this process, and observations do not provide guidance, so predictions as to its rate of retreat remain uncertain. This has been known for decades.[9]

In January 2006, in a UK government-commissioned report, the head of the British Antarctic Survey, Chris Rapley, warned that this huge West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be starting to disintegrate. It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11ft).[10] (If the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet were to melt, this would contribute 4.8m (16ft) to global sea level.)[11] Rapley said a previous (2001) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report that played down the worries of the ice sheet's stability should be revised. "I would say it is now an awakened giant. There is real concern."[5]

Rapley said, "Parts of the Antarctic ice sheet that rest on bedrock below sea level have begun to discharge ice fast enough to make a significant contribution to sea level rise. Understanding the reason for this change is urgent in order to be able to predict how much ice may ultimately be discharged and over what timescale. Current computer models do not include the effect of liquid water on ice sheet sliding and flow, and so provide only conservative estimates of future behaviour."[12]

Polar ice experts from the US and UK met at the University of Texas at Austin in March, 2007 for the West Antarctic Links to Sea-Level Estimation (WALSE) Workshop.[13] The experts discussed a new hypothesis that explains the observed increased melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet.[13] An ocean model has shown how changes in winds can help channel the water along deep troughs on the sea floor, toward the ice shelves of outlet glaciers.[14] The exact cause of the changes in circulation patterns is not known and they may be due to natural variability. However, this connection between the atmosphere and upwelling of deep ocean water provides a mechanism by which human induced climate changes could cause an accelerated loss of ice from the WAIS.[14] Recently published data collected from satellites support this hypothesis, suggesting that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is beginning to show signs of instability.[4][15]

On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, "unstoppable" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8ft)[16][17] They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 1000 years.[18] (Scientific source articles: Rignot et al. 2014 [19] and Joughin et al. 2014.[20]) More recent research suggests that a partial collapse of Thwaites Glacier could occur sooner, as the ice shelf that restricts the eastern third of the glacier's flow is now showing instability, as warming waters undermine the grounding zone, where the glacier connects to its floating ice shelf.[21][22] According to Ted Scambos, a glaciologist at the University of Colorado Boulder and a leader of the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration, in a 2021 interview from McMurdo Station, "Things are evolving really rapidly here. It's daunting."[22]

In 2016, improved computer modeling revealed that the breakup of glaciers could lead to a steep rise in sea levels much more quickly than previously projected. "We're in danger of handing young people a situation that's out of their control," according to James E. Hansen, the leader of a number of climate scientists who worked together to compile the study.[23] In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 69 m (2030ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.[24][25]

The West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) has warmed by more than 0.1C (0.18F)/decade in the last fifty years, and the warming is the strongest in winter and spring. Although this is partly offset by fall cooling in East Antarctica, this effect was restricted to the 1980s and 1990s. The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and statistically significant at >0.05C (0.090F)/decade since 1957.[26] This warming of WAIS is strongest in the Antarctic Peninsula. In 2012, the temperature records for the ice sheet were reanalyzed with a conclusion that since 1958, the West Antarctic ice sheet had warmed by 2.4C (4.3F), almost double the previous estimate. Some scientists now fear that the WAIS could now collapse like the Larsen B Ice Shelf did in 2002.[27]

The possible disastrous outcome of a disintegration of the WAIS for global sea levels has been mentioned and assessed in the IPCC Third Assessment Report but was left out in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Jessica O'Reilly, Naomi Oreskes and Michael Oppenheimer discussed the case in a Social Studies of Science paper 2012. According to them, IPCC authors were less certain about potential WAIS disintegration not only due to external new science results. As well pure internal "cultural" reasons, as changes of staff within the IPCC and externally, made it too difficult to project the range of possible futures for the WAIS as required.[28] Mike Hulme saw the issue as a showcase to urge for the integration of minority views in the IPCC and other major assessment processes.[29]

The West Antarctic Rift System (WARS) is one of the major active continental rifts on Earth.[30]In 2017, geologists from Edinburgh University discovered 91 volcanoes located two kilometres below the icy surface, making it the largest volcanic region on Earth.[31]The WARS is believed to have a major influence on ice flows in West Antarctica. In western Marie Byrd Land active glaciers flow through fault-bounded valleys (grabens) of the WARS.[32] Sub-ice volcanism has been detected and proposed to influence ice flow.[33] Fast-moving ice streams in the Siple Coast adjacent to the east edge of the Ross Ice Shelf are influenced by the lubrication provided by water-saturated till within fault-bounded grabens within the rift,[34][35] which could cause rapid breakup of the ice sheet if global warming accelerates.[36]

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West Antarctic Ice Sheet - Wikipedia

American rock musician

Joan Jett (born Joan Marie Larkin, September 22, 1958)[1] is an American singer, guitarist, record producer, and actress. Jett is best known for her work as the frontwoman of her band Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, and for earlier founding and performing with the Runaways, which recorded and released the hit song "Cherry Bomb". With The Blackhearts, Jett is known for her rendition of the song "I Love Rock 'n Roll" which was number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks in 1982.[2] Jett's other notable songs include "Bad Reputation", "Light of Day", "I Hate Myself for Loving You" and her covers of "Crimson and Clover", "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" and "Dirty Deeds".

Jett has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.[3] She has three albums that have been certified platinum or gold.[4][5][6] She has been described as "the Queen of Rock 'n' Roll". In 2015, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[7]

Jett lives in Long Beach, New York, and has been a New York resident since the late 1970s.[8][9]

Joan Marie Larkin was born on September 22, 1958, to James and Dorothy Larkin,[1] at Lankenau Hospital in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia (although some sources list her birth date as September 22, 1960, which is incorrect[10]). She is the oldest of three children. Her father was an insurance salesman and her mother was a secretary.[1] Her family was Protestant, attended church, and went to Sunday school, but were not strict in their religious beliefs.[11] In 1967, her family moved to Rockville, Maryland, where she attended Randolph Junior High and Wheaton High School.[12] Jett got her first guitar at the age of 13.[13] She took some guitar lessons, but soon quit because the instructor kept trying to teach her folk songs.[14] Her family then moved to West Covina, California, in Los Angeles County, providing Jett the opportunity to pursue her musical interests. Shortly after the move, her parents divorced and she changed her name to Joan Jett, because she thought it had more of a rock-star sound than her birth name (she has admitted in recent years that "Jett" was not actually her mother's maiden name, even though that is what she used to tell people).[15]

In Los Angeles, Jett's favorite night spot was Rodney Bingenheimer's English Disco,[16] a venue that provided the glam rock style she loved.[2]

Jett, at the age of 16, became a founding member of the Runaways; alongside drummer Sandy West. After the brief tenure of singer and bass guitarist Micki Steele, Jackie Fox, Lita Ford, and Cherie Currie soon joined to complete the band, creating the classic lineup. While Currie initially fronted the band, Jett shared some lead vocals, played rhythm guitar, and wrote or co-wrote some of the band's material along with Ford, West, and Currie. This lineup recorded three albums, with Live in Japan becoming one of the biggest-selling imports in US and UK history.[citation needed]

The band toured around the world and became an opening act for Cheap Trick, Ramones, Van Halen, and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. They found success abroad, especially in Japan. While touring England with the Runaways in 1976, Jett first heard the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" when she saw Arrows perform it on their weekly UK television series Arrows.[17]

While the Runaways were popular in Europe, Asia, Australia, Canada, and South America, they could not garner the same level of success in the United States.[2][18] After Currie left the band, the band released two more albums with Jett handling the lead vocals: Waitin' for the Night and And Now... The Runaways. Altogether, they produced five albums from 1975 until they disbanded in the spring of 1979.[19]

Soon after, Jett produced the Germs' only album, (GI).[2]

In 2010, The Runaways, a movie about Jett's band, was released, starring Kristen Stewart as Jett and Dakota Fanning as Currie.[2][20]

In 1979, Jett was in England pursuing a solo career. She recorded three songs there with the Sex Pistols' Paul Cook and Steve Jones, one of which was an early version of Arrows' "I Love Rock 'n' Roll". This version appears on the 1993 compilation album Flashback.[21] Later that year, she returned to Los Angeles, where she began fulfilling an obligation of the Runaways to complete a film that was loosely based on the band's career entitled We're All Crazee Now! Three actresses stood in for the departed band members, including Rainbeaux Smith, who was also a rock drummer.[22] While working on the project, Jett met songwriter and producer Kenny Laguna, who was hired by her manager Toby Mamis to help Jett with writing some tracks for the film.[22] They became friends and decided to work together and Jett relocated to Long Beach, New York, where Laguna was based. The plug was pulled on the project halfway through shooting after Jett fell ill, but in 1984, after she became famous, producers looked for a way to use the footage from the incomplete film.[22] Parts of the original footage of Jett were eventually used in another project, an underground film called Du-beat-eo, which was produced by Alan Sacks, but not commercially released.[22]

Jett and Laguna entered the Who's Ramport Studios with the latter at the helm, and Jett's self-titled solo debut was released by Ariola Records in Europe on May 17, 1980. In the US, after the album was rejected by 23 major labels,[23] Jett and Laguna released it independently on their new Blackheart Records label, which they started with Laguna's daughter's college savings. Laguna remembers, "We couldn't think of anything else to do but print up records ourselves."[22]

With Laguna's assistance, Jett formed the Blackhearts. Laguna recounted, "I told Joanie to forget the band and support herself on the advance money. There was enough for her but not for a band. She said she had to have a band. And I believe to this day that it was the Blackhearts, that concept, that made Joan Jett."[24] She placed an ad in the LA Weekly stating that she was "looking for three good men".[25] John Doe of X sat in on bass for the auditions held at S.I.R. studios in Los Angeles. He mentioned a local bass player, Gary Ryan, who had recently been crashing on his couch. Ryan was born Gary Moss, and adopted his stage name upon joining the Blackhearts in 1979, in part to cover for the fact that he was only 15 at the time.[26] Ryan was part of the Los Angeles punk scene and had played bass with local artists Top Jimmy and Rik L. Rik. He had been a fan of the Runaways and Jett for years. Jett recognized him at the audition and he was in. Ryan in turn recommended guitarist Eric Ambel, who was also at the time part of Rik L. Rik. The final addition to the original Blackhearts was drummer Danny "Furious" O'Brien, formerly of the San Francisco band the Avengers. This lineup played several gigs at the Golden Bear, in Huntington Beach, California, and the Whisky a Go Go in Hollywood before embarking on their first European tour, which consisted of an extensive tour of the Netherlands and a few key shows in England, including the Marquee in London.[27]

Laguna fired O'Brien at the end of the tour,[24] and upon returning to the States, Jett, Ryan, and Ambel moved to Long Beach, New York. Auditions were set up, and Lee Crystal, formerly of the Boyfriends and Sylvain Sylvain, became the new drummer.[27] The band then toured throughout the US, slowly building a fan base, but struggling to remain financially afloat. Throughout 1980, the band was able to keep touring solely due to Laguna drawing on advances from outside projects.[24] Jett and Laguna used their personal savings to press copies of the Joan Jett album and set up their own system of distribution, sometimes selling the albums out of the trunk of Laguna's Cadillac at the end of each concert.[28] Laguna was unable to keep up with demand for the album. Eventually, old friend and founder of Casablanca Records, Neil Bogart, made a joint venture with Laguna and signed Jett to his new label, Boardwalk Records and re-released the Joan Jett album as Bad Reputation.

A spring 1981 concert at the Palladium in New York City proved to be a turning point. Described by music journalists as a career-defining performance by Jett, it helped solidify a strong New York following for Joan Jett & the Blackhearts.[24] After a year of touring and recording, the Blackhearts recorded a new album entitled I Love Rock 'n Roll for the label. Ambel was replaced by local guitarist Ricky Byrd during the recording. Byrd recalled in an interview with Guitarhoo!, "One day I went to a studio to jam around a bit with Jett and everything clicked".[27][29] The first single from the album was the title track, "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", which in the first half of 1982 was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks in a row.[30] It is Billboard's No. 56 song of all time[31] and has also been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2016.[32]

Jett released Album (1983) and Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth (1984). A string of Top 40 hits followed, as well as sellout tours with the Police, Queen, and Aerosmith, among others. She was among the first English-speaking rock acts to appear in Panama and the Dominican Republic.[33]

After receiving her own MTV New Year's Eve special, Jett beat out a number of contenders to appear in the movie Light of Day with Michael J. Fox. Bruce Springsteen wrote the song "Light of Day" especially for the movie,[34] and her performance was critically acclaimed.[35] It was about this time that Ryan and Crystal left the Blackhearts. They were soon replaced by Thommy Price and Kasim Sulton. Later that year, Jett released Good Music, which featured appearances by the Beach Boys, the Sugarhill Gang, and singer Darlene Love.

Joan Jett & the Blackhearts became the first rock band to perform a series of shows at the LuntFontanne Theatre on Broadway, breaking the record at the time for the fastest ticket sell-out.[33] Her next release, Up Your Alley, went multi-platinum. This album contains the single "I Hate Myself for Loving You", which peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart,[36] and had been used as the theme song for Sunday Night Football NFL games in America (with altered lyrics, by two singers) during the 2006 and 2007 seasons. This was followed by The Hit List, which was an album consisting of cover songs. During this time, Jett co-wrote the song "House of Fire", which appeared on Alice Cooper's 1989 album Trash.

In 1990, the band had a song on the Days of Thunder soundtrack, "Long Live the Night", written by Jett with Randy Cantor and Michael Caruso.

Her 1991 release, Notorious, which featured the Replacements' Paul Westerberg and former Billy Idol bass player Phil Feit, was the last with Sony/CBS, as Jett switched to Warner Bros. A CD single of "Let's Do It" featuring Jett and Westerberg was also released during this time, and appeared in the song credits for the movie Tank Girl. In 1993, Jett and Laguna released Flashback, a compilation of various songs on their own Blackheart Records.

Jett produced several bands prior to releasing her debut, and her label Blackheart Records released recordings from varied artists such as thrash metal band Metal Church and rapper Big Daddy Kane.

The press touted Jett as the "Godmother of Punk"[37] and the "Original Riot Grrrl". In 1994, the Blackhearts released the well-received Pure and Simple, which featured tracks written with Babes in Toyland's Kat Bjelland, L7's Donita Sparks and Bikini Kill's Kathleen Hanna. Jett has also been described as the Queen of Rock 'n' Roll.[38][39][40][41][42]

Jett returned to producing for the band Circus Lupus in 1992 and again, in 1994, for Bikini Kill. This recording was the New Radio +2 vinyl 7-inch EP for which she also played and sang back-up vocals. The Riot Grrrl movement started in the early 1990s, with Bikini Kill as a representative band, and many of these women credited Jett as a role model and inspiration.

In 1997, Jett was featured on the We Will Fall: The Iggy Pop Tribute album. She performed a cover of the Johnny O'Keefe song "Wild One" (or "Real Wild Child"). Jett worked with members of the punk rock band the Gits, whose lead singer and lyricist, Mia Zapata, had been raped and murdered in 1993.[2] The results of their collaboration was a live album, Evil Stig and a single, "Bob", whose earnings were contributed to the investigation of Zapata's murder. To this end, the band and Jett appeared on the television show America's Most Wanted, appealing to the public for information. The case was solved in 2004, when Zapata's murderer, Jesus Mezquia, was brought to trial and convicted.

Jett is a guest artist on Marky Ramone and the Intruders' 1999 album The Answer to Your Problems? on the track "Don't Blame Me". She is a guest vocalist on Peaches' album Impeach My Bush on the tracks "Boys Wanna Be Her" and "You Love It".

At an October 2001 9/11 benefit in Red Bank, New Jersey,[43] Jett and Springsteen appeared together on stage for the first time and played "Light of Day".

In 2004, Jett and Laguna produced the album No Apologies by the pop punk band the Eyeliners, after signing them. Jett also guested on the track "Destroy" and made a cameo appearance in its music video.

In 2005, Jett and Laguna signed punk rockers the Vacancies and produced their second album, A Beat Missing or a Silence Added (reaching the top 20 in CMJ Music Charts), and their third album in 2007, Tantrum. That same year, she was recruited by Steven Van Zandt to host her own radio show on Van Zandt's Underground Garage radio channel on Sirius Satellite Radio. She hosted a four-hour show titled Joan Jett's Radio Revolution, broadcast every Saturday and Sunday.[44] The program moved from Sirius 25 (Underground Garage)[45] to Sirius 28 shortly before being canceled in June 2008.[46][47]

In 2005, Jett and Laguna celebrated the 25th anniversary of Blackheart Records with a sellout show at Manhattan's Webster Hall.[48]

In June 2006, Jett released her album Sinner, on Blackheart Records. To support the album, the band appeared on the 2006 Warped Tour and on a fall 2006 tour with Eagles of Death Metal. Various other bands such as Antigone Rising, Valient Thorr, the Vacancies, Throw Rag and Riverboat Gamblers were to have joined the tour for a handful of dates each. Jett sang a duet with Chase Noles on "Tearstained Letters", a song on the Heart Attacks' 2006 album, Hellbound and Heartless.

Joan Jett & the Blackhearts headlined the Albuquerque, New Mexico Freedom Fourth celebration on July 4, 2007, with an estimated crowd of 65,000 in attendance at the annual outdoor event. In November 2007, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts appeared with Motrhead and Alice Cooper in a UK arena tour; Jett opened eight American shows on Aerosmith's 2007 World Tour.

Following the Dave Clark Five's induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, on March 10, 2008, Jett, as part of the ceremony, closed the program with a performance of the Dave Clark Five's 1964 hit "Bits and Pieces". Joan Jett & the Blackhearts appeared on several dates of the True Colors tour in the summer of 2008.[49] She opened for Def Leppard in August. On November 19, 2009, Mattel released a Joan Jett Barbie doll. Her name and likeness was used with her permission.[50]

Joan Jett & the Blackhearts were part of the lineup for the Falls Music & Arts Festival, December 29 through January 1, 2010, in Australia.[51]

Jett was an executive producer for the film The Runaways, which chronicled the Runaways' career. It was written and directed by Floria Sigismondi, who has directed videos for Marilyn Manson, the White Stripes and David Bowie. Production of the movie began filming around Twilight's Kristen Stewart's filming schedule, (i.e. of the sequels New Moon and Eclipse). Stewart played Jett in the film. In order to prepare for the role, Stewart met Jett around January 2009. In an interview, Stewart revealed that she hoped to be able to sing some songs in the film.[52] The film explores the relationship between Jett and Runaways' lead singer, Cherie Currie, played by Dakota Fanning, and premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2010. Joan Jett and the Blackhearts appeared at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, at Harry-O's, to promote the film.

In March 2010, she released a 2-LP/CD Greatest Hits album with four newly re-recorded songs, as well as a hardcover biography, spanning her career from the Runaways to the present day. In June 2010, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts opened for Green Day on their UK tour alongside acts such as Frank Turner and Paramore. The band was the opening act for Aerosmith's September 2010 Canadian tour.[53]

Jett, along with the Blackhearts, released the album Unvarnished on September 30, 2013. The album reached Billboard's Top 50.[54] It included songs dealing with the death of her parents and other people.[55][56] August 1 was declared Joan Jett day in West Hollywood. She was named West Hollywood's Rock Legend.[57]

Former Blackhearts drummer Lee Crystal (born Lee Jamie Sackett in 1956 in Brooklyn, New York) died from complications of multiple sclerosis on November 5, 2013, at the age of 57.[58][59]

Jett starred in and was the executive producer of the film Undateable John, which was released in 2014.[60][61] In April 2014, Jett fronted the remaining members of Nirvana for a performance of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. She joined the band again later that night for its surprise concert at Saint Vitus. In April 2014, Jett was the first woman to win the Golden God Award.[62] Former bandmates Cherie Currie and Lita Ford supported her. On April 24, 2014, Alternative Press magazine held its first-ever Alternative Press Music Awards, and Jett received the AP Icon Award. On July 12, 2014, Joan Jett and the Blackhearts performed at Tropicana Field after the baseball game in St. Petersburg, Florida. On October 29, 2014, Jett sang the U.S. national anthem at the New York Knicks vs. the Chicago Bulls basketball game. Jett and Hot Topic released Jett's first clothing line in 2014. It consists of jackets, shirts, pants, and a sweater.[63]

On April 15, 2015, Jett & the Blackhearts opened for the Who, kicking off their "The Who Hits 50!" 2015 North American tour in Tampa, Florida.[64] The Blackhearts opened for the Who for 42 dates in the U.S. and Canada, ending November 4 in Philadelphia. On July 4, 2015, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts were part of the Foo Fighters' 20th anniversary show at the RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C.

Joan Jett and the Blackhearts were inducted in the Rock N Roll Hall of Fame in 2015

In September 2018, Jett signed a music distribution deal with Sony Music's Legacy Recordings, making her catalogue officially available for streaming.[65]

Jett, along with the Blackhearts, was scheduled to join Mtley Cre and Def Leppard on the 2020 The Stadium Tour as an opening act along with Poison[66] however tour was postponed to the summer of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2021 it was announced that tour was again postponed and will now happen in the summer of 2022.[67] Jett announced that she will embark on a North American tour in the fall of 2021.[68] The tour ended on September 28, 2021 at the Paramount in Huntington, NY.[69]

On May 14, 2021, it was announced that to celebrate the 40th anniversaries of Jett's first two albums, Bad Reputation and I Love Rock & Roll, Z2 Comics was releasing two graphic novels titled Joan Jett and the Blackhearts - 40x40: Bad Reputation/I Love Rock 'n' Roll that will bring Jett's "songs to life as 20 vivid stories" by female writers and artists in the comic book industry. The books were released in November 2021.[70]

Joan Jett and the Blackhearts released Changeup on March 25, 2022, the first acoustic album ever recorded by the band, featuring "Bad Reputation" and "Crimson and Clover".[71]

Jett has long supported animal rights activism and organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).[72] For Valentine's Day 2022, PETA created a (Black)Heart-Shaped Pizza as a limited-time collaboration with a Los Angeles pizza shop, PIZZANISTA![73]

Jett is a sports fan and has remained actively involved in the sports world. "Bad Reputation" was used by Ultimate Fighting Championship's Women's Bantamweight Champion Ronda Rousey as her walkout song at the pay-per-view event UFC 157 and is her current theme music in WWE. In April 2019, Jett performed "Bad Reputation" at WWE's WrestleMania 35 as Rousey was making her entrance.[74] Her cover of "Love Is All Around" (the theme song of The Mary Tyler Moore Show) was used by the NCAA to promote the Women's Final Four, as well as the song "Unfinished Business", which was never commercially released. "Love Is All Around" gained substantial radio play and became the number one requested song without a supporting album. Jett supplied theme songs for the ESPN X Games premiere and has contributed music to all their games since. At Cal Ripken Jr.'s request she sang the U.S. national anthem at the Baltimore Orioles game in which he tied[75] Lou Gehrig's record for consecutive games played. She also sang the national anthem at the final game played at Memorial Stadium. From 2006 to 2015, the melody for her song "I Hate Myself for Loving You" was used as the theme music for NBC Sunday Night Football with re-worked lyrics and retitled "Waiting All Day for Sunday Night". Beginning with the 2019 season, Jett performs the song with Carrie Underwood in the opener of Sunday Night Football games.[76]

Though Jett supported Howard Dean in the 2004 election because of his opposition to the Iraq War,[77][78]she has been a consistent supporter of the United States Armed Forces throughout her career and has toured for the United Service Organizations for over 20 years, and even performed at the United States Military Academy.[79] She often explains that while she doesn't like war, she loves the military.[80]

In 1983, musical satirist "Weird Al" Yankovic released a parody of "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" entitled "I Love Rocky Road", changing the singer's passion for rock music with that for ice cream.

Her name appears in the lyrics of the Le Tigre song "Hot Topic", released in 1999.[81]

In 2019 British blogger "Ladbaby"[82] released a parody of I love Rock 'n' Roll, changing the singer's passion for rock music with that for sausage rolls. "I love Sausage Rolls" became the Christmas No.1 in the UK.[83]

The comic strip Bloom County included a character named Tess Turbo; her band was the Blackheads.[84]

Jett's first appearance on film is in the 1981 live concert film Urgh! A Music War, performing "Bad Reputation" with the Blackhearts at the Ritz in New York City.

She made her acting debut in 1987, co-starring with Gena Rowlands and Michael J. Fox in the Paul Schrader film Light of Day.[2] She has appeared in independent films, including The Sweet Life and Boogie Boy.

In 1992, she was a guest star in "Free Fall", a first-season episode of TV's Highlander: The Series.[85]

In 1997, she appeared on the sitcom Ellen,[86] in the episode "Hello Muddah, Hello Faddah", performing the title song.

The 1999 series Freaks and Geeks used the song "Bad Reputation" as the opening theme.[87]

In 2000, Jett appeared in the Broadway production of The Rocky Horror Show in the role of Columbia. That same year, Jett appeared on Walker, Texas Ranger as an ex-CIA agent turned assassin hired to kill Walker and Alex.

In 2002, Jett appeared in the film By Hook or by Crook in the role of News Interviewee.

From 2000 to 2003, Jett hosted a showcase of new film and video shorts, Independent Eye,[88] for Maryland Public Television.

In 2004, Jett narrated a short film, Godly Boyish, about two teenagers who share suicidal fantasies.

In 2008, Jett made a cameo appearance in Darren Lynn Bousman's rock opera/file Repo! The Genetic Opera as the guitarist in Shilo's room during the piece "Seventeen".[89] Also in 2008, she appeared in the Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode "Reunion" as a rock-and-roll talk show host who is murdered.

Jett played Betsy Neal in the film Big Driver. The film, based on Stephen King's novella of the same name, premiered on Lifetime on October 18, 2014.

Jett provided the voice for the character Sunshine Justice in an episode of Steven Universe.[90]

Jett was the subject of a documentary, Bad Reputation, which was released in theaters and streaming on September 28, 2018.[91]

Jett's signature guitar is a white Gibson Melody Maker, which she has played on all her hits since 1977. Jett bought her first Melody Maker from Eric Carmen, following the breakup of the Raspberries.[92] In regard to her white Melody Maker, the singer once stated:

In The Runaways I was using a blond Les Paul. It's beautiful, and I still have it, but it's heavy as shit. I jump and run around a lot onstage, and it was really getting to my shoulder, so I was looking for a lighter guitar. I heard from one of our road crew that Eric Carmen from the Raspberries was selling a Melody Maker, so I ended up buying it. Now, this is the guitar that he played on "Go All the Way" and all those [Raspberries] hits. And then I played it on "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", "Crimson and Clover", "Do You Want to Touch Me", "Bad Reputation" ...all those early records. Then I took it off the road because I got nervous that someone was gonna steal it or break it. It's so beautiful. It's white, has no stickers on it, and there are cracks in the paint and yellowing from age or club cigarettes. It's an unbelievable-looking guitar. I have it in a closet and I take it out occasionally to record. But I don't even need to use it to record anymore, because I have a guitar that sounds pretty much like it. I'm actually kind of afraid to bring out the original. It's got a great heritage. It's a guitar full of hits.[93][94]

In 2008 Gibson released the "Joan Jett Signature Melody Maker". It differs from Jett's model by having a single burstbucker 3 humbucker pickup, an ebony fretboard and a double-cutaway body in white with a black vinyl pickguard. It also features a kill switch in place of a pickup selector.[95] It retails for $839.[95] There is now also a "Blackheart" version of this guitar introduced in 2010. All specs are the same, but it is finished in black, with red and pearl heart inlays.[96] In June 2019, Gibson announced and released a third signature guitar for Jett, which is a wine-colored ES-339. The guitar was released after two years of research and development with Jett.[97][98]

Jett had, for years, refused to either confirm or deny rumors that she is lesbian or bisexual. In a 1994 interview with Out magazine she said, "I'm not saying no, I'm not saying yes, I'm saying believe what you want. Assume awaygo ahead."[99] In 2006, she responded to an interviewer who had asked her when she had "come out" as a lesbian by saying, "I never made any kind of statement about my personal life on any level. I never made any proclamations. So I don't know where people are getting that from."[100]

In 2016, former Runaways guitarist Lita Ford revealed in her memoir that she quit the band because the other members were "all gay" saying "First I found out that Sandy, the one I had bonded with the most, was a lesbian. Then I found out that Cherie was messing around with Joan. I was so freaked out that I quit the band. When I found out that the girls were all gay in the band, I wasn't sure how to take it. I didn't know what it was."[101]

In a 2018 interview with the New York Times, when asked about how an LGBT film festival did not want to show her documentary because she was not "out", Jett said: "They don't want the movie there because I don't declare? [Holding up her necklace] What the [expletive] is that? Two labryses, or axes, crossing each other, inside of two women's symbols crossing each other. It's not been off since I got it. And I wear this one every day. [She turns around, lifts her shirt and reveals a tattoo with similar female symbols on her lower back.] I don't know how much more you can declare."[102]

In July 2015, Jackie Fuchs (formerly Jackie Fox of The Runaways) alleged that Kim Fowley raped her on New Year's Eve 1975, at a party following a Runaways performance at an Orange County club. Sixteen years old at the time, Fuchs was reportedly given Quaaludes by a man she thought was a roadie, and while she was incapacitated, Fowley allegedly raped her in full view of a group of partygoers and her bandmates Currie, West, and Jett; Ford was not present.[103] Look Away, a documentary about sexual abuse in the rock music industry features Fuchs' story.[104]

Fuchs said that her last memory of the night was seeing Currie and Jett staring at her as Fowley raped her.[103] Kari Krome (co-founder and songwriter for the group) stated that she saw, "Jett and Currie sitting off to the side of the room for part of the time, snickering" during the rape.[103] In 2015, Jett stated "Anyone who truly knows me understands that if I was aware of a friend or bandmate being violated, I would not stand by while it happened. For a group of young teenagers thrust into '70s rock stardom there were relationships that were bizarre, but I was not aware of this incident. Obviously Jackie's story is extremely upsetting and although we haven't spoken in decades, I wish her peace and healing."[105][106] Victory Tischler-Blue (Fuchs's replacement in the group) said that all the members of the group "have always been aware of this ugly event".[107]

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Joan Jett - Wikipedia

Volcanic mountain in Antarctica

Mount Sidley is the highest dormant volcano in Antarctica, a member of the Volcanic Seven Summits, with a summit elevation of 4,1814,285 metres (13,71714,058ft).[1][2] It is a massive, mainly snow-covered shield volcano which is the highest of the five volcanic mountains that comprise the Executive Committee Range of Marie Byrd Land. The feature is marked by a 5km wide caldera[3] on the southern side and stands NE of Mount Waesche in the southern part of the range.

The mountain was discovered by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd on an airplane flight, November 18, 1934, and named by him for Mabelle E. Sidley, the daughter of William Horlick who was a contributor to the 193335 Byrd Antarctic Expedition.[4]Despite its height, the volcano's extremely remote location means that it is little known even in the mountaineering world compared to the much more accessible Mount Erebus, the second highest Antarctic volcano which is located near the U.S. and New Zealand bases on Ross Island.

The first recorded ascent of Mount Sidley was by New Zealander Bill Atkinson on January 11, 1990, whilst working in support of a United States Antarctic Program scientific field party.[5]

See the article here:

Mount Sidley - Wikipedia

Arm of the Southern Ocean

The Amundsen Sea, an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica, lies between Cape Flying Fish (the northwestern tip of Thurston Island) to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea. West of Cape Dart there is no named marginal sea of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 19281929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen while exploring this area in February 1929.[1]

The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the Thwaites Ice Tongue protrudes into it. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3km (1.9mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3km (1.9mi) in thickness; is roughly the size of the state of Texas and the area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the others being the Ross Sea Embayment and the Weddell Sea Embayment. In March 2007, scientists studying the ASE through satellite and airborne surveys announced a significant thinning of the ASE, due to shifts in wind patterns that allow warmer waters to flow beneath the ice sheet.

Some scientists have proposed that this region may be a "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, which both flow into the Amundsen Sea, are two of Antarctica's largest five. Scientists have found that the flow of these glaciers has increased starting in the mid-2000s decade; if they were to melt completely global sea levels would rise by about 0.91.9m (12yards). Scientist have suggested that the loss of these glaciers would destabilise the entire West Antarctic ice sheet and possibly sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.[2]

A study in October 2004 suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse "within five years". The study projected a sea level rise of 1.3m (4.3ft) from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.[3]

Measurements made by the British Antarctic Survey in 2005 showed that the ice discharge rate into the Amundsen Sea embayment was about 250km3 per year. Assuming a steady rate of discharge, this alone is sufficient to raise global sea levels by 0.2mm per year.[4]

A subglacial volcano has also been detected in the area, just north of the Pine Island Glacier near the Hudson Mountains. It last erupted approximately 2,200 years ago, indicated by widespread ash deposits within the ice, in what was the largest known eruption in Antarctica within the past 10 millennia.[5][6] Volcanic activity in the region may be contributing to the observed increase of glacial flow,[7] although currently the most popular theory amongst the scientists studying this area is that the flow has increased due to warming ocean water.[8][9] This water has warmed due to an upwelling of deep ocean water which is due to variations in pressure systems, which could have been affected by global warming.[10]

In January 2010, a modelling study suggested that the "tipping point" for Pine Island Glacier may have been passed in 1996, with a retreat of 200km possible by 2100, producing a corresponding 24cm (0.79ft) of sea level rise, although it was suggested that these estimates for timespan were conservative.[11] However, the modelling study also states that "Given the complex, three-dimensional nature of the real Pine Island glacier ... it should be clear that the [...] model is a very crude representation of reality."[12]

Pine Island Bay (7450S 10240W / 74.833S 102.667W / -74.833; -102.667) is a bay about 40 miles (64km) long and 30 miles (48km) wide, into which flows the ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast extremity of the Amundsen Sea. It was delineated from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump in December 1946, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for the USS Pine Island, seaplane tender and flagship of the eastern task group of USN Operation Highjump which explored this area.[13]

Russell Bay (7327S 12354W / 73.450S 123.900W / -73.450; -123.900) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 195966, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 195758 IGY period.[14]

Coordinates: 73S 112W / 73S 112W / -73; -112

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Amundsen Sea - Wikipedia

Point Nemo is not only the middle of nowhere, it is also a spacecraft graveyard: the place where NASA and other space agencies crash their de-orbited satellites, space stations, and other decommissioned spacecraft.

Point Nemo is also referred to as the oceanic pole of inaccessibility.

This means that it is the place on the ocean that is furthest away from any land. A pole of inaccessibility refers to a place on Earth that is the most inaccessible to reach according to set criteria. On land, it often refers to the point that is farthest from the coastline.

Poles of inaccessibility include:

The exact location of Point Nemo is calculated as4852.6S12323.6W or 49.0273S 123.4345W. That is 1,680.7 miles (2,704.8 km) from the nearest islands in the South Pacific Ocean: Ducie Island, an uninhabited atoll that is part of the Pitcairn Islands, to the north; Motu Nui, the largest of three islets near Easter Island, to the northeast; and Maher Island, off the coast of Antarcticas unclaimed territory of Marie Byrd Land, to the south.

All of these islands are uninhabited. To find civilization, youd have to go to Easter Island (Rapa Nui) one of the most remote inhabited islands in the world, about 2,200 miles (3,540 kilometers) to the east of Chile or to New Zealand, about 2,500 miles (4,023 kilometers) away.

Because there are no airports at Point Nemo, this trip can only be made by boat, and it could take more than two weeks to complete.

In the meantime, the nearest humans to Point Nemo are often the astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS), who, when they pass directly over Point Nemo, are just about 258 miles (415 kilometers) away much closer than any other human on Earth at that point.

The location of Point Nemo was first calculated in 1992 by Croatian-Canadian survey engineer Hrvoje Lukatela, based on the data from the Digital Chart of the World compiled by the US Defense Mapping Agency (this is now theNational Geospatial-Intelligence Agency).Lukatela usedcomputational software to give a numerical resolution of around 1mm.

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Point Nemo: Facts about the Earth's farthest point from land

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CLEVELAND, Ohio Two small nonprofits that have influenced debates over the future of the citys lakefront are back in front of civic and elected leaders with new ideas about how to reconfigure the Ohio 2 Shoreway around Lake Erie and the Cuyahoga River.

The Green Ribbon Coalition and Big Creek Connects on Friday released a proposal with more than a dozen new ideas about how to reconfigure the Shoreway and extend a land bridge from the downtown Mall across the Shoreway and lakefront rail lines to North Coast Harbor.

The document is intended to broaden a $5 million, city-led feasibility study exploring at least seven variations on a proposal made in May 2021 by Haslam Sports Group, owners of the NFL Browns, to extend the downtown Mall north to the lakefront.

The Mall is the three-block-long, 15-acre centerpiece of Clevelands downtown government and civic center, planned in 1903 by a team led by Chicago architect Daniel Burnham.

Bob Gardin is the longtime civic activist who leads Big Creek Connects, which focuses on planning within the watershed of a major Cuyahoga River tributary, and other regional issues.

Gardin said in an interview with cleveland.com and The Plain Dealer that the study released Friday grew out of his concern that the citys lakefront feasibility analysis, the cost of which is split 50-50 with the Ohio Department of Transportation, isnt imaginative enough.

Among other things, the new proposals include:

- Incorporating a year-round, covered walkway between the Mall and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of any new land bridge' from the Mall to the lakefront.

- Preserving the uninterrupted east-west traffic flow across the lakefront and the Cuyahoga River via the Shoreway.

- A long-term vision for the 83-year-old Main Avenue Bridge that includes building a new high-level bridge over the river and turning the existing span into a bike and pedestrian greenway.

- New routes for trucks carrying crushed stone and salt from Whiskey Island to regional highways without blowing dust toward the Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authoritys Lakeview Terrace apartments opposite Whiskey Island on the south side of the Cuyahogas old river channel.

A rendering depicts how the high-level Main Avenue Bridge could be turned into a bike- and pedestrian connection linking downtown and Cleveland's West Side. The proposal, made by Big Creek Connects and the Green Ribbon Coalition, assumes that the 83-year-old bridge will need to be replaced in the future with a new span.Courtesy Green Ribbon Coalition, Big Creek Connects

Speaking of the city-led lakefront feasibility study, Gardin said, were concerned that theyre not broadening the scope to consider these other aspects of it, like the high level [Main Avenue] Bridge and its eventual replacement, and looking at other alternatives beyond the immediate downtown area. Nows the time to do that.

The new proposals are described in color-coded drawings that indicate new or reconfigured sections of highway along the lakefront in diagrams drawn by Gardin, who said they were based on sources including Cuyahoga Countys GIS or Geographic Information System website.

He said the drawings have not been vetted by a professional engineer to make sure they comply with accepted conventions on highway design. The study does not include cost estimates.

Gardin said he shared a draft of the new proposals with officials from the administration of Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb, Cuyahoga County, the Ohio Department of Transportations District 12 office, and the Greater Cleveland Partnership, Northeast Ohios chamber of commerce.

Michael Dever, chair of the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission and director of the countys Department of Public Works, declined Thursday to comment in detail about the Green Ribbon/Big Creek document.

But he applauded the two groups for weighing in and said it was important for local governments to gather public views about the Haslam proposal, which has been embraced by the city as a foundation for further exploration through the feasibility study.

Any input at this time is really critical, Dever said. Youve got to get buy-in from the public. I dont see any issue with them [Green Ribbon and Big Creek Connects] trying to float ideas and bring something forward. This is the time if were really open-minded about this. We really want to hear from everybody.

Images from the Browns' downtown Cleveland lakefront plan.Nelson Byrd Woltz, Osborn Engineering, CallisonRTKL, AoDK Architecture

The city hasnt yet held a public forum on the Mall extension idea, which appears to pit regional traffic mobility against the citys desire for a stronger connection to the downtown lakefront.

Marie Zickefoose, the citys press secretary, said Thursday that city officials will review the Green Ribbon/Big Creek proposals and follow up with any questions.

And she said: We are in the process of planning for a robust public engagement process to ensure that we receive input from a broad and diverse group of stakeholders.

Last November, the city and ODOT launched the 18-month study of the feasibility of the Mall extension originally proposed by Jimmy and Dee Haslam, co-owners of the Browns.

The study, led by the Cleveland firm Osborn Engineering, is intended to answer questions including whether extending the Mall would require removing the long bridge ramp that connects the eastern portion of the Shoreway to the Main Avenue Bridge ramp.

The ramp begins rising north of the Mall, which means that traffic passing under the proposed new structure overhead might not have clearance.

Critics have said that disconnecting the Shoreway from the ramp would mean funneling east-west lakefront traffic through downtown streets, causing traffic chaos.

Gardin said his analysis shows that no such change would be necessary if the land bridge' extending north from the Mall over the Shoreway jogged to the east instead of extending straight north.

The Green Ribbon Coalition originally proposed such an idea in 2017, but it didnt generate any response from then-mayor Frank Jackson.

Cleveland Mayor Frank Jackson publicly endorsed the idea of creating a "land bridge" between downtown and the lakefront, connecting Mall C to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The idea was first proposed by the nonprofit Green Ribbon Coalition.Green Ribbon Coalition

In 2019, after the city rejected a proposal for an iconic pedestrian bridge from the Mall to the lakefront, Jackson embraced the term land bridge' in reference to the Haslam proposal in 2020.

Earlier this year, the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, insisted that the citys feasibility analysis should include ideas based on the Green Ribbon Coalitions 2017 proposal.

The Green Ribbon Coalition is also participating in the urban design and land use working group convened by the Greater Cleveland Partnership as part of a larger civic effort to support the citys feasibility study, and future efforts to better connect the city and the lakefront.

Questions raised by the new Green Ribbon/Big Creek analysis include whether the high-level Main Avenue Bridge should be replaced. The document states that the span, one of the longest in Ohio, has a life expectancy estimated to be between 10 and 30 years.

On Thursday, Brent Kovacs, the public information officer for ODOTs District 12 office, serving Cleveland and its environs, said the bridge is in good condition and that the agency has no timetable' for replacing it.

All primary structural elements are sound, he said.

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Ice discharge change in Antarctica

Several studies have recently reported ice discharge change across Antarctica over a variety of different timescales, using slightly different methodologies and velocity products. In this section, we briefly compare our results to previously published estimates of ice discharge change and explore the potential reasons behind any differences. In the WAIS we observe a 458 Gt year1 increase in ice discharge between 19992006 and 2018. Over a comparable time period, a recent study3 observed a larger (66 Gt year1) increase in ice discharge. Much of this discrepancy can be explained by the Pope, Smith and Kohler catchments (referred to as the Dotson and Crosson Ice Shelves in Ref.3) where Ref.3 collectively observed a 51% (21 Gt year1) increase in discharge, while we report a much smaller 15% (6 Gt year1) increase. The reason for this difference could be a consequence of the complex velocity patterns over the Crosson and Dotson ice shelves where sections of floating and grounded ice have been both accelerating and decelerating (Fig.3d). Ice discharge change in Ref.3 was calculated using a scaling factor over the fastest flowing sections of the ice to estimate changes in discharge, meaning the full spatial variability in ice flow across the catchment may not be fully captured.

A separate study5 reported a 308 Gt year1 increase in ice discharge in the WAIS between the MEaSUREs (~2008) velocity mosaic and a velocity mosaic based on image pairs from 2013 to 2016. We report a smaller increase of 14 Gt8 Gt year1 between 20072008 and 20132016. The largest differences in discharge change between our results and Ref.5 come from basin JJ that feeds the Ronne Ice Shelf and basin FG in Marie Byrd Land. In basin JJ we observe a decrease in discharge of 3 Gt year1, while Ref.5 observed a 2 Gt year1 increase. This small difference could be related to the underlying data in the MEaSUREs velocity mosaic used in Ref.5. While most of the velocity measurements are from around 2008, velocities from the late 1990s and 2009 are used for glaciers that feed the Ronne Ice Shelf13. At basin F-G we observe a 6 Gt year1 increase, while Ref.5 observed a 12 Gt year1 increase in discharge. The reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear but we note that, over the same timespan (2008 to 20132016), Ref.3 reported only a 5 Gt year1 increase in ice discharge at basin F-G, which is more consistent with our estimate. In the EAIS, our observations of limited change throughout the study period is consistent with the majority of previous studies3,5. The only exception to this is Ref.17 who reported a much larger increase in ice discharge in the EAIS (upwards of 50 Gt year1) for the period 2008 to 2015. The underlying reasons as to why the ice discharge change reported by Ref.17 differs markedly to our results and other studies3,5 remains unclear.

The majority of the regional trends we observe in ice discharge between 19992006 and 2018 are consistent with reported mass balance trends i.e. mass loss in WAIS and limited change in the EAIS1,3,5,6. This further reinforces the notion that changes in ice discharge have been driving the observed changes in the mass balance of WAIS, as oppose to surface mass balance, at least over decadal time periods1,3,5,6. In the EAIS our observation of limited change in ice discharge is consistent with reconciled estimates of a mass balance that is close to zero, albeit with large uncertainties1. Indeed, there is a considerable range in mass balance estimates of the EAIS, typically depending on the methods used, with some studies estimating a positive mass balance5,6 and others a more negative mass balance3. The only regional exception where trends in mass balance do not appear to be consistent with trends in ice discharge is in Wilkes Land where we observe a decrease in ice discharge between 19992006 and 2018. However, multiple studies have confirmed that this region has continued to lose mass over roughly the same time period1,3,5,6,18, suggesting that the decrease in ice discharge in Wilkes Land has not been enough to reverse the trend of mass loss. The decrease is in ice discharge that we detect is focused at the Totten catchment and much of the decrease in ice discharge has occurred in recent years (20152018; Fig.4s). We note that a reduction in ice discharge of a similar magnitude (around 11%) has been reported at Totten between 1996 and 200019, likely caused by intermittent contact between its ice shelf and bed obstacles20. This demonstrates that our observed reduction in discharge is not unprecedented over longer multi-decadal timescales and further highlights the considerable interannual variability in some of the outlet glaciers in Wilkes Land.

Observations and numerical modelling experiments have shown that changes in ice discharge from marine-terminating outlet glaciers are predominantly controlled by changes in ice shelf buttressing, which can manifest in response to changes in ice shelf thickness21,22, ice shelf extent23 and the structural integrity or damage of the ice shelf 24. Following a perturbation in buttressing, ice discharge responds instantaneously21,22, and the thickness changes induced, combined with the glaciers unique geometrical setting, then determine the overall magnitude of the ensuing change in ice discharge25,26,27,28. These associated feedbacks are transient and the response time for a glacier to reach a theoretical steady-state following a perturbation in ice shelf buttressing is dependent on its unique geometry26. In the following sections we highlight some examples as to how these constantly evolving processes are controlling the inter-annual and spatial variability in ice discharge that we have observed.

We use a high-resolution ice-shelf thickness time-series16 to extract anomalies in ice shelf thickness and then compare these to ice discharge anomalies (see Methods). We focus on nine examples: the Thwaites and Pope Glaciers in the Amundsen Sea; Land Glacier in Marie Byrd Land; Moscow University, Totten and Denman Glaciers in Wilkes Land; and Rennick and Cook Glaciers in George V Land. We justify our selection of these example catchments because their ice shelves are large enough to be captured in the ice shelf thickness dataset16 and they represent a selection of the both warm-water ice shelves (Amundsen Sea, Marie Byrd Land and Wilkes Land) and cold-water ice shelves (George V Land). In general, we observe a clear pattern whereby periods of anomalous ice shelf thinning coincide with increases in ice discharge, while periods of anomalous ice shelf thickening coincide with decreases in ice discharge (Fig.5). The only exceptions to this are at the Rennick (Fig.5h) and Cook East Glaciers (Fig.5i), where there is little relationship between ice shelf thickness anomalies and ice discharge. At Rennick, this might be explained by the comparatively small magnitude in ice shelf thickness variations (<1m). In contrast, at the Cook East Ice Shelf there are no clear inter-annual anomalies in ice shelf thickness, meaning any corresponding anomalies in ice discharge are not expected.

Linearly de-trended anomalies in ice-shelf thickness (m) versus linearly de-trended anomalies in ice discharge (%) for the (a) Thwaites, (b) Pope, (c) Land, (d) Moscow University, (e) Totten, (f) Denman, (g) David, (h) Rennick and (i) Cook East Glaciers. Note different scales on the y-axes and that the Cook catchment has been seperated between the East tributary and West tributray. This is because the West tributary does not have an ice shelf. The original ice-shelf thickness data has been taken from dataset produced in16.

We interpret the periods of anomalous ice shelf thickening and negative ice discharge anomalies (e.g. in Fig.5ag) as a direct response to relatively cooler oceanic conditions and lower basal melt rates, whereas periods of anomalous thinning and increased ice discharge are linked to relatively warmer oceanic conditions and higher basal melt rates. At warm ice shelves, wind-driven variations in the transport of warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) onto the continental shelf have the potential to cause variations in basal melt rates underneath warm-water ice shelves29,30,31,32. These wind-driven variations in the transport of mCDW onto the continental shelf are linked to large-scale atmospheric patterns33,34,35 and, as a result, this mechanism can operate over a large spatial scale. This explains why multiple nearby neighbouring catchments can undergo similar patterns of interannual variability in ice discharge in the Amundsen Sea (Fig.4dg). The similar coherent response of outlet glaciers in Wilkes Land (Fig.4rt), where the continental shelf can also be flooded with mCDW is also indicative of a common large-scale atmospheric driver.

For cold-water ice shelves, inter-annual variations in basal melt rates are driven by high salinity shelf water (HSSW) and seasonal warming of the upper layers of the ocean near the ice front16. These variations in cold-water ice shelves can be linked to highly localised sea-ice and polynya processes36,37,38. These highly localised processes have the potential to drive a more localised response in ice discharge. For example, the variability in ice discharge at David Glacier is not observed in any of its neighbouring catchments. These processes have the potential to be driven by both external forcing e.g. katabatic winds37,38, but also internal ice sheet processes e.g. iceberg calving. For example, the calving of the Mertz Ice Tongue resulted in a large change in polynya persistency and resulting oceanic conditions39,40.

Changes in ice shelf extent can directly influence ice discharge rates if dynamically important sections of floating ice are lost or enlarged23. An example of this process is seen at the Rayner catchment in Oates Land, where modelling experiments have shown that its entire floating ice shelf is dynamically important23 and where the observed inter-annual variation in ice discharge can be explained by its calving cycle (Fig.6a). Between 2005 and 2014, the glacier advanced continuously while ice discharge decreased. However, between 2014 and 2016 ice discharge increased as the Rayner ice-front began to rift and break-up, before a final calving event in 2016 resulted in its ice front retreating~10km (Fig.6ac). After this event the ice front re-advanced and ice discharge started to decrease (Fig.6ac). It is important to note, however, that not all calving events result in an increase in ice discharge. If the calved portion is passive and offers limited buttressing, only a limited velocity response from ice inland would be expected23,41. For example, we detect no change in ice discharge rates following the calving of the Mertz ice tongue in 201042.

(a) Time-series of ice discharge change (%) and ice-front position change between 2000 and 2018 for Rayner Glacier. (b) and (c) are Landsat-8 images showing the progression of a calving event at Rayner between 2014 and 2017. (d) Time-Series of ice discharge and ice-front position change for Commandant Glacier, (e) and (f) are Landsat-7 (2009) and Landsat-8 (2018) images showing the rapid growth of the Commandant ice tongue in response to persistent landfast sea-ice. The red line in (a) and (d) are cubic spline trends of ice discharge.

Landfast sea-ice conditions can also play an important role in determining changes in ice shelf extent for some glaciers with heavily damaged ice shelves or ice tongues43,44,45,46. One of the most rapid changes in ice discharge was at the Commandant Glacier, a small glacier within the Adelie Coast catchment, where we observe a 152% decrease between 2009/2010 and 2018 (Fig.6df). This coincided with the formation of an ice tongue, of which growth continued unabated until the end of our observational period in 2018 (Fig.6d). This is indicative of the growth of the ice tongue providing additional buttressing and driving a dynamic slow-down. The growth of the ice tongue appears to be anomalous. In all available satellite imagery since 1973, no comparable ice tongue is present, with the exception of a much smaller tongue in 1973 (Fig. S4). The anomalous ice tongue growth is, however, likely to be linked to an abrupt change in sea ice conditions. Prior to 2009 sea-ice cleared away each austral summer and sometimes resulted in small calving events, but post-2009 a band of multi-year landfast sea ice has formed which has remained consistently fastened to the ice-front and inhibited calving (Figs. S4, 6f). It is unclear what has triggered this abrupt change in sea-ice conditions, but we hypothesize a positive feedback whereby an initial cooler period enabled sea-ice to survive the summer and in doing so trapped detached icebergs in the embayment. These trapped icebergs may have then helped further strengthen the sea-ice by negating the impact of damaging oceanic swell47,48,49,50. Therefore, changes in ice shelf extent linked to changes in landfast sea-ice can provide a direct and rapid link between external forcing, ice shelf buttressing and ice discharge.

The link between landfast sea-ice and ice shelf extent may also be important in determining ice discharge variability for glaciers whose ice shelves are both damaged and float in confined embayments that are favourable for persistent landfast sea-ice formation. A 52% reduction in ice discharge between 20112012 and 2015 at the western section of the Cook Glacier, for example, can be explained by a multi-year landfast sea-ice promoting ice-front advance51 and reducing ice discharge (Fig. S5). However, at the neighbouring Frost and Holmes catchments, which also underwent large calving events in response to landfast sea-ice break-up44, we do not observe any obvious relationship with ice discharge variability, indicating that the glacial ice lost was passive. We suggest that the interaction between landfast sea-ice and ice shelves may become a more important driver of variability in ice discharge in the future if ice shelves weaken and retreat into confined embayments and/or if landfast sea-ice were to decrease52.

The response of a glacier to an initial velocity perturbation associated with a change in ice shelf buttressing is strongly modulated by the geometry of the glacier in its topographic setting. One potentially important aspect is the local slope of the topography at the grounding line. This is particularly the case for outlet glaciers with unconfined or weak ice shelves, which may be susceptible to rapid grounding line retreat along retrograde slopes53,54. However, for outlet glaciers with ice shelves that are able to provide sufficient buttressing, the local bed slope becomes less important in determining grounding line stability27,55. Therefore, if ice shelves are weakened sufficiently, local bed slope can be an important factor in determining grounding line migration. Retreat of the grounding line can cause further feedbacks because the associated loss in basal traction can lead to further acceleration and thinning56,57, thus creating a positive feedback. The acceleration associated with a loss in basal traction, in addition to reduction in ice shelf buttressing, has been shown to be an important factor in explaining the longer-term observed accelerations of both the Denman58 and Pine Island Glaciers28. Therefore, whilst changes in ice-shelf buttressing are likely to be the primary driver of the high spatial and temporal variability in ice discharge that we observe, the local bedrock slope at the grounding line is an important secondary factor in explaining the precise rate of response of individual glaciers.

On a localised scale, variable bed topography may explain why some neighbouring catchments can simultaneously undergo opposing trends in ice discharge, when variations in external forcing might be expected to be similar. For example, the mostly consistent acceleration of the Matusevich (Fig.4l) catchment between 2003/2006 and 2015 is anomalous amongst its neighbouring catchments (e.g. Cook, Slava, Rennick). A similar anomalous acceleration is also observed at the Hull catchment in Marie Byrd Land, where we observe a consistent increase in ice discharge throughout our observational period (Fig.4h), but a much more varied discharge of the neighbouring Land Glacier (Fig.4i). In both of these examples, the grounding lines of the glaciers displaying a spatiality anomalous acceleration, Matusevich (Fig.7a) and Hull (Fig.7c), have been retreating rapidly along retrograde slopes59,60. In contrast, there has been comparatively little grounding line migration in their respective neighbouring catchments, Rennick (Fig.7b) and Land (Fig.7d), which rest on a flat or prograde bedrock slopes. This would suggest that the spatially anomalous acceleration of Matusevich and Hull catchments has been strongly influenced by their underlying bed topography, which is conducive for rapid grounding line retreat.

Bed topography profiles from BedMachine14 extracted along the central flow line of the (a) Matusevich, (b) Rennick, (c) Hull and (d) Land Glaciers. The grey vertical lines are InSAR derived grounding line positions59,60. On the x-axis, zero represents the earliest measured position of the grounding line, positive values are the bedrock elevations advanced of the grounding line and negative values are the bedrock elevation of grounded ice.

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High spatial and temporal variability in Antarctic ice discharge linked to ice shelf buttressing and bed geometry | Scientific Reports - Nature.com