Category Archives: History

In the featured article, you will also see several historical terms related to slavery, such as enslaved, which is a term that refers to people who were forced to labor on plantations, and emancipated, which refers to enslaved people who became free.

Additionally, the Reconstruction era was the time period immediately following the Civil War when Americans attempted to rebuild their society, which had been divided by slavery and war.

Read the article online or as a printable PDF. Then answer the following questions.

1. Why do you think the article begins with the inscription above the Roosevelt Arch?

2. Shelton Johnson, a ranger at Yosemite National Park, said:

A storyteller is a healer and a good story has always been good medicine. The right story at the right time can heal the world.

Based on the article, how do you think this quote connects to the stories Mr. Johnson tells about the Buffalo Soldiers?

3. How is Victoria Smalls, the executive director of the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, personally connected to the story of enslaved people on Lowcountry plantations?

4. Olivia Williams, a ranger at the Reconstruction Era National Historical Park, said:

There isnt an overflow of young people, especially young people of color, in the public history field. I take it personally to make sure stories, especially lesser-known histories, stay in the rotation for many generations to come.

What is your reaction to this quote? Would you ever want a career in public history? Why do you think Ms. Williams thinks this work is important, particularly for young people of color?

5. What happened to Jerry Bransfords ancestors who led tours of Mammoth Cave National Park? How did Mr. Bransford continue to experience racism at the park as a young man?

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Lesson of the Day: Bringing Black History to Life in the Great Outdoors - The New York Times

The course Harvey is talking about is Colorados only state high school graduation requirement, referred to in statute 22-1-104. State lawmakers mandated that American Indians be included in Colorado curriculum in 1998. They widened that in 2004, and this became the graduation requirement: Students must take a civil government course which includes the history, culture and social contributions of African Americans, Latinos, and Indigenous people. The law was further amended in 2019 to include other groups, too.

But some say tens of thousands of students graduate each year in the state without learning whats mandated in that single state graduation requirement. They graduate anyway and some people say no one seems to care.

Harvey, a former attorney, said the Cherry Creek School District, where her grandchildren go to school, doesnt offer a civil government course that deals with those areas despite the fact that Colorado judges have upheld the law three times.

My concern is [the] civil rights are being violated of these students, she said.

A Cherry Creek school district official said in a June school board meeting that the district is in compliance with the law.

The story is the same around the state.

Now this gets nuanced. School districts like Cherry Creek say they do teach Indigenous content a couple of the districts high schools offer an ethnic studies course. But those classes are electives, arent taught in every school and are not mandatory. Some Indigenous content may also turn up in history classes, for instance, not in a government course like the law specifies. Indigenous references, for example, may crop up during a history lesson on Manifest Destiny or westward expansion, where teachers might discuss treaties or assimilation.

So, then well pop up in a paragraph or a few sentences . But theres never enough content to really give perspective, said Donna Chrisjohn, a mother of five with several children in the Cherry Creek district, and a member of the Sicangu Lakota Nation and a descendant of the Din Nation. She also teaches classes to teachers and administrators on Indigenous history and culture for a perspective they dont necessarily know or understand.

Christjohn said some individual teachers in Colorado make real efforts to include Indigenous content, often in a history or English class. One Denver teacher begins her history course having students read selections from An Indigenous Peoples History of the United States. But advocates say the content of most government courses, such as civics classes, far from satisfies what Colorado law specifies students be taught.

Instead, Chrisjohn said, curriculum is often rife with generalizations, romanticization and stereotypes. Modern day Indigenous issues are almost never discussed. Also often ignored is the fact that Indigenous people existed in America up to 20,000 years prior to 1492.

Theres actually no context to the fact we existed here prior to settler colonialism, Chrisjohn said. Our invisibility and our erasure in this country is on purpose. It is built in through federal policies and it is institutionalized in our school systems.

She said a civics class could include Indigenous ways of governing, handling conflict, Indigenous values systems, the theory that U.S. democracy was influenced by the 6 Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, federal policy and jurisdictional issues, and sovereignty rights.

She said teachers dont have to start from scratch. Montana, Washington, Minnesota, Nebraska, and South and North Dakota have well-developed curriculum that teachers could draw from initially.

I think the civics course is necessary to have a true understanding of this country, who we are, and the things that we have done in our past and how laws came to be, she said. And were not learning that.

The Colorado Department of Educations Joanna Bruno confirmed that Colorado students do indeed have to take a government/civics course that includes the history, culture and social contributions of minorities including Indigenous people.

Examples of social contributions could be the different ways that different cultures contributed to our government or to our society at the U.S. level or Colorado level, said Bruno, the director of the states office of standards and instructional support.

In Colorado, the state sets the academic standards. But it's local districts that choose the curriculum they want to use to meet those standards. Bruno said districts in the Four Corners area, for example, may have more Indigenous content than districts in northeast Colorado.

The intention of local control is to allow communities flexibility in that implementation, Bruno said.

But has American Indian content, as the law has required since 1998, even been included in published state academic standards?

An analysis of the 2009 state social studies education standards found that, despite the law, the state didnt specify any concrete information that students must learn about living American Indians. In a teacher-authored sample curriculum published by state education officials in 2013, there are no references to American Indians, Black people or Latinos.

A 2021 analysis of the most recent Colorado social studies standards found that Native Americans appear in only two standards once in fourth grade and once in sixth. In both cases Indigenous peoples are referred to in past context and do not emphasize native sovereignty nor present day concerns of Indigenous peoples.

That report recommended state officials include Indigenous voices and representation to offer a more complete history and view of present-day thinking of Indigenous peoples.

As far as high school civics or history standards and whether they address Indigenous history, culture and social contributions, Harvey noted that the word tribal is simply inserted every time there is a reference to local, state, and national in civics standards. Thats it.

Bruno said theres no audit of Colorado schools compliance with the law when it comes to learning about Indigenous people. But, she said she thinks schools are likely teaching what the law requires.

I don't have any reason to believe that they aren't, she said. Nothing's been brought to our attention about that.

Carol Harvey said she has sent a petition calling for an audit to everyone imaginable state education officials, the governor, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Office of Civil Rights.

In South Dakota, more than a dozen references to an Indigenous tribe were stripped from new proposed social studies content. Montana brought together representatives from tribes to create an in-depth toolkit for teachers. Now, Montana is being sued for what some say is a failure to meet a constitutional mandate that guarantees every school teaches American Indian heritage in a culturally responsive way.

Some states like Wisconsin lay out specifically what Indigenous content should be taught and give examples from exemplar teachers, but a recent article explored how teachers say they dont know how to teach about Indigenous issues.

Could change be on the way in Colorado?

The state is in the midst of revising social studies standards to include more content about racial and ethnic minorities, as a result of legislation passed in 2019. That work should be finished by 2022 and must be implemented in the 2024-25 school year.

Meanwhile, Cherry Creek, along with other districts, are in the process of reviewing and choosing social studies curriculum as they wait for new state standards to come out.

What were constantly trying to do is to make sure the curricular resources that we use must reflect the students that are sitting in our classrooms, said Sarah Grobbel, an assistant superintendent with the Cherry Creek School District, at a June board meeting.

But other districts like Jefferson County, have already made changes to curriculum to reflect the requirements of the 2019 law.

Veteran high school social studies teacher Mark Sass said standards for what young people should learn in history and civics havent changed much in a century. As far as what they should understand about the history of the United States, Sass said there is nothing consistently across the state by which we could judge whos doing well with it and whos not.

I think its important for us to have a shared understanding of what we think these kids should know when they leave high school, especially with the conversations right now around diversity, equity and inclusion. These kids need to know about the role race plays in our country.

Donna Chrisjohn said in the Lakota belief system, children are a gift.

We believe that they are our teachers. We learn from them. We get an opportunity to learn and grow. We honor them in our homes.

But the second a child enters school, its the teacher who knows everything and children are expected to sit and listen in many classrooms.

It's a totally different perspective. So how harmful is that for our Indigenous students to know that my culture, everything about myself can never come into this classroom because it will never be accepted?

In a recent national report, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights found that the lack of Indigenous representation in school curriculum harms students. It said without historically accurate representation or discussion of Native American people in curriculum, the education experience can be isolating and limiting. Donna Chrisjohn agrees.

We know that right away, as soon as we start 1492 and sailing the ocean blue, we know that that is not the truth of who we are and where we come from. And we are immediately erased, she said. And then we're triggered that I'm just not included in this classroom perspective or this narrative.

Harvey said when you dont see yourself in the curriculum, when you dont see any positive examples of people who look like you, its hard to feel engaged. The Native American graduation rate is nearly 67 percent in Colorado compared to 82 percent for all students statewide. A full 71 percent of Indigenous students dont meet reading and writing expectations. Eighty-two percent of students arent on grade level in math.

Typically, Indigenous people are portrayed in educational settings as a historic people who no longer have an active presence in civic life 87 percent of state history standards do not mention Native American history after 1900. State officials said recognizing Indigenous groups in the current and historical context is a recommendation from a commission created by the HB19-1192 law, which is recommending standards revisions.

Advocates for more Indigenous content would like to see that changed in order to reduce both racial stereotyping among all students and ignorance rooted in fear.

Carol Harvey and Donna Chrisjohns ancestors have been here for 20,000 years. They say theyre not going anywhere and theyre not giving up.

Its time for school districts to act, Harvey said.

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Colorado Students Aren't Supposed To Graduate Without Learning About Indigenous History And Culture. Are They? - Colorado Public Radio

HONOLULU (AP) Kilauea, one of the most active volcanos on Earth, began erupting on the Big Island Wednesday. The eruption is not in an area with homes and is entirely contained within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

Officials said increased earthquake activity and ground swelling before the eruption put them on high alert. Fissures then opened in the summit area and sent lava fountaining into the sky. Now the area has filled with molten rock, creating a lake of lava in the volcanos crater.

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The new lava is an expected evolution of a volcano that is recharging after a huge eruption in 2018 drained much of its magma.

The 2018 eruption destroyed hundreds of homes and displaced thousands of residents. But experts say this latest eruption is not expected to flow into residential areas.

Heres an overview of the latest eruption at Kilauea:

DID SCIENTISTS KNOW IT WAS COMING?

Scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory noticed a surge of earthquakes about 5 miles (8 kilometers) east of the summits caldera early Wednesday. By the afternoon another series of earthquakes accompanied by ground swelling prompted them to increase the alert level.

We picked up a series of earthquakes down the east rift zone, so on the order of about 5 miles from the summit. And these kind of came in what we would call a small swarm. So one after another, said Ken Hon, the USGS scientist in charge of Hawaii Volcano Observatory. They were enough of an alert that we became suspicious that pressure was building within the system.

The agency raised its alert level to orange or watch, anticipating that there might be an eruption, Hon said. And 20 minutes later, in fact, there was an eruption.

Its not uncommon for Kilauea to have earthquakes, which often indicate magma is moving underground or parts of the volcanos are shifting. Earthquakes and ground swelling at the same time can be a precursor to an eruption.

ARE ERUPTIONS RARE?

Eruptions on Kilauea are not uncommon. In fact, the volcano erupted nearly continuously for decades, but mostly not in densely populated residential areas before the2018eruption. That event destroyed more than 700 homes and displaced thousands of residents.

Kilauea had been active since 1983 and streams of lava occasionally covered rural farms and homes. During that time, the lava sometimes reached the ocean, causingdramatic interactionswith the water.

The same area of the volcano that began erupting Wednesday also erupted inDecemberand lasted until May.

Hawaiian chants and stories tell the stories of countless eruptions. In Hawaiian tradition, Kilauea is home to the volcano goddess Pele. Kilauea has erupted 34 times since 1952.

HOW MUCH LAVA?

Hon said that within hours of Wednesdays eruption the volcanos summit crater floor had been covered in more than 6 feet (2 meters) of lava.

Over four months in 2018, Kilauea spewed enough lava to fill 320,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools, burying an area more than half the size of Manhattan in up to 80 feet (24 meters) of now-hardened lava. The molten rock reduced landmarks, streets and neighborhoods to a vast field of blackened boulders and volcanic shard.

The eruption in December created a lava lake with enough molten rock to fill 10 Hoover dams.

After the 2018 eruption, a summit lava lake in the same area stopped erupting and for the first time in recorded history began to fill with water, creating afresh water laketinged with volcanic material.

WHAT ARE THE DANGERS?

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park remained open to the public and officials expected tens of thousands of visitors to come see the new eruption.

National park spokesperson Jessica Ferracane said that while the lava itself is far from where people can hike or drive, other hazards still exist.

Gases that emanate from the volcano can be dangerous if inhaled, and while the plume is billowing away from people, the wind could change and send it over areas where the public gathers.

Ferracane said people with certain health conditions should avoid the gas.

She also noted that there are huge cracks in the ground that people can fall into and that visitors should avoid approaching the edge of the caldera. There is a nearly 500-foot (152.4-meter) drop from the crater rim to the floor.

Ferracane added that large crowds need to be mindful of pandemic concerns.

This eruption is going to draw many people to the park, were already seeing people come into the park, drive in after dark tonight, Ferracane said. Really need people to remember that we are in the middle of a pandemic and they need to stay safe and to keep us safe, too.

She said people must keep 6 feet (1.8 meters) apart and wear masks.

WHERE DID THE ERUPTION HAPPEN?

It occurred at the summit of Kilauea volcano, an uninhabited area within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island. This is about 200 miles (322 kilometers) southeast of Honolulu, which is on a different island called Oahu.

All signs indicate that it will stay within the crater, said Hon, the USGS scientist. Were not seeing any indications that lava is moving into the lower part of the east rift zone where people live. Currently all the activity is within the park.

The site is miles from the nearest town. The park has closed off this part of the summit to the public since 2008.

The 2018 eruption was in the lower east rift zone. Fissures opened across Leilani Estates and other populated areas of the islands Puna district. Lava from that eruption snaked to the Pacific Ocean, destroying homes and farms along the way. Lava evaporated a fresh water lake and created a new black sand beach.

WHAT WILL HAPPEN NEXT?

Because much of the magma that had fueled Kilauea for years erupted in 2018, the volcano is now recharging and will erupt again in the future.

Hon said these types of small eruptions could be happening for years as the volcano fills up.

Check out whats going on around Hawaii on our Local News page

The magma keeps coming in to Kilauea at a pretty constant rate and so its either filling the inside of the volcano or its coming out to the surface, he said.

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EXPLAINER: What Kilaueas history tells us about its future - KHON2

Walter Nugent, the Andrew V. Tackes Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Notre Dame, died Sept. 8 in Seattle. He was 86.

Rev. Thomas E. Blantz, C.S.C., professor emeritus of history at Notre Dame, remembers Nugent as an excellentcolleague, a man of wide interests, a recognized expert in his chosen field, a generous mentor to the young, an enjoyablefriend with a winning sense of humor, and a provider of that quietexample and leadership thata senior chairholder can bring to an academicdepartment.

Born in Watertown, New York, Nugent earned his doctorate in American history from the University of Chicago in 1961 after previously receiving a masters degree in European history from Georgetown University and a bachelors degree from St. Benedicts College.

He began a long and productive teaching and research career as an instructor in history at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas, and then as an assistant professor at Kansas State University. He joined the faculty of Indiana University in 1963 and spent 21 years in Bloomington, the last 16 as a full professor. He served in a variety of administrative positions, including associate dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, associate dean for central administration, director of the study abroad programs and chair of the Department of History.

Nugent was appointed the inaugural Tackes Professor of History at Notre Dame in 1984. Throughout his career he also held visiting professorships at Columbia University, New York University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Warsaw University in Poland and University College Dublin.

Nugent taught undergraduate and graduate courses primarily on U.S. migration, the Gilded Age and progressive era, and the U.S. West. His research focused on westward migration in the United States, populism and demography. He was the author, co-author or editor of more than a dozen books, including Color Coded: Party Politics in the American West, 1950-2016, Into the West: The Story of its People and Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870-1914. He was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship and Beinecke Fellowship, the Warsaw University Medal of Merit and two Fulbright Awards. He also was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Nugent is survived by his wife, Suellen Hoy, who also taught history at Notre Dame, six children, eight grandchildren, two great-grandchildren, a sister and a brother.

The family has requested donations be made in lieu of flowers to the Indiana University Archives.

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In memoriam: Walter Nugent, the Andrew V. Tackes Professor Emeritus of History - ND Newswire

A demonstrator at a protest in support of the Windrush generation in Brixton, London, 20 April 2018 (Getty Images)

Black History Month is an annual observance that commemorates the history and achievements of members of the black community.

In the US where it originated in the early 20th century the month is also known as African-American History Month.

Here is everything you need to know about Black History Month:

Black History Month takes place every year in the UK in October.

The annual observance is also commemorated in other parts of Europe during October, including Ireland and the Netherlands.

In the US, where Black History Month originated, the awareness month is held in February.

It is also celebrated in Canada during the month of February, where it became an officially-recognised event in 1995.

Virginian-born Carter Godwin Woodson, a historian and co-founder of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History), is credited with being the father of black history.

In February 1926, Woodson and his organisation launched Negro History Week, a precursor to Black History Month.

The group chose the second week of February for the observance to coincide with the birthdays of 16th US president Abraham Lincoln and abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass.

Woodson believed that education about black history was vital in the study of race within society, stating: If a race has no history, it has no worthwhile tradition, it becomes a negligible factor in the thought of the world, and it stands in danger of being exterminated.

The week grew in popularity over the years, leading to the creation of black history clubs. Mayors across the country also threw their support behind the week, advocating for it to become an official holiday.

Following more than four decades of the week, the first celebration of Black History Month in the US was held at Kent State University in 1970 from 2 January until 28 February.

In 1976, US President Gerald Ford recognised Black History Month, urging members of the public to seize the opportunity to honour the too-often neglected accomplishments of black Americans in every area of endeavour throughout our history.

Story continues

Black History Month was first celebrated in the UK in 1987, an event that was organised by Ghanaian-born Akyaaba Addai-Sebo.

Black History Month in the UK is commemorated with various events across the country, including talks, exhibitions and concerts.

This years theme is Proud to Be. People of all ages are being encouraged to share what they are proud to be on social media.

In London, it is being marked with a three-hour cruise along the River Thames going from Temple to Greenwich and back.

The six-mile round trip showcases the thousands of years of African and Caribbean history on display along the river. This includes a closer look at Kings Colleges connection to the Caribbean and Canary Wharfs African roots.

The tour is available until 3 October and the tickets cost 36.

Also in London, the Zari art gallery in Fitzrovia is displaying the work of Black artists for its Honour, Remember, Inspire exhibition, which is showing until 29 October.

The LevelUP Foundation, a small Sheffield-based youth charity, is also hosting an event called Culture Kitchen.

Taking place at Sheffield Hallam University on 29 October, the event invites people to come and learn how to make signature dishes from a host of different countries including Jamaica, Nigeria and Guyana.

For all the latest news on Black History Month, click here.

Read More

How white teachers guilt stifles Black History in UK schools

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Black History Month 2021: When is it, how did it start and how is it commemorated? - Yahoo News

A lot has happened since the last Dragster Insider column, including four straight weekends of national event racing (hence the columns absence), but one thing that hasnt changed, and likely will never change in our lifetimes, is that John Force is still the winningest driver in NHRA history, as he has been for more than 20 years.

You could argue about whether hes the sports GOAT (versus, say, Don Garlits), but theres no doubt hes the winningest national event driver in NHRA history and probably always will be. Honestly, no one is even in Forces zip code. Greg Anderson has 97 wins, but his years are numbered (no offense, Greg) in a way that means he wont win the 57 he needs to tie Forces 154, and thats, of course, if Force never won another race (which he undoubtedly will).

Although Force has been NHRAs winningest driver since the summer of 2000 no one has held the title longer there, obviously, were others before him who claimed that mantle. Heres a historic look at the all-time win leaders over history. The list includes the number of wins, the event where they became the winningest driver, how long their tenure lasted, and who knocked them off.

Tied by: Melvin Heath (1956 Nationals); Buddy Sampson (1957 Nationals); Ted Cyr and Junior Thompson (1958 Nationals); and Rodney Singer, Otis Smith, George Montgomery, Jack Horseley, and Harold Ramsey (1959 Nationals)

Rice won NHRAs first official national event, the National Championship Drags in Great Bend, Kan., in 1955, so Rice became NHRAs first de facto all-time wins leader. For the first three years (1955-57), only the Top Eliminator the winner of a shootout between the various dragster, gasser, and doorcar subclass winners was considered the victor; it wasnt a very fair system as there was no handicapping, so dragsters almost always won.

When dragster drivers Melvin Heath and Buddy Sampson won the Nationals in 1956 and 1957, respectively, they tied Rice at one win apiece. In 1958, NHRA addressed the performance inequity of Top Eliminator by adding Little Eliminator, and in 1959, the Nationals included Top, Middle, and Little Eliminator plus Stock and Sportsman, but there were no repeat winners, so at one point the title of winningest driver (with one win apiece) was shared among 10 drivers.

Tied by Don Nicholson and Jack Chrisman (1962 Winternationals) and Hugh Tucker (1963 Winternationals)

With so few races a year for the first decade, its no wonder this stat was stagnant at times. Ohio George Montgomery, who won Little Eliminator at the 1959 Nationals in Detroit, became NHRAs first two-time national event winner when he wheeled his supercharged Cadillac-powered Willys to a repeat win the next year. Montgomery held the winningest mantle for about 18 months until Don Nicholson and Jack Chrisman both won the Winternationals back-to-back in 1961 and 1962. Hugh Tucker, runner-up to Montgomery at the 1963 Indy race and also a winner at the 1962 Winternationals (Little Eliminator), became the sports fourth two-time winner when he won the Jr. Eliminator crown at the 1963 Winternationals.

Tied at 3 by Gordon Collett and Hugh Tucker (1966 Winters) and Jere Stahl (1966 World Finals)

Montgomery vaulted back into the all-class lead by winning the Nationals for the third time in 1963, this time in Middle Eliminator, and he held the honors for more than two years until Hugh Tucker struck again at the 1966 Winternationals, and Top Gas star Gordon Collecting Collett earned his nickname by collecting trophies for wins at the 1964 Nationals, the 1965 Springnationals (Bristol), and the 1966 Winternationals. Jere Stahl went on a tear of his own in 1966, becoming the sports fourth three-time winner with Stock and Top Stock scores at the Springnationals (Bristol), Nationals (Indy), and World Finals (Tulsa, Okla.), the latter of which won him the world championship.

Tied at 7 by Ronnie Sox (1970 Springnationals)

Collett kept collecting big wins, and his score at the 1967 Winternationals gave him sole possession of the crown of the winningest driver. Fans today dont realize what a dominant figure he was back then. He bookended 1967 with wins at the Winternationals and World Finals (winning the championship as a result) then won the 1968 Winternationals and 1970 Gatornationals, becoming the first NHRA driver to win four, five, six, and seven trophies before finally being tied by the great Ronnie Sox midway through 1970.

Tied at 15 by Don Prudhomme (1976 Winternationals)

Sox had accumulated his first six wins in Super Stock between 1964 and 1969 and had been nipping at the heels of the other big winners, but he finally seized the top spot in 1970, Pro Stocks first year. Sox won the sports third Pro Stock race, the Dallas-based Springnationals, which tied him with Collett, but he then went on a tear with two more Pro Stock wins that year, the World Finals (also in Dallas, which earned him the first Pro Stock world championship) and the Supernationals at Ontario Motor Speedway in Southern California.

Sox added six more Pro Stock wins in 1971 to reach 15 wins, reaching a total that many thought would never be challenged. At the time, the national event schedule only had eight races, and no one could dream that someday wed reach 24, but Sox didnt win another event after the 1971 season, and a guy named Don Prudhomme started nibbling away at that lead.

Tied at 30 by Bob Glidden (1980 Fallnationals)

Prudhomme had been collecting trophies at a regular but not frenzied pace since his first in Top Fuel at the 1965 Winternationals. He finished the 1960s with just four total and added just four more between 1970 and 1974, the last three after switching to Funny Car.

Prudhomme famously caught fire in 1975, wheeling his vaunted Army Monza to six Funny Car wins in eight starts to pull him to within one win of Soxs title. The Snake wasted no time in 1976 streaking past Sox, winning the seasons first six races en route to a wild seven-wins-in-eight-races season, helping build a lead that would last more than four years.

Prudhommes winning pace slowed (by his standards) through the rest of the decade, winning seven times between 1977 and 1979 and just twice in 1980, which ultimately was not enough to hold off the hustlin Hoosier, Pro Stock star Bob Glidden, who caught and then passed him before 1980 was over. Although Prudhomme would add another 19 trophies to his mantle before retiring in 1994, he never got back around Glidden.

Tied at 85 by John Force (2000 Castrol Nationals)

Glidden spotted Prudhomme about eight years and eight wins, but finally caught the Snake when he notched his 31st career win at the 1980 season-ending World Finals in Ontario, Calif. Glidden had won his first race at the 1973 U.S. Nationals and had 27 Wallys on his shelf by the end of the decade thanks largely to unprecedented success with his Ford Fairmont in 1978 and 1979, when he collected 14 victories, split evenly between the two seasons and four world championships.

Glidden won four times in 1980 Columbus, Denver, Seattle (where he tied Prudhommes event win total), and Ontario to Prudhommes two and scored his fifth championship to break another sport-leading tie he shared with Prudhomme. Glidden would remain NHRAs winningest driver for 15 years, becoming the first NHRA driver to reach the 50- and 75-win milestones in the process, and today, nearly 30 years after his last win, he is still among the sports Top 10 winningest drivers.

By the time that Force had begun the final transition from perpetually underfunded part-time racer to event winner, Gliddens and Prudhommes win totals were in another universe. Force just wanted one win, and he finally got it in Montreal, Canada, in June 1987. At that time, his lifelong hero, Prudhomme, already had 35 wins but was slowing. Glidden was at 55 and still climbing. Its doubtful Force ever thought about catching either, let alone getting to double digits.

But Forces late-1980s collaboration with tuning mastermind Austin Coil and funding from Castrol GTX began his rocket-ship ride to the top. Although he only won four more times to end the 1980s, he dominated the 1990s like none before him. He won a staggering 76 times over those 10 years and won the championship in nine of the 10. Force entered the new millennium with 81 career wins, just four behind Glidden. After an early-season win in Phoenix, he won back-to-back-to-back in Richmond, Atlanta, and Dallas to tie Gliddens once-unassailable total.

One race later, at the NHRA Prestone Nationals at Route 66 Raceway outside of Chicago, Force defeated Tony Pedregon in the final round for win No. 86, and the one-time long-haul truck driver, who in the 1970s didnt have two nickels to rub together and survived on bologna sandwiches in hotel rooms packed with six people, was suddenly NHRAs all-time winningest driver.

Force didnt take his foot off the gas, winning 40 more times before the decade ended and adding another 26 since then. He became the first to reach 100 victories at the 2002 Houston event and the first to score 150 at the 2019 Seattle race. His total at press time is 154 victories, including three already this season.

Only three other drivers Sportsman racers Frank Manzo (105), Dan Fletcher (105), and David Rampy (100) also have reached the century mark, and Forces closest active Pro-class rival, Greg Anderson, sits at 97 wins, unlikely to ever catch him as both approach the twilights of their careers.

Phil Burgess can be reached at[emailprotected]

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From Calvin Rice to John Force, a look at the history of NHRA's all-time winners - NHRA.com

ON THIS DAY IN 1921, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported, POLO GROUNDS New York captured the American League championship this afternoon its first in its history when they defeated the Philadelphia Americans by a score of 5 to 3 before 25,000 people. The victory of the Yankees ended the tightest fought race ever made in the history of major league baseball. The New Yorkers needed one victory in their three games, the last of which was to be played on the closing day of the season tomorrow. Carl Mays had one bad inning when Philadelphia scored their three runs. After that he was invincible. The recent invalid [Babe] Ruth returned to the game but went hitless at the bat.

***

ON THIS DAY IN 1923, the Eagle reported, OKLAHOMA CITY (A.P.) Instructions to jail every person attempting to interfere with the special state election tomorrow were sent early today to all county election officials by the state Election Board. If anyone attempts to interfere with you in the conduct of this election, have him thrown in jail at once, the telegrams ordered. The sheriffs in every county of the state were urged by the state board to study the laws on elections and to provide a safe ballot. The office of Attorney General George F. Short was being deluged with inquiries as to the legality of the election. All inquirers were told it was valid. Sheriff Tom Cavnar of Oklahoma County announced he was ready to deputize every man in the county to prevent disturbances at the polls. He said he would make no effort either to insure or prevent the election, but that he was prepared to stop any violence. Sheriff Cavnar said: I have received written instructions from the governor ordering me to stop the election in Oklahoma County, but I have also received instructions from George Short, attorney general, and J.K. Wright, county attorney, that I have no authority to stop any election and that my duty is to see that the people have a peaceable election. I will do my duty and enforce the law, regardless of any orders from the governor. The people are bigger than any one man.

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ON THIS DAY IN 1950, the Eagle reported, TOKYO (U.P.) Gen. Douglas MacArthur demanded tonight that the North Koreans lay down their arms immediately or face further useless shedding of blood and destruction of property. The commander of victorious United Nations forces in Korea told the Communist aggressors that their early defeat and complete destruction of armed forces and war-making potential is now inevitable. This was a clear threat that the U.N. forces would carry the war to the North Koreans until they are forced to capitulate. MacArthur made it clear that he expected an early decision by the North Koreans, whose armies have been defeated in the South and whose factories have been bombed into flaming ruins in the North. His demand that the Communists lay down their arms and cease hostilities forthwith came as six Allied divisions raced toward the 38th parallel, prepared to invade if necessary.

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ON THIS DAY IN 1951, the Eagle reported, The eyes of the nation turned to Ebbets Field today as the Dodgers and Giants moved in for a last-ditch playoff series which will settle the National League pennant race in a best-of-three-game set. The weary, exuberant Dodgers, who were forced to fight a long uphill battle with Philadelphia to clinch a tie after leading the league for most of the season, sent Ralph Branca to the mound. Jim Hearn, third ranking Giant hurler, took over the hurling chores for the Giants, who climaxed a sensational six-week drive to erase a 13 1/2-game deficit and move into a first place tie in the last two days of the season. Long lines surrounded the park by 9 a.m., when tickets went on sale, and a capacity, howling crowd of 34,000 was a certainty by the 1:30 game time. The New York team was a slight favorite to win the series, which will shift to the Polo Grounds for the second game and a third, if necessary. Manager Chuck Dressen, heartened by the comeback yesterday when Brooklyn rallied to win in the 14th inning after the Giants knocked off Boston, wasnt making any predictions.

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NOTABLE PEOPLE BORN ON THIS DAY include former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who was born in 1924; Oscar-winning actress Julie Andrews, who was born in 1935; Peaches & Herb member Herb Fame, who was born in 1942; Baseball Hall of Famer Rod Carew, who was born in 1945; Independence Day star Randy Quaid, who was born in 1950; former N.Y. Mets pitcher Pete Falcone, who was born in Brooklyn in 1953; Shalamar singer Howard Hewett, who was born in 1955; singer-songwriter Youssou NDour, who was born in 1959; NYPD Blue star Esai Morales, who was born in 1962; baseball player Mark McGwire, who was born in 1963; Between Two Ferns host Zach Galifianakis, who was born in 1969; Greys Anatomy star Sarah Drew, who was born in 1980; and Oscar-winning actress Brie Larson, who was born in 1989.

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FOR THE RECORD: N.Y. Yankees outfielder Roger Maris broke the single-season home run record on this day in 1961. Maris hit a drive over the right-field fence in Yankee Stadium for his 61st home run, passing Babe Ruth, who hit 60 in 1927. Maris record was broken by St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998.

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OH MICKEY, YOURE SO FINE: Walt Disney World opened near Orlando, Fla., on this day in 1971. In 2018 it was the most visited vacation resort in the world, with 58 million guests. The resorts theme parks include Disneys Hollywood Studios, Disneys Typhoon Lagoon, Epcot Center and the Magic Kingdom.

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Special thanks to Chases Calendar of Events and Brooklyn Public Library.

Quotable:

The love of liberty is a common blood that flows in our American veins.

U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who was born on this day in 1924

September 30 |Brooklyn Eagle History

September 29 |Brooklyn Eagle Staff

September 29 |Brooklyn Eagle History

September 28 |Brooklyn Eagle History

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October 1: ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY - Brooklyn Daily Eagle

Professional baseball dates back to 1876, when the National League was founded. The American League was officially founded in 1901, and the two leagues began playing together as Major League Baseball in 1903.

Since 1903, theres obviously been a number of impressive streaks and records. Over 118 years later, wewitnessedone of those incredible feats. The St. Louis Cardinals won their 17th consecutive game on Tuesday with a victory against the Milwaukee Brewers.

St. Louis locked up the second NL wild card spot with its Tuesday victory, but the streak came to an end with a shutout defeat againstMilwaukee on Wednesday, putting them short of a controversial record.

Heres a look at some of the longest winning and losing streaks in MLB history:

The longest winning streak in MLB history is a contentious topic. The 1916 New York Giants technically hold the record at 26 straight wins, but it came with an unofficial tie during the run. New York won 12 straight games, then played a tie against the Pittsburgh Pirates when the game was paused due to rain and it was too dark to continue. Per the rules at that time, the tie did not count in the standings and the game would be replayed from the start the next day in a doubleheader. While the game did not count in the standings, statistics from the game still counted. The Giants won the replay the next day, and 13 more games after that, to set the MLB record of 26 consecutive wins.

Most of the other streaks are from the early 20th century, long before any of us were born. Two teams from the 21st century still have win streaks longer than the Cardinals current run -- the 2017 Cleveland Indians at 22 games and the 2002 Oakland Athletics at 20 games. Neither of those teams won a playoff series, both losing in the American League Division Series.

26 - New York Giants (1916, had an unofficial tie)

22 - Cleveland Indians (2017)

21 - Chicago Cubs (1935)

20 - Oakland Athletics (2002)

19 - Chicago White Sox (1906, had an unofficial tie), New York Yankees (1937)

18 - New York Giants (1904), New York Yankees (1953)

17 - New York Giants (1907), Washington Senators (1912), New York Giants (1916), Philadelphia Athletics (1931), Pittsburgh Pirates (1937-38), St. Louis Cardinals (2021)

Record-breaking losing streaks have happened much more recently than the winning streaks, with six of the 11 longest losing streaks coming after 1960. Philadelphia appears prominently on this list, with the 1961 Philadelphia Phillies holding the longest losing skid at 23 games and Philadelphia Athletics losing 20 straight on two separate occasions.

The 2021 Baltimore Orioles added their name to this list over the summer, losing 19 straight from Aug. 3 to Aug. 24. The 1988 Os hold the second-worst losing streak ever at 21 games, and it came to start the season. Despite having two future Hall of Famers in Cal Ripken Jr. and Eddie Murray, Baltimore suffered 21 straight losses to begin the season 0-21, the worst start in MLB history.

23 - Philadelphia Phillies (1961)

21 - Baltimore Orioles (1988)

20 - Boston Americans (1906), Philadelphia Athletics (1916), Philadelphia Athletics (1943), Montreal Expos (1969)

19 - Boston Beaneaters (1906), Cincinnati Reds (1914), Detroit Tigers (1975), Kansas City Royals (2005), Baltimore Orioles (2021)

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What are the longest winning and losing streaks in MLB history? - NBC Sports Chicago

GRAND RAPIDS, Mich. (WOOD) As restaurants across West Michigan celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month, two Mexican chefs say theyre working to preserve ancient and familial traditions.

MeXo is located on Fulton Street in downtown Grand Rapids. The restaurant puts a modern twist on pre-Hispanic dishes made by ancient Aztec and Mayan groups.

Corn is one of the basics of pre-Hispanic cuisine, said chef Oscar Moreno as he pointed to three different varieties of corn they serve. Its the mission of the restaurant to show you and rescue a lot of those ingredients that were used in pre-Hispanic times.

The restaurant currently offers a full tequila bar, a variety of moles and several kinds of tacos. Moreno says he grows fresh herbs inside the restaurant and hand makes tortillas for dishes. He says because most pre-Hispanic cuisine did not include dairy, MeXos menu doesnt include much either.

Moreno says one of the most interesting dishes they serve is called rock soup. He says it was traditionally prepared by the men of the family.

The men would go and fish for whatever they could find in the river, shrimp or whatever fish he can get, Moreno said.

Moreno says in his modern take, he uses shrimp, fresh herbs and broth. The dish is then served to the customer chilled before the waiter drops a 500-degree rock into the bowl to cook the soup, mimicking a traditional cooking method.

Basically, everything is raw, and he will collect river rocks over the fire and when the kids and the family is ready to eat, he will drop the rock and cook the soup and then lunch is ready, said Moreno.

Moreno said its important to preserve this history.

Not only for the cultural side but for the health benefits, Moreno said.

On Grand Rapids West Side, the staff at El Granjero says their recipes come from previous generations of family.

We are from Mexico City. I also lived in Baja California before coming to Grand Rapids in 2005 and when a neighbor took us to a restaurant, because we missed Mexican food, it was somewhere that wasnt authentic, said Paola Mendivil, vice president of catering at El Granjero and the daughter of the restaurants owner.

Mendivil says when the family moved to Michigan, her mother Mercedes Lpez began working at El Ganadero on Bridge Street. When Lpez learned that the restaurant would be closing for good, she took over in 2007 and renamed the restaurant El Granjero.

My mother had very humble beginnings. When she didnt continue her education and got married young and had children young, when it came time to find a job, she found it at a restaurant and she started washing dishes, said Mendivil.

El Granjero now serves recipes passed down through generations including a dish called enfrijoladas, which is like an enchilada but is topped with a black bean-based sauce, chorizo and queso fresco.

With each meal, Mendivil says she hopes the community feels like theyre a part of their family.

I think in our culture we love to eat; we love food. We have this passion for always sharing a meal together and that brings people together, said Mendivil.

For more information about the menu and times of operation at El Granjero or MeXo Gr, visit the company websites.

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Local restaurants bring Hispanic history to the table - WOODTV.com

Joint exhibit explores locally crafted artifacts

The first dual exhibit at the neighboring Studebaker National Museum and The History Museum in South Bend trots out big, heavy artifacts of war and little ones, too with stories of how they were all crafted by local hands.

On the Studebaker side of the Manufacturing Victory exhibit, which runs through Feb. 6, you see a horse-drawn wagon by the Studebaker Corp. that was compact enough for the Turkish Army to navigate over mountains of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13.

At The History Museum, you dive into this hardware tour with a 190-pound diving suit, made for World War II, complete with a spherical head and a round window. The brass-tipped boots have lead soles to sink a divers feet, lest the body flip over, causing the suit to fill with water.

Headlines in History: 1918 Spanish flu epidemic slows Christmas mail delivery

Next to the suit on the wall, an old-time company newsletter from the U.S. Rubber Co. in Mishawaka, also known as Ball Band, displays photos and text showing which employees made the suits and how.

A lot of the companies promoted their workers as the Army at home, said Kristie Erickson, the museums deputy executive director.

Ball Band was one the largest producers of diving suits at the time. This suit, acquired at auction, comes with a hand-cranked pump next to it that delivered air to the diver.

These two separate museums adjoin each other on the same campus and have collaborated in joint advertising and joint memberships. But Manufacturing Victory, which opened June 19, marks the first time theyve shared an exhibit to this extent, said Marilyn Thompson, marketing director for The History Museum.

Most of the items in The History Museum were already part of its collection, but other pieces were either loaned or acquired.

South : History Museum holds annual gala

The story really starts in the hallway exhibit that links the museums. It is sparse on goods, as this section covers the earliest wars the South Bend area supported. Here, you learn about the Utah War of 1857-58, known as President James Buchanans blunder to squelch what he mistakenly thought were rebellious Mormons in the Utah territory. Studebaker stepped in to help a Mishawaka wagon maker fulfill its federal contract for the compact wagons. The Boer Wars of 1899-1902 also called on Studebaker wagons for the British Armys clash with South Africas Dutch-descended farmers.

The beefiest war muscles are seen in The History Museum, as its main exhibit covers World War II and later. After the diving suit, you find a long, military cargo sled from 1941 with wooden runners, alongside a T24 Weasel all-terrain vehicle with tank-like belts that turn around its wheels. Both were made by Studebaker. A large photo shows the Weasel dragging the sled over snow. Some of the Weasels were amphibious, too, Erickson said.

On a much smaller scale, theres a sextant and altimeter, used for airplane navigation. Bendix Aviation Corp. made the sextant. But the altimeter came from the musical instrument company Conn in Elkhart, which was skilled with metal and precision. Likewise, Erickson says, the local Wilson shirt factory made items for uniforms. Singer Sewing Machine factory, which was skilled at cabinetry, made crates. A wall of posters illustrates several other local companies in the war business whose goods couldnt be found or included in the exhibit.

The Turtle on display is a peculiar metal frame riding on a set of balloonish wheels, which Studebaker made to haul cargo across snow and sand.

Theres a Studebaker Champion car known as the Blackout Model because the bumpers and hubcaps are black, a substituted metal because chrome was needed for war products.

The Bendix RIM-8 Talos Missile had hung in the South Bend International Airport from 2004 until early this summer, when it moved here. The missile has been part of the Studebaker Museums collections since the 1970s, Archivist Andrew Beckman said, though, prior to the airport, it had hung in the Discovery Hall at Century Center and in the building that once housed the old Freeman-Spicer auto dealership.

3-2-1 - Fire!Talos missile moves from South Bend airport to the museum

We are trying to figure where its final destination is, Beckman said, adding that there arent any plans to bring it back to the airport.

Erickson said the Talos was the largest of three such missiles made as the U.S. militarys response to Japans Kamikaze pilots in World War II. They were used through the 1970s, often perched on naval ships, and could be equipped with an explosive or nuclear warhead, she said. The one on display was able to travel up to 150 nautical miles. And no, Beckman said, it no longer has a warhead.

The Humvee on display was made in 1983, two years after AM General was awarded the contract to build them. It sits near a modern-day simulator the company still uses, now on loan, with a seat, screen and steering wheel for visitors to try. Its sanitized daily, Erickson said.

At the end, documents show local war contracts. Photos and a few signs explain the racial integration that didnt come to factories until World War II.

We can talk about all of the businesses that produced for the war, but none of that would have been possible without people, Erickson said.

In the Studebaker Museum, the exhibit begins in the atrium with items to mark the 50th anniversary of AM General. Theres a 1982 Mutt jeep, designed by Ford but also made by AM General. Multiple companies, Beckman said, would build military vehicles and items from the same design.

The upstairs part of Manufacturing Victory shows wagons and vehicles that never left the factory, held for posterity. Beckman said these pieces had been visible in the museums basement, but, now grouped together, they have more interpretive signs and artifacts.

Next to the compact Balkan Wars wagon, there are two different horse-drawn water carts, one designed for the U.S. and the other for the British.

Interpretive signs explain how Studebaker held off on modernizing its factories for the onset of cars, opting instead to focus on manufacturing war goods.

Studebaker put the needs of the country ahead of profits, Beckman says.

A photo shows Alexander Arch, the South Bend man who shot the first round of ammunition in World War I, who later would work at the Studebaker factory for a while.

A nearly 6-foot-tall wheel from 1917, made for an artillery carriage, is so weightyit took extra staff to roll it into place without tipping over, he said. Near an ambulance wagon, there's a 1918 Army escort wagon, the equivalent of an Army transport truck, that was among 8,000 that Studebaker made, Beckman said.

A horse-drawn plow made by Oliver Chilled Plow Works, next to a photo of a Victory Garden, shows how large communal crops would feed folks at home while rationing was in place. And in a photo from the war bonds effort, a sign on a local horse-drawn float carries the public sentiment toward Kaiser Wilhelm II, the German Emperor during World War I: A Pill for Kaiser Bill.

What: Manufacturing Victory

Where: Studebaker National Museum, 201 Chapin St., and The History Museum, 808 W. Washington St., South Bend

When: Through Feb. 6

Hours: Both museums open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mondays through Saturdays and noon to 5 p.m. Sundays.

Admission: $15 per adult, $12 for seniors, $8 for ages 6-17, with discounts for veterans and active military.

For more information: Call 574-235-9664 for History Museum or 574-235-9714 for Studebaker Museum. Or visit historymuseumSB.org or studebakermuseum.org.

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South Bend-area factories made tools of war. Now they're in joint exhibits at two museums. - South Bend Tribune