Category Archives: History

The mostly-forgotten history of Tennessees convict leasing, which used prison labor to mine coal in the mountains during the 1800s, is being brought to light by a team of professors and genealogists across the state.

Dr. Camille Westmont, a postdoctoral fellow in historical archaeology at Sewanee, is searching for answers to the Lone Rock Stockades dark past in Grundy County.

Westmont started the project a couple of years ago after a volunteer at the local museum told her coal in Tracy City had been mined by prisoners.

Today, ovens where the coal was processed, called coke ovens, are still visible from the roadside while driving through the mountains. It was in these mines and coke ovens that African American men were often forced to work after being imprisoned on racially-based charges like interracial marriage.

After the Civil War, prisons began to lease prison labor to private companies, Westmont said. These targeted laws called Black codes, were designed to keep Black men in jail so they could provide free labor to companies. Conditions in these prisons were often horrific and included violence, starvation, cramped quarters and disease.

On the western edge of the Cumberland Plateau in the southeastern part of Middle Tennessee, one mining company replaced a former Union Army stockade called the Lone Rock Stockade, which had been built when the Union Army took over the local coal mine. The inadequacies of the military stockade as a prison are likely what led to the construction of the Lone Rock Stockade around 1872to have a purpose-built prison located right next to the new Lone Rock Mine.

Through the selective application of the law and increased penalty, they were able to trap African American men into these cycles of incarceration, Westmont says. They could sell [them] as part of the convict lease system.

Not every Tennessean was a fan of the practice, even during the 1800s. According to a November 16, 1891 article in The Sun, the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Company owned the mines where the prisoners worked, and other mines nearby employed free men who worked for wages. These miners were angry at the prisoners treatment and took up arms against the company, which leased as many as 1,500 convicts per year. The article says the Lone Rock Mine had been worked by convicts since 1871, and Westmont says it was burned down by locals on August 13, 1892.

A great white sepulchre on the mountainside where shame and brutality stifle all manhood, The Suns headline reads. The story includes bloody descriptions of beatings and death.

Westmont is currently searching for signs of a cemetery outside the stockade, where its estimated as many as 800 prisoners died and were buried. Westmont has original prison records with the names of the men who died, and says she has spoken with locals who have seen bones and grave markings in the ground.

Its unclear exactly where the cemetery is and who is still in it, or if there are any gravestones left. Westmont has been using a combination of technologies to try and find the location, including lidar, which stands for light detection and ranging. According to the National Ocean Service, lidar is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges to the Earth. Westmont will wait until the leaves fall off the trees to try and use lidar to locate any potential grave sites or a cemetery, she said.

In the meantime, with no physical location, shes partnering with Taneya Koonce, Tennessee chapter president of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society in Nashville. Koonce is working to search through family trees to connect potential surviving family members and descendants of the men who died in the stockade.

Koonce first learned of Westmont a year ago when they were introduced through a mutual colleague, and says raising awareness is a priority on this project because so many people dont know the history of convict leasing or its impact. She says that during one meeting with Westmont and volunteers at the genealogical society, there was a heavy moment when it became clear these men needed to be remembered properly.

Theyre not just names on a page, Koonce says. We would know their families, who their future generations were. One of our participants said, Can we just stop and read the names? So we just read the names. Its just acknowledging them, putting a stamp on their history at a time they were discarded.

Koonce and Westmont are also joined by Dr. Christopher McDonough, Alderson-Tillinghast chair in the humanities at Sewanee, who is filming a documentary about the mines and convict leasing. He says that as we recover this history it shouldnt be forgotten again. McDonough made an award-winning documentary called Mine 21 about a mining disaster in East Tennessee. McDonough says he is seeking more funding and may expand the documentary into a miniseries because the story is so important.

We live in the shadow of such stories, and we are not at liberty to ignore them, McDonough says. Lone Rock is a story of great misery for many, and great profit for others. We need to think about what we will do with that knowledge.

Koonce agrees. Although finding the cemetery wont change the genealogical societys goals, shes hopeful it will give more context to African American history in the United States. Most importantly, she wants to continue working with Westmont on a project that may take many years because of just how many men were imprisoned and enslaved at the stockade. She says we can learn lessons from the past and hopes to unify the Black community through archeological and genealogical work.

I hope it just continues to contribute to the national consciousness of what has happened to African Americans in this country, Koonce says. Its a conversation that can never stop being held. Theres so many injustices and this is another layer of it.

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Tennessee professors and historians uncover history of convict leasing in the state Tennessee Lookout - Tennessee Lookout

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Playoffs now ensue. Thursday afternoon, Lance McCullers toes the rubber for the Houston Astros against the Chicago White Sox. Butas they saysometimes its good to stop and smell the roses. Looking back, the 2021 regular season represented one of the Astros best campaigns in 11 key metrics. Lets take a look:

All in all, the Astrosformerly the Colt .45shave played 60 seasons. This year represented one of thebest campaigns by the numbers. And while numbers do not necessarily tell the whole story, analyzing this years team compared to squads of the past might give credence to just how formidable the 21 Astros might be in the playoffs. Lets take a look at how this years Astros squad fared compared to the 59 others in franchise history in 11 key metrics.

The 21 ball club earned the seventh highest winning percentage in franchise history, going 95-67. The best Astros win-loss percentage came in 2019, the only season Houston won at least 107 games in a season. In effect, when it comes to regular season winning percentage, the 21 Astros rank seventh out of all 60 Houston MLB rosters to ever take the field.

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Astros: How the 2021 Team Ranks in Franchise History - Climbing Tal's Hill

The Boston Celtics have more retired jerseys than any other team in the NBA, but that doesnt mean the rest of their jerseys have little history of interest tied to them.

In fact, with 17 titles to their name and decades of competitive basketball played in them, their unretired jersey numbers pack in some of the most history not hanging from the rafters of any team in the league. To that end, we have launched our accounting of that history, with every player in every jersey worn by more than one Celtics player in the storied franchises history accounted for.

Todays installment focuses on the 13 players who wore No. 9 over the years.

1946-47 - Harold Kottman - center

1948-49 - Mel Riebe - wing

1949-1950 - George Kaftan - forward

1994-99 - Greg Minor - wing

Andy Lyons /Allsport

2000 - Doug Overton - guard

Tom Hauck /Allsport

20010-02 - Milt Palacio - guard

AP Photo/Michael Caulfield

2002-03 - J.R. Bremer - guard

AP Photo/John Harrell

2004-06 - Justin Reed - forward

AP Photo/Charles Krupa

2006-14 - Rajon Rondo - guard

Celtics 2008 championship

AP Photo/Elise Amendola

2016-17 - Demetrius Jackson - guard

Stephen R. Sylvanie-USA TODAY Sports

2018 - Jarell Eddie - forward

AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill

2018 - Xavier Silas - guard

AP Photo/Michael Dwyer

2018-20 - Brad Wanamaker - guard

Tommy Gilligan-USA TODAY Sports

This post originally appeared on Celtics Wire. Follow us on Facebook!

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Every player in Boston Celtics history who wore No. 9 - Yahoo Sports

Miller is recognized by George Washington's Mount Vernon.

I like to pull the students diverse creativity, Miller said, I play off their day-to-day conversation, he added.

Miller helped design and teaches the new African American History elective at South County, and was part of the team that developed the course through the FCPS African American History and Culture for Educators professional development course. FCPS Culturally Responsive Pedagogy Specialist Deborah March has worked alongside Miller for three years and commends his empowering and welcoming approach to learners of all ages. He stressed that it was a team that developed this.

Im part of a team that tailored our Fairfax County Public Schools curriculum, he said.

Being in Northern Virginia helps. There is George Washingtons Mount Vernon, all the historic sites in Fairfax, Washington, D.C. and Laurel Grove School in Franconia which he hadnt known about in the past. I drove past that building so many times, he said.

With the students learning history while using their artistic capabilities, it makes it almost seem like more fun than hitting the books, as they say. They get a touch of the rich history thats literally in our backyards here in Northern Virginia, he added.

The Mount Vernon History Teacher of the Year Award is presented annually to a Washington, D.C. Metro area History or Social Studies teacher who brings creativity and passion to his or her classroom; instills a love of learning in students; and deepens student understanding and appreciation of history, according to Mount Vernon.

The Mount Vernon History Teacher of the Year receives a cash award of $5,000 and a fully funded field trip to Mount Vernon for their students.

The award review panel was made up of teachers from around the country who serve as Teacher Facilitators for George Washington Teacher Institute, programming that supports Mount Vernons mission and vision in schools across the country. Fairfax County Public Schools is happy about this years awardee.

FCPS is thrilled to have one of our amazing teachers recognized as History Teacher of the Year by George Washingtons Mount Vernon, according to FCPS. Mr. Millers work developing curriculum and professional learning projects increases access to meaningful and consistent learning experiences about Black history. The mission of Fairfax County Public Schools Social Studies is to empower learners to take informed action in their communities, nation, and world. Mr. Miller embodies this mission, and his work in our school division has ensured that those words do not merely live on the page, but in our classrooms and schools, said an FCPS spokesperson.

This year marks the 13th anniversary of the Mount Vernon History Teacher of the Year award, provided through support from the Robertson Foundation. In 2020, the award was not given out due to COVID, but in 2019, Mount Vernon named Antoinette Dempsey-Waters, a history teacher at Wakefield High School in Arlington, as its 2019 History Teacher of the Year.

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Mount Vernon Awards Local as History Teacher of the Year - Virginia Connection Newspapers

For the past decade, I have taught 6-hour annual seminars on the history of psychiatry to psychiatric residents. This course was assigned to me, in part, because I have lived through the history of psychiatry for more than 50 years. Through this seminar, my residents and I have come to realize that each generations members, ourselves included, look back on earlier psychiatric concepts and practices, from the ancients right through recent times, with a mixture of bemusement, pity, and horror. Our bemusement and pity stem from previous eras well-intentioned but quaint or misguided ideas based on scientific ignorance, whereas our horror is evoked by seemingly inhumane practices inflicted on psychiatrically vulnerable populations.1

Assuming humans survive and continue doing competent science, we can imagine psychiatrists of the year 2500, enjoying knowledge far more advanced than ours, and reacting to our ideas and practices, too, with bemusement, pity, and horror. From this viewpoint, let us try to envision the history of future psychiatry, to not only guess what might be possible in 2500, but also to imagine how 26th-century psychiatrists might perceive how we think and practice during our psychiatric moments in time.

Overall, we hope that they might view us sympathetically, as trying hard to do good work with what we have, constrained by our limited concepts; by our physics, chemistry, biology, psychological, and social science tools; and by our sociocultural-economic structures. This perspective reminds us that current theories, diagnoses, and methods of assessment, treatment, and prevention are at best temporary placeholders in the arc of psychiatric history, many destined to be replaced within a generation or 2.

Unable to search 2500s PubMed, we cannot cite the next half-millenniums scholarly publications. Although we are unable to foresee what are certain to be surprising discoveries, we can future-cast by extending contemporary research and technologies. We can also invoke developments envisioned by todays keenest scientists.1 From such perspectives, what contemporary psychiatric sacred cows, practices, and professional delusions (or to be kinder, illusions) might 26th-century psychiatrists see as deserving to be thrown into the trash bin of psychiatric history?

Psychiatric Theories

In 2500, most of todays aminergic, cognitive, psychoanalytic, and family process theories are likely to be viewed as quaint2,3; 26th-century psychiatry might view our biopsychosocial approach as a good start for an overarching framework, but as generally simplistic in details and understanding.4

By 2500, scientists may have clarified the mechanisms and impacts of genetic, epigenetic, and huge varieties of elusive physical and psychosocial environmental forces. We may know how psychobiological processes, from molecular to transpersonal over lifespans, influence psychiatric health. Consequently, models of the mind and brain, coping and adaptation, and family and social function will evolve accordingly. As more nuanced mechanisms are delineated, old theories will drop and new ones will emerge.

Conducting Psychiatric Assessments

In 2500, most of todays assessment methods will be considered archaic and excessively labor intensive. Predominantly dependent on prolonged self-reported histories elicited face to face, human-to-human psychiatric assessment interviews will be regarded as inefficient, incomplete, and remarkably error-prone, faulted for being susceptible to ubiquitous and influential biases and prejudices that color human thought.5

By 2500, such biases will have been (hopefully) largely eliminated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI)assisted assessment tools. Human assessors will come into play only after initial screening assessments have been completed. Constantly refined over years, mechanisms for obtaining dynamical biopsychosocial fingerprints might produce highly nuanced and individualized psychiatric profiles.6 Starting with genomic and epigenomic analyses in utero (You on a Chip),7 such fingerprints will utilize massive data stores, integrating information about neurobiology, temperament, coping styles, personality, and life events derived from individual, family, school, social connection, AI usage, and other registry sources. To all this might be added information from responses to individualized, virtual realitybased scenario simulations and from high-definition, whole-brain, dynamic scans assessing connectivity among numerous interacting brain regions. Each fingerprint will be compared with those of billions of individuals going back for generations.

Making Diagnostic Formulations

In 2500, most of todays psychiatric diagnoses as compiled in DSM-5 will be viewed as primitive, superficial descriptions at best, on par with antiquated terms like rubor, calor, and dolor, or perhaps pneumonia in general medicine.

By 2500, psychiatric diagnoses might be calculated along lines of precision psychiatry, encompassing individuals cell-specific diagnoses, brain functional neuroanatomy and connectivity patterns, interpersonal interactions, life events, and appraisals of deviant behaviors, all contextualized within patients micro- and macro-cultural frameworks. What we now call multiple comorbidities and varieties of major psychiatric disorders will be cast as highly elaborated and differentiated prototypical patterns.8 These patterns might calculate patients stressvulnerability balances and psychological reserves, indicate warning signs and risks, and predict the likelihood of a specific patient erupting in an episode of suicide or violence.

Looking at Treatments

By 2500, virtually all of todays psychiatric medication, somatic, and psychotherapeutic treatments will be viewed as archaic. Psychiatrists in 2500 will shudder at the hit-or-miss application and modest effectiveness of our biological and psychotherapeutic interventions as well as their many adverse effects.3 They will find it hard to understand why clinicians in the early 21st century permitted patients with substantial psychic pain related to psychosis, depression, and cravings to suffer for days and weeks before being administered substantial relief.9 They will feel sorry that patients had to waste so much time in ineffective treatments (in addition to traveling to and from these treatments) and endure years of poor quality of life.

By the year 2500, psychiatric patients might access a host of wearable and implantable devices that both monitor ongoing status and administer experiential (eg, educational, interactive, psychotherapeutic) and direct biological interventions.10,11

For reasons of efficiency and effectiveness, AI-based personalized robots (robotherapeutic i-BOTs12) and individualized game-based (i-SIM13) treatments might prevail. I-BOTs could provide social support and companionship on one hand, and, on the other, train patients to develop more effective social skills with specific individuals, individuals in general, and groups. Based on moment-to-moment data from personalized smartphones and auditory-visual-physiological sensors, these devices might detect when individuals experience difficulties and initiate first-order personal coaching, which might up-regulate to personalized psychotherapies. When i-BOTS sense that their resources are insufficient to adequately manage difficulties, they might signal a need for higher-level services to the patients personal health concierge, formerly known as a primary care clinician, for triage to higher levels of care, including human clinicians, who can (as it were) think outside the BOT.

By means of i-SIM therapeutics and virtual realitybased games, which could use holographic avatars to reenact earlier life events and current stressful interpersonal or other toxic environments, patients might learn to overcome fears, fixations, deficient emotional regulatory capacities, and other challenges.

For interventions requiring biologicals, the psychiatrists of 2500 may be able to tailor everything from medication types and dosing schedules to delivery systems and routes of administration, basing them on patient-centered analyses using genes, epigenetic patterns, brain circuitry, microbiomes, and psychosocial factors.14

Neurostimulatory interventions might feature stereotactic membranelike skullcaps, capable of focusing deep ultrasound and other noninvasive stimuli at precise targets to promote local neogenesis.15,16 Optogenetic-guided retroviral interventions might enhance and sculpt specific brain nuclei and connection pathways.17 Umpteenth-generation CRISPR-like genetic interventions might reverse neuropathological processes associated with excessive pruning, dysregulated emotional and attentional centers, impulsivity, habit formation, and craving.18 Anti-neuroinflammatory agents and neuroplaque removers might inhibit and reverse degenerative and other psychiatric diseases,19 while individualized biomic brews might enhance healthier microbiomes.20

Since unrelenting psychic pain in anxiety, mood, psychotic, and other disorders can activate and kindle terrifying, auto-traumatizing memory patterns (further augmenting posttraumatic stress disorder), patients in extreme psychic pain might be treated with psych-anesthetics. These agents might acutely alleviate psych-aches and induce therapeutic sleep, during which neurogenerative treatments might be applied.

With respect to treatment settings, few ambulatory patients will travel to clinicians offices or treatment centers, as virtually all interventions will be amenable to remote administration via teletreatment.21,22 Who would want to spend hours traveling to and from clinicians offices when 3-D telemedicine permits individual, tele-family, and tele-group therapy, even with participants in different locations, time zones, and continents?

When necessary, individuals who are highly disturbed will still be treated in specialized sanctuary-like medical treatment centers, usually for brief periods of time. Thanks to thorough assessments and deep data mining, extremely accurate assessments of needs and risks should be available for comprehensive discharge planning.

For socialization, education, training, and rehabilitation purposes, actual live human gatherings are likely to endure, as they have for many centuries.

The Promise of Prevention

In 2500, psychiatrists will view the early 21st century as virtually devoid of meaningful efforts to prevent psychiatric disorders. They will see that even when risk factors were well known and identified, few public health efforts were designed to minimize subsequent emergence of psychiatrist disorders.23

By 2500 (with hopefully few biases), public health programs might identify and conduct more intensive assessments of high-risk neighborhoods, individuals, and families, and better provide indicated social and individual-based interventions. Thanks to immediate diagnoses of new pregnanciesand based on intrauterine genome and epigenetic scans as well as prenatal neurotemperamental assessmentsprecision interventions could assist with repairs based on advanced gene- and epigene-manipulation techniques, while other individually tailored preventive interventions may also be implemented.

The Business of Psychiatry

In 2500, psychiatrists will find many of our contemporary practices for training, certifying, and recertifying psychiatrists to be laughable. They may appreciate that the quasi-apprentice model was probably the best that could be achieved under current circumstances. They will also note that, although well intended, cumbersome administrative superstructures required that practitioners, academic faculty, trainees, and staff waste huge amounts of time in mind-numbing educational training and assessment rituals of unproven worth. They will further note that many tedious rituals revolved around scheduling, electronic medical records, charting, billing, ineffective meetings, and other time- and energy-swallowing administrative activities.

By 2500, based on increasingly effective and evidence-based learning methods, psychiatric training will utilize large numbers of simulators that will challenge, train, and meticulously assess trainees competencies in handling nuanced scenarios. Carefully constructed games will assess clinical decision-making and practice skills, knowledge, professionalism, communication, and systems-based care, each tailored for specific environments in which the clinicians serve. Certifications for specific necessary skills will be fluidly conducted, with in-house, on-the-job, and just-in-time learning, training and certification, renewable as new techniques and situations arise. Medical record keeping and other administrative functions will largely be allocated to natural language, administratively coded robo-scribes. These AI devices might also summarize and bring clinicians attention to salient portions of patients medical information before their scheduled encounters.24

What Will Endure

In 2500, psychiatrists will find themselves sharing several characteristics with early 21st century psychiatrists. Given human nature, at least some citizens will still be prone to intermittently go off the rails; psychiatric disorders are still likely to be stigmatized; and psychiatric gurus are still likely to believe that there are too many patients, too few clinicians, too little knowledge, too few resources, and too little money for what they do. And, given human nature, in 2500 a high value will still be placed on deep, confiding, empathic interpersonal relationships, including clinician-patient relationships.25

Conclusions and Implications

Why bother teaching the history of psychiatry by highlighting how future generations might appraise todays psychiatric practices, and envisioning how they might practice? My intention is not to throw cold water on the sincere efforts of todays dedicated, well-intentioned professionals. Rather, I hope these musings offer a perspective on our place in the history of psychiatrys arc over time. We try to do the best we can with what we have, but we should not be self-satisfied about our efforts.

If any of these fanciful visions of future psychiatric practice seem worthwhile, they might provide aspirational goals, and motivation to realize these goals. And, if any of these fanciful visions seem dystopian, they might provoke us to develop better alternatives.

Dr Yager is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus.

References

1. Shorter E. A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. John Wiley & Sons; 1997.

2. Kaku M. The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind. Doubleday; 2014.

3. Ghaemi SN. Paradigms of psychiatry: eclecticism and its discontents. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006;19(6):619-624.

4. Ghaemi SN. The rise and fall of the biopsychosocial model. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(1):3-4.

5. Braus BR, Rummans TA, Lapid MI, et al. Clinicians and cognitive bias: a case of frontotemporal dementia misdiagnosed as conversion disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(9):690-693.

6. Shah NJ, Arrubla J, Rajkumar R, at al. Multimodal fingerprints of resting state networks as assessed by simultaneous trimodal MR-PET-EEG imaging. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6452.

7. Herland A, Maoz BM, Das D, et al. Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetic responses to drugs via fluidically coupled vascularized organ chips. Nat Biomed Eng. 2020;4(4):421-436.

8. Rush AJ, Ibrahim HM. Speculations on the future of psychiatric diagnosis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206(6):481-487.

9. Tarrier N, Khan S, Cater J, Picken A. The subjective consequences of suffering a first episode psychosis: trauma and suicide behaviour. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(1):29-35.

10. Cormack F, McCue M, Taptiklis N, et al. Wearable technology for high-frequency cognitive and mood assessment in major depressive disorder: longitudinal observational study. JMIR Ment Health. 2019;6(11):e12814.

11. Sequeira L, Battaglia M, Perrotta S, et al. Digital phenotyping with mobile and wearable devices: advanced symptom measurement in child and adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58(9):841-845.

12. Fiske A, Henningsen P, Buyx A. Your robot therapist will see you now: ethical implications of embodied artificial intelligence in psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(5):e13216.

13. Catalan C. Mind games. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(9):e22-e23.

14. Serretti A. The present andfutureof precision medicine inpsychiatry: focus on clinical psychopharmacology of antidepressants. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2018;16(1):1-6.

15. Bowary P, Greenberg BD. Noninvasive focused ultrasound for neuromodulation: a review. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2018;41(3):505-514.

16. Lewis PM, Thomson RH, Rosenfeld JV, Fitzgerald PB. Brain neuromodulation techniques: a review. Neuroscientist. 2016;22(4):406-421.

17. Barnett SC, Perry BAL, Dalrymple-Alford JC, Parr-Brownlie LC. Optogenetic stimulation: understanding memory and treating deficits. Hippocampus. 2018;28(7):457-470.

18. Duan J, Sanders AR, Gejman PV. From schizophrenia genetics to disease biology: harnessing new concepts and technologies. J Psychiatr Brain Sci. 2019;4:e190014.

19. Rosenblat JD. Targeting the immune system in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019;236(10):2909-2921.

20. Evrensel A, nsalver B, Ceylan ME. Therapeutic potential of the microbiome in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Sci (Basel). 2019;7(2):21.

21. Hulsbosch AM, Nugter MA, Tamis P, Kroon H. Videoconferencing in a mental health service in The Netherlands: a randomized controlled trial on patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes for outpatients with severe mental illness. J Telemed Telecare. 2017;23(5):513-520.

22. Yellowlees P, Shore JH. Telepsychiatry and Health Technologies: A Guide for Mental Health Professional. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2018

23. Arango C, Daz-Caneja CM, McGorry PD, et al. Preventive strategies for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(7):591-604.

24. Miller DD, Brown EW. Artificial intelligence in medical practice: the question to the answer? Am J Med. 2018;131(2):129-133.

25. Zulman DM, Haverfield MC, Shaw JG, et al. Practices to foster physician presence and connection with patients in the clinical encounter. JAMA. 2020;323(1):70-81.

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Psychiatry in the Year 2500: Lessons Learned From History - Psychiatric Times

At our upcoming events

THE UNIVERSITY CITY BOOM | REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT FOR GOODWednesday, October 27, 67pm, Fitler Club Gallery, 2400 Market Street

In the first ofa year-long speaker seriesonliterallybuilding a better, more inclusive and prosperous Philadelphia, we will explore the boom happening in University City and discuss how it can create positive impacts citywide. A reception will follow the discussion.

The panel, which combines experts in the fields of education, technology and innovation, includes:

John Fry, President, Drexel University

Jeff Marazzo, CEO, Spark Therapeutics

David Adelman, CEO, Campus Apartments

Della Clark, President and CEO, Enterprise Center

The discussion will be moderated by Center City Districts Prema Katari Gupta. A reception will follow.

ABOUT REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT FOR GOOD:For decades, real-estate developers have had an outsized effect on the trajectory of growth in Philadelphia. And now a new generation of visionaries, deal-makers and builders are following suit, driven by the merging of social impact and bottom-line imperatives. The Philadelphia Citizens Real Estate Development for Good is a year-long speaker series that smartly delves into the economic and cultural difference that enlightened and intentional real estate development can make in our city.

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WATCH: History of U.S. Business with Ali Velshi and Richard Vague - The Philadelphia Citizen

Thenew Microsoft Edge helps you browse, search, shop online, and more. Like all modern browsers,MicrosoftEdge lets you collect and store specific data on your device, like cookies, and lets you send information tous, like browsing history, to make the experience as rich, fast, and personal as possible.

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Microsoftuses diagnostic data to improve our products and services. We use this data to better understand how our products are performing and where improvements need to be made.

MicrosoftEdge collects a set of required diagnostic data to keepMicrosoftEdge secure, up to date and performing as expected.Microsoftbelieves in and practices information collection minimization. We strive to gather only the info we need, and to store it only for as long asitsneeded to provide a service or for analysis.In addition, youcan control whether optional diagnostic data associated with your device is shared withMicrosoftto solve product issues and help improveMicrosoftproducts and services.

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To protect some video and music content from being copied, some streaming websites storeDigital Rights Management(DRM) data on your device, including a unique identifier (ID) and media licenses. When you go to one of these websites, it retrieves the DRM info to make sure you have permission to use the content.

MicrosoftEdge also stores cookies, small files that are put on your device as you browse the web. Many websites use cookies to store info about your preferences and settings, like saving the items in your shopping cart so youdon'thave to add them each time you visit. Some websites also use cookies to collect info about your online activity to show you interest-based advertising.MicrosoftEdge gives you options to clear cookies and block websites from saving cookies in the future.

MicrosoftEdge will send Do Not Track requests to websites when theSend Do Not Track requestssetting is turned on. Websites may still track your activities even when a Do Not Track request is sent, however.

To clear browsing info stored on your device, like saved passwords or cookies:

In Microsoft Edge, select Settings and more > Settings > Privacy, search, and services .

Under Clear browsing data, select Choose what to clear.

Under Time range, choose a time range.

Select the check box next to each data type youd like to clear, and then select Clear now.

If youd like, you can select Choose what to clear every time you close the browser and choose which data types should be cleared.

Learn more about what gets deleted for each browser history item.

To clear browsing history collected by Microsoft:

To see your browsing history associated with your account, sign in to your account at account.microsoft.com. In addition, you also have the option of clearing your browsing data that Microsoft has collected using the Microsoft privacy dashboard.

To delete your browsing history and other diagnostic data associated with your Windows 10 device, select Start > Settings > Privacy > Diagnostics & feedback , and then select Delete under Delete diagnostic data.

To clear individual passwords stored by Microsoft Edge on your device:

In Microsoft Edge, select Settings and more > Settings > Profiles , and then select Passwords.

Under Saved passwords, select More actions next to a website name, and then select Delete to clear the password saved for that site.

To change your level of tracking prevention, clear your browsing data, help improve Microsoft Edge, and more, select Settings and more> Settings > Privacy, search, and services .

To choose if websites can ask for permission to use your location, camera, microphone, and more, select Settings and more> Settings > Site permissions.

To choose what types of data are synced across your devices, or to turn off syncing entirely, select Settings and more> Settings > Profiles > Sync .

To learn more about privacy in Microsoft Edge, read the Microsoft Edge privacy whitepaper.

Link:

Microsoft Edge, browsing data, and privacy

Updates for Windows 10, version 21H1

Windows 10 is a service, which means it gets better through periodic software updates.

The great news is you usually dont have to do anything! If you have enabled automatic updates, new updates will automatically download and install whenever theyre available, so you dont have to think about it.

On the left side of this page, youll find a list of all the updates released for this version of Windows. You can also find more information about releases and any known issues. Installing the most recent update ensures that you also get any previous updates you might have missed, including any important security fixes.

For more information about the update and how to get it, see:

Windows 10, versions 21H1, 20H2, and 2004 share a common core operating system and an identical set of system files. As a result, the release notes for Windows 10, versions 21H1, 20H2, and2004 will share an update history page. Each release page will contain a list of addressed issues for 21H1, 20H2, and 2004 versions. Note that the 21H1 and 20H2 versions will always contain the fixes for 2004;however, 2004 will not contain the fixes for 21H1 and 20H2. The update historypage will provide you with the build numbers for 21H1, 20H2, and 2004 versions so that it will be easier for support to assist you if you encounter issues.

For the most up-to-date information about known issues for Windows and Windows Server, please go to the Windows release health dashboard.

Symptom

Workaround

Certain Japanese half-width Katakana and full-width Katakana characters that have a consonant mark arent interpreted as the same character. When you use the CompareStringEx() function with the NORM_IGNOREWIDTH flag to compare them, these characters are evaluated as different because of an issue in the sorting rule. This issue affects all the updates starting on June 9, 2020 for Windows 10, version 2004.

12/9/20:

Open the Command Prompt window (cmd.exe) with elevated privileges.

Run reg add HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlNlsSortingVersions /ve /d 0006020F /f

Restart the computer or processes to see the full effect.

Important If you have not installedKB4586853or later on the computer, setting an invalid value in this registry might prevent the computer from starting up.

This workaround reverts the National Language Support (NLS) sorting rule to version 6.2, which is used in Windows 10, version 1909 and earlier. When sharing data between systems, consider applying the workaround consistently. If you use this workaround, conduct sufficient testing and evaluations to mitigate problems caused by different sorting rule versions on multiple systems.

When using the Microsoft Japanese Input Method Editor (IME), applications might not be able to automatically change Roman/Kana input modes.

Note for developersAffected apps are using the ImmSetConversionStatus function or VK_KANA key emulation.

To mitigate this issue, do one of the following:

We are working on a resolution and will provide an update in an upcoming release.

None.

If you have questions or need help activating or troubleshooting Windows, see our help topics below:

Excerpt from:

Windows 10 update history

View version history in SharePoint Server 2016, 2013, or2010

Navigate to the list or library that contains the item or file you want to explore.

Hover over the item or file for which you want to view the history, click the arrow that appears, and select Version History from the drop-down list.

The Version History dialog box opens.

Note:If you do not see the Version History command, your list or library may not be tracking versions. For more information, see the administrator or owner of your site.

The most recent minor version

A comment left by the last person who checked in the file.

The first version of the file. The first version is always numbered 1.0.

If you are working with a Microsoft Office document, such as a Word, Excel, or PowerPoint file, you can view version history from the app view rather than returning to the list or library to view the history.

The following example is from the Backstage view of a Microsoft PowerPoint file. It shows both a major and a minor version.

The next example is from a Microsoft Word file. Only major versions appear in this version history. This could mean that only major versions are enabled in the document library, or it could mean that you only have permission to view major versions, not minor ones.

The current version of the file

A version that has a comment from the person who checked in this version. Hover over the icon that is next to the authors name to view the comment.

Navigate to the document library on your site that contains the file you want to open.

Hover over the file name until you see the drop-down arrow and then click Edit in . In the above example, you would select Edit in Microsoft Word.

Note:If your library requires check-out of files, or if you prefer to check out the file, you must check it out before you open it.

In the application, select the File tab to expose the Backstage view. The version history appears next to the Manage Versions button, as shown in the two examples above.

From the list, select the version you want to view. That version will open up so you can view it

You can simply view the file or, while it is open, you can choose to make it your current version by clicking Restore in the yellow banner at the top of the file, or you can compare the selected version to the current version by clicking Compare.

Close the selected version when you are finished viewing it. A message box will ask if you want to save the file or not. You can either save it to your local drive or click Dont Save.

To continue working in the file you originally opened, select one of the other tabs at the top of your document, such as Home.

Link:

View the version history of an item or file in a list or ...

Monica Muoz Martinez was born and raised in the South Texas town of Uvalde, a hundred miles west of San Antonio. Today, the 37-year-old is one of the worlds top experts on the history of racial violence along the Texas-Mexico borderbut she didnt learn much about her communitys past in school. Only at family dinners and barbecues did she hear about Uvaldes history of segregated schools, the student walkouts her parents participated in, and the Texas Rangers who came to town to try to suppress their efforts. When she moved away to attend Brown University as an ethnic studies major, she finally learned about her history in a classroom. It wasnt until I left Uvalde that I realized it was an important place in the civil rights movement for Mexican Americans, she says.

For the first time, she studied the Chicano rights movement and figures such as Genoveva Morales, a tenacious activist, Uvalde native, and mother of eleven who sued the local school district for discrimination in 1970, prompting the integration of local schools. Martinez says it was surprising and empowering to learn about someone from her own community who did something so incredible: Thats what kept me wanting to write history. She later traveled back to her hometown to give a speech at the unveiling of the renamed Morales Junior High.

Now, as a history professor at the University of Texas at Austin and a founding member of the nonprofit Refusing to Forget, Martinez has continued to fight for the historical recognition of state-sanctioned anti-Mexican violence. Her 2018 book, The Injustice Never Leaves You, punctured the hero myth of the Texas Rangers by chronicling, in devastating detail, how they and other authorities massacred untold numbers of Tejanos in the first decade of the twentieth century. In addition to her scholarship, Martinez also is a public historian who helps curate museum exhibits, designs curricula for schoolteachers, and advocates for historical markers. A primary aim of her work is to provide justice for the victims of violence and their descendants. Refusing to Forgets advocacy has led to the placement of new historical markers in Texas, despite significant pushback from local historical commissions and conservative activists.

This week, Martinez was recognized as one of 25 MacArthur fellows for 2021. She is the ninth UT-Austin professor to win the $625,000 genius grant, which will help fund her next project, Mapping Violence, a digital map of lost or forgotten cases of racial violence in Texas in the early twentieth century. Martinez spoke with Texas Monthly about her work, the importance of learning from our past, and how she remains hopeful for the future.

Texas Monthly: How has your relationship with history changed over the years?

Monica Muoz Martinez: I didnt even really know what a historian did when I was growing up. I thought I wanted to be a lawyer, and when I got to college I realized it wasnt for me. I took classes in U.S. history and ethnic studies, and started learning about Texas history. I was learning a history that I was taught parts of at home from my parents but I didnt have access to in school. I realized there was a lot of history we needed to write that historians, museums, and archives had either ignored or overlooked.

TM: The events that you study can be very dark. What keeps you going?

MM: As a historian, when Im researching these events of racist violence that have not been documented, I dont know what is going to happen or what the outcome will be. It is really hard to read newspaper articles that celebrate violence. For example, reading about John Shillady [of the NAACP] coming to Texas in 1919 to ask that the governor pass anti-lynching legislation and then being beaten by a mob that included a county judge who bragged about it to the press. Those are the hardest parts of history to read. But at the same time, if we dont read about them, then we dont understand how were still grappling with some of the same questions today.

Studying the actions of survivors calling for justice or tending to the remains of their loved ones is so moving. Those actions, on the most basic human level, are a moving expression of love. They are acts of love in the face of hate, racism, and efforts to dehumanize someone. Thats why Ive been so inspired by those seeking justice in the aftermath of violence, but also by generations that continued that effort.

TM: Theres an ongoing debate over if and how children should learn about racism and discrimination in school. As an educator and a historian, whats your perspective?

MM: If youre actually going to teach history, its unavoidable. If you want to teach the Texas constitution, you cant avoid slavery. If you want to teach the history of the early twentieth century, you have to talk about Jim Crow and Juan Crow laws. These things are there in the records. We live in a world where kids are confronted with racism. Some of them are learning about it from television, movies, or the news. Others are confronted with it because they experience it. Kids are so smart; we cant underestimate their ability to understand complex ideas and to have discussions about whats happening today. The classroom is a place for them to learn and process those things.

TM: The Injustice Never Leaves You focused on the racial terror and killings carried out by law enforcement in the borderlands during the early 1900s. Does that research affect the way you view the recent events in Del Rio?

MM: Seeing U.S. Border Patrol on horseback charging at unarmed asylum seekers triggered a lot of things for different viewers. Some people were reminded of photographs of slave patrols. For others, it brought up memories of policing on the border. What that tells us is that there are histories of racist violence that we as a society have not fully confronted. People live with the memories of these histories, and when they see images like this, those feelings of injustice resurface. Thats something that I realized in writing my bookpeople preserve these stories of injustice and pass them on, and because we dont confront them, they continue to impact society.

TM: The Mapping Violence project aims to create an archive of racial violence in Texas from 1900 to 1930. How do you hope to change our understanding of that period?

MM: When we think about the history of racist violence during this time period, we primarily think of lynchings, but thats not the only type of racism that people suffered. By studying different cases and creating a record thats more inclusive, well have a better idea of what it meant to live in a climate of racial terror and learn how these acts were allowed to continue. This time period is the connective tissue that helps us understand how we got to where we are today.

We dont just want to mark these events as dots on a map. We want people to be able to learn about them through descriptions that include primary sources: legal records, newspaper articles, birth certificates, all of those kinds of things.

TM: What are you looking forward to?

MM: Im so motivated to collaborate with teachers, museums, and filmmakers to teach people through different platforms. This award is going to allow me to think even more creatively about how people can learn history outside the classroom. I really believe that people have a right to a truthful accounting of history, which can also be a more inclusive, sometimes more inspiring account of history. You shouldnt have to go to college and take out tons of loans to access that. Its exciting that the MacArthur Foundation gave this award to me and to other historians. Its a signal that they realize how important it is for people to access and write about their own history.

This interview has been edited for length and clarity.

Read this article:

Monica Muoz Martinez Is Setting the Record Straight on Texass History of Border Violence - Texas Monthly