Category Archives: History

Maybemaybethe Falcons will achieve unprecedented success in the Arthur Smith era. Nobody will be happier than me if the lowest lows of the past few years and this 2021 season prove to be a precursor to something beautiful and successful, and obviously getting out of bed in the morning as a Falcons fan is a lot easier if you have at least a glimmer of hope thatll happen.

I say that because starting off with the Falcons did incredibly bad things that havent happened for 20-30 years is not the best way to start an article after you just watched what I watched. Unfortunately for all of us, the Falcons did do that in a couple of ways.

Thats the first team in well over a decade to have three different players throw interceptions in a single game. Thats the first team to have three quarterbacks do so since 2000, when Jim Harbaugh was a quarterback and not a coach. By the time Feleipe Franks threw his interception you just sort of had to laugh at how inept the offense was, but its sort of crushing that even in garbage time this team could not avoid turning the ball over. Atlanta has now thrown seven interceptions in their past two games.

Thats not all, though.

We were justifiably down on Dirk Koetters Falcons offense a year ago, which seemed unable to maximize the strengths of its players more or less throughout the year and especially after the Falcons fired Dan Quinn. I recognize the limitations the Falcons are working with minus Calvin Ridley and especially Cordarrelle Patterson against the Patriots, but new coaching staff and limited roster or no, its astonishing that the Falcons have only put up three points the past two weeks and have gotten shut out for the first time at home since 1988. Think about how many bad Falcons teams have played since then without equaling that, and youll either have to laugh or have to pop a blood vessel in your forehead.

Im tired of the Falcons making the wrong kind of history. Im tired of the Falcons losing. Whether the winning starts next week against the Jaguars or it starts in 2022, it had better start, because weve been dwelling in the basement and watching bad football for way too long.

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The Falcons make history again in predictably hilarious and sad fashion - The Falcoholic

For nearly a century, Disney (NYSE:DIS) has been known for its focus on family values and being kid-friendly. In fact, founder Walt Disney was a deeply spiritual man, who placed family values above all else. That helped shape the company that bears his name, which has become synonymous with wholesome family entertainment, a legacy that remains long after Disney's passing in 1966.

Now, with a recent changing of the guard, the company is considering a move that might well be the biggest risk Disney has taken in its long history and might alienate some of its most valued customers. Is it worth the risk?

Image source: Photo by author.

Disney is entertaining the notion of expanding the catalog of programs shown on its flagship streaming service -- Disney+ -- to include more adult content. The matter is reportedly causing heated debates among top brass at the House of Mouse, with CEO Bob Chapek reportedly pushing for edgier content on the platform while chairman and former CEO Bob Iger believes the company should stick to its time-honored strategy.

Thus far, there's been a clear delineation between the family-friendly fare on Disney+ and the adult-oriented programming shown on Hulu. Chapek argues that Disney+ needs to expand its library of content to attract a larger, more diverse (read "adult") audience, or risk missing out on future growth and ceding viewers to the likes of Netflix or AmazonPrime Video.

Disney reported its fiscal fourth-quarter results earlier this month, and investors were shocked to find that for the quarter ended Oct. 2, growth at Disney+ had slowed to a crawl. The company's namesake streaming service, which had provided such stellar growth during the pandemic, added just 2.1 million new subscribers during the preceding three months. This revelation sent the stock tumbling, with its price falling nearly 11% since the announcement.

Adding insult to injury, Disney had previously said it would delay three Marvel movies slated for release in 2022 due to pandemic-related production delays. The release of Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, Thor: Love and Thunder, and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever will each be delayed by at least two months.

It's worth noting that because of the interconnected nature of Marvel films, a delay in the release of any single film causes a ripple effect, postponing the films that come afterward in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's unified plot. It also means a delay in releasing the new titles to subscribers on Disney+.

There's little question that investor excitement regarding the ongoing potential for its flagship streaming service has been the principal driver of the company's gains in recent years. Between 2016 and 2018, Disney stock was range-bound and was essentially flat for those three years. However, the initial excitement about the potential for a Disney-branded streaming platform and the early success of the service has combined to drive Disney's stock up more than 200% since early 2019.

Image source: Getty Images.

Under the direction of former-CEO Bob Iger, Disney has never strayed far from the family-friendly vision that made the company a household name. Iger embraced the company's heritage with the acquisition of Pixar Studios in 2006. Even after Disney brought the Marvel and Lucasfilm brands under its umbrella in 2009 and 2012, respectively, their blockbuster movies have never garnered a rating beyond PG-13.

It seemed inevitable that this day might come. When Disney acquired some of the assets of Fox, it appeared the writing was on the wall. The movie and television studios that Fox brought to the table were known for producing edgier, dark, and more adult-oriented content and it was evident across Fox's various media properties.

The FX cable network had a fan-favorite hit with American Horror Story -- now in its 10th season. The 20th Century Fox movie studio had scored big box office hits with Marvel stories Deadpool and Logan. Even the company's broadcast network was known for pushing the envelope with irreverent fare such as The Simpsons and Family Guy.

It remains to be seen whether Disney+ and the company itself will stay true to its family-friendly roots or embrace a darker, edgier future. Chapek may be right. Unless the company adds more adult-oriented content to Disney+, it risks losing adult viewers with no children to other platforms where they can get their grown-up streaming fix.

That said, Chapek could be taking the biggest risk in the company's history and risks potentially alienating the very consumers that are Disney's core customers.

The answer likely lies somewhere between. While it's important for Disney to retain its family-friendly image, it's also critical that the company expand and grow with its audience. Given the company's nearly 100-year history of proven success, there are plenty of reasons to believe Disney will be just fine.

This article represents the opinion of the writer, who may disagree with the official recommendation position of a Motley Fool premium advisory service. Were motley! Questioning an investing thesis -- even one of our own -- helps us all think critically about investing and make decisions that help us become smarter, happier, and richer.

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Disney Is About to Take the Biggest Risk in the Company's 98-Year History - Motley Fool

Andy Fillmore| For the Star-Banner

The Black History Museum of Marion County at Howard Academy Community Center has reopened after a year-long closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic and to allow completion of a major renovation of the facility.

The reopening was marked by an event Tuesday evening thatincluded several guest speakers, including the eldest living relative of Emmett Till, whose 1955 racially charged murder at age 14 is said to have helped sparked the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s.

Stacey Reece, director of the museum and director of grants and federal programs with Marion County Public Schools, which oversees the museum, was moderator for the reopening event.

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Marion County Superintendent of SchoolsDiane Gullett said she is "thrilled to see" the museum renewed and reopened. She was among those in attendance Tuesday, lookingover the displays and meeting with guests.

Thelma (Wright) Edwards, 90, an Ocala resident and second cousin to Emmett Till, was the guest of Brenda Vereen, a longtime museum volunteer who explained that the museum began as an "archiving" mission for the local Black community.

Edwards lived in Argo, Illinois, and often babysat for the younger Emmett. She called little Emmett "Bobo" as a child, according to prior Star-Banner reports.

Emmett Till was visiting and staying at Edwards' father's home in Money, Mississippi, in 1955. At that time,Emmett was accused of making a comment or whistling at a white woman when he and other youths went to a local store.

Two white men later brutally murderedhim and were acquitted, according to reports.

Numerous reports have said Rosa Parks, an African American woman who refused to give up her seat to a white man on an Alabama bus, thought of Emmett Till and made a statement for civil rights.

A portrait of Emmett Till is hanging in the local museum.

"I'm so happy you are fighting for equality," Edwards said softly.

Barbara Brooks, museum supporter and author of "One House, Block, Street, Community: Revitalization of West Ocala Historic District," told the attendees the museum's mission is to preserve and present the "history of Black people (in the local community,) which is often omitted (but) should be acknowledged."

"It is important we look back (on people now 70, 80 or 90 years old) and their stories go on," she said.

Brooks attended Howard Academy, where the museum is housed, which once was a segregated Black high school and now serves as community center offering "specialized learning centered activities and community programs," according to the Marion County Public Schools website, marionschools.net.

The renovation and facelift cost $55,068. The museum employs a part-time person for tours and "archival efforts, according to the website.

The museum opened in 2004, according to museum literature. Artifacts on displayrange from a cannonball to ornate chairs from Covenant Missionary Baptist Church, which was established in 1899.

Documents and photos on display detail contributions of local Black leaders and professionals like Dr. N.H. Jones, namesake of N.H. Jones Elementary School.

Several displays and photos cover local Black history from the time of Black Seminole Indians and the Civil War era to the 1950s and 1960s era of segregation and the Black captains of glass bottom boats at the Silver Springs attraction.

Yvette Gibbs Mitchell, organizer of the Front Porch Talks program in west Ocala, said the area has a top-rated elementary and middle school but still, "property values are low."

"(In West Ocala ) we now have 70% renters and it used to be 70% homeownership. We want to restore the legacy....(and) build up youth," she said.

Cynthia Wilson-Graham spoke about the displays, including several about Paradise Park, the once segregated part of theSilver Springs attraction, which is now a Florida State Park.

Wilson-Graham is a local photographer and co-author, with Lu Vickers, of "Remembering Paradise Park: Tourism and Segregation."

Wilson-Graham said the park was first opened as a white beach but later changed to the Black portion of the attraction.

Museum director Reece acknowledged Vereen, Wilson-Graham and Scott Mitchell, director of the Silver River Museum and Environmental Education Center, for their extensive work in organizing and categorizing the displays.

City of Ocala Councilman Ire Bethea;School Board chairman Rev. Eric Cummings;Whitfield Jenkins, past NAACP president; and Dennis McFatten were among the attendees.

Dawana Gary, director of equity and ethics for Marion County Public Schools, said at the event she plans to give her children Eleena, 9, and Homer Jr., 13 a tour of the museum.

Andrew Hinkle of Ocala called the museum "amazing" with "rich history" and Anthony Ward, who moved here a few years ago from Lakeland, said he learned about the museum when his daughter, Alexandria, 15, a student at West Port High School, made a video of the museum.

Brooks said the museum is located in west Ocala but it is for all of Marion County.

"This is the people's museum,'" she said

If you go

Call (352) 671-4175 for more information

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'The people's museum': Black History Museum of Marion County is open again in west Ocala - Ocala

In the Detroit Pistons 97-89 win over the Indiana Pacers, Saddiq Bey found himself as the topic of discussion on a night where he inserted his name into the record books once again. Early in the second quarter, Saddiq found himself wide open beyond the arc at the top of the key, and didnt hesitate.

Marking his 200th career 3-pointer, Saddiq Bey has now tied Donavan Mitchell and Luka Doncic for reaching this mark faster than all but two players in NBA history, behind former Michigan sharpshooter Duncan Robinson (69 games) and fellow 2020 draft class member Anthony Edwards (82 games). It took the trio of Bey, Mitchell, and Doncic 84 games to hit this mark.

The fated 3-point shot from Saddiq was a direct result of ball movement and unselfishness. Cory Joseph began the possession with the ball in his hands. A ghost screen from Saddiq caused a defensive miscommunication, allowing CoJo an easy drive and kick out to Frank Jackson, who swung the ball over to Saddiq for the open 3-pointer.

Possessions like these are incredibly encouraging, especially on a night where the Detroit Pistons mustered fewer than 20 total assists as a team (16, compared to Indianas 14). The Pistons are 26th in the league in assists per game as a team, dishing out 21.4 of them a contest. Clearly, we would like to see this number rise, but that certainly wont happen if the Pistons continue to have abysmal shooting nights.

Now, thats not to say that there isnt hope. If youve tuned in this season, its clear that these assist numbers should be higher. Time and again, we see Killian Hayes or Cade Cunningham with a slick dishout to a spot-up jump shot, only for it to clang off the rim. As the team builds chemistry and gains more meaningful experience, we will hopefully see more shots find the bottom of the net, thus resulting in more assists.

Saddiq Bey looked like a whole new basketball player to start the season. He spent much more time putting the ball on the floor, and much less time in the catch and shoot opportunities he was so good at taking advantage of last year.

Unfortunately, his offensive production started to fall across the board. His playmaking skills were not quite up to par for someone with the ball that much, and his 3-pointers were uncharacteristically shaky. Many fans were concerned that he may have a more limited ceiling than we initially believed.

Luckily for us, he seems to be finding his rhythm again. His performance against Indiana was an indication, but even before Wednesday night, he has seemed much more comfortable over the last handful of games. If he can find his stride, along with Cade Cunningham becoming more comfortable in the NBA, the Pistons season outlook could be much brighter than it was to start.

Hopefully Saddiq can catch fire, and inspire other shooters to perform up to their billing. Saddiq is the Pistons most lethal 3-point shooter when he is on, and the success of the teams shooting starts with him. With a tough upcoming schedule, the Pistons outside scoring development will be key in determining their success.

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Detroit Pistons: Saddiq Bey enters the history books at the right time - PistonPowered

Baseball awards have been handed out for the 2021 season, and the Red Sox came up empty. Robbie Ray won the American League Cy Young Award (CYA), and BostonsNathan Eovaldi finished fourth. Ray missed out on being a unanimous selection when one ballot placed him second.

The CYA does have a history. Originally the award was a singular one, but in 1967 it was split into one for each league. The award also has a degree of cross-pollination as a pitcher can be chosen both Most Valuable Player (MVP) and CYA as Roger Clemens was in 1986.

The Most Valuable Player Award had a significantly different history. Initially, the Chalmers Award (1911-1914) and later the League Award (1922-1929) became the recognized brand for the MVP before the Baseball Writers Association of America formalized the process in 1931, allowing a winner in each league.

Was there any Red Sox pitcher who would have won the CYA if it had been present before 1956? In 1901 the Red Sox and the AL were born, and Boston offered a contract to a portly right-hander who was 34-years-old. Cy Young came to the Red Sox, and when Young finally departed, he took 192 wins with him. The 1901 season was typical Young.

He pitched his way to the pitchers Triple Crown in the inaugural season topping the league in wins (33), strikeouts (158) and earned run average (1.62). Young also walked a meager 0.9 per nine innings, had the best WHIP (0.972), a 219 ERA+, and a 2.64 FIP. No wonder he was honored with the awards name.

In 1902 it would have been back-to-back on my fictional ballot. Young again had the best fWAR at 7.7, won 32 games, had 41 complete games, and slipped to a 2.15 ERA. Would a back-to-back-to-back be possible?

In 1903 the Red Sox won it all, and Young led the AL with 28 wins. Again, he topped in complete games (34), shutouts (70, and saves (2). If you worship WAR and all its inconsistencies, Young was second (5.7 fWAR) to enigmatic lefty Rube Waddell (8.0 fWAR).

Walter Johnson won four in a row, and Young would probably be left off my first-place ballot in 1904. The Red Sox won the AL pennant but were denied a World Series by the obstinant Giants manager John McGraw. Still, Young won 26 games, led in shutouts (10), and somehow walked just 28 in 380 innings.

That was it for Young in Boston as neither the team nor Young could be considered winners until 1912 and another CYA winner in absentia. That would be Smoky Joe Wood.

Is Wood better than Walter Johnson? Johnson missed out on the Triple Crown by one win. Wood won 34 games, bagged a league-best ten shutouts, and notched 35 complete games. Their head-to-head duels were legendary, with Wood prevailing.

The 1949 season would see teammates Mel Parnell and Ellis Kinder via for the title. Lefty Parnell led the AL with 25 wins, a 2.77 ERA, and 27 complete games. Parnell also finished fourth in the MVP vote. Kinder a right-hander finished fifth in the MVP race and led the AL with six shutouts. Parnell had a league-best 6.9 fWAR and probably would have won the award. I would have him securely first on my ballot.

That was it for the Red Sox until the CYA became etched as a regular event. Boston did have outstanding pitching performances such as Babe Ruth in 1916, Tex Hughson and Dave Ferriss in 1946, Parnell close for several seasons, and then Jim Lonborg and the teams first official winner.

Baseball has made efforts to recognize statistics of players denied access to the MLB platform, most notably the Negro Leagues. Fantasy numbers have been created for mythical legends such as Joe Hardy, Roy Hobbs, and Billy Chapel. I have not discovered any attempts at having a faux ballot initiative for CYA and MVP before their implementation. A good Hot Stove League exercise for fantasy baseball.

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Red Sox History: A look at possible Cy Young Award winners - BoSox Injection

Illustration by Kotryna Zukauskaite

Two years ago, Noelle Martin discovered someone had made a deepfake video about her. Martin is a 26-year-old Australian law graduate who has lobbied governments and corporations to take action against the online harassment of women. Now, someone on the internet had decided to attack her via a technique that uses artificial intelligence to swap one persons face onto anothers body.

Experts studying this phenomenon have found that well over 90 percent of deepfake videos involve faces swapped into pornographic scenesthe vast majority being women, most often celebrities but also politicians, activists or non-famous women. Thats what someone had done with Martin. The video, she figured, was an attempt to get her to stop her advocacy work by shaming her. It was absolutely weaponized, she told me recently. When she saw the video circulating online, she felt a stab of fury: The audacity of these people to do that to me, she said. She also couldnt help wondering: Would people who saw it actually believe it was her?

Deepfake videos present an unsettling new phase in the evolution of media. Manipulating video used to be wildly expensive, the province of special-effects masters. But new AI technology has made it much easier. Indeed, one commonly used piece of software for doing itwhich uses a deep learning form of artificial intelligence, hence the deep in deepfakeswas released anonymously online for free in 2018.

In December 2020, Sensity, a fraud-detection firm, found 85,047 deepfake videos circulating online, a number that had been roughly doubling every six months; there are now likely hundreds of thousands in existence. Some are harmlessNicolas Cages face swapped into scenes from movies he wasnt in, say. But the majority of deepfakes created by experts are malicious, says Giorgio Patrini, Sensitys CEO.

Many observers worry that deepfakes could become a major threat in politics, used to humiliate political figures and advocates like Martin or even make them appear to say things they never said. What it could do to diplomacy and democracywere holding our breath, says Danielle Citron, professor of law at the University of Virginia School of Law. Its an unsettling moment, where our ability to discern whats real feels newly imperiled.

In fact, these anxieties echo the earliest days of photography. Then, as now, through cutting-edge fakery, major public figures were counterfeited, and questions emerged about whether a powerful new technology made it impossible to trust what you saw.

In one sense, photo manipulation began as soon as photography did. Early image-capturing technologies were crudeimages had no color, and slow shutter speeds washed out details, such that skies, for example, appeared ghastly, lifeless, one photographer complained.

So photographers from the get-go were working hard to alter images. They would paint on colors, or enhance details by drawing on an image with ink and paint. They quickly hit upon the technique of composites: To make gorgeous seascapes, the French photographer Gustave Le Gray would take photos of wave-swept oceans and splice in separate photos of clouds, even reusing the same clouds in different photos. In 1857, the photographer George Washington Wilson created faux group shots of high society by taking individual photos of subjects, cutting out their images and assembling them into a crowd, then photographing the resulting collage.

Viewers were fooled. I had numerous inquiries as to when and where all these people had been collected and photographed, Wilsons gallerist said.

Photographers found the manipulations exciting, a new artistic technique. I think they were just like anyone experimenting with a new arttheres a certain amount of just, isnt it cool we could do this? says Peter Manseau, curator of American religious history at the National Museum of American History and an expert on early photo manipulation.

Commercial portrait firms employed legions of women as touch-up artists, softening wrinkles and reshaping features in the 19th centurys forerunners to Instagram filters. Anyone who went into a portrait studio would most likely be asked, Would you like us to touch this up for you, and, you know, make your nose smaller? says Mia Fineman, photography curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and author of Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop.

Fakery soon entered politics, as photographers tried to generate patriotic or stirring imagery. To create a photo of Ulysses S. Grant with his troops, photographer Levin Corbin Handy pasted Grants head onto the body of another man, then pasted that composite onto a picture of Confederate prisoners of war. There were even meme-like parodies. When false rumors flew that Confederate President Jefferson Davis had sought to escape capture in 1865 by wearing a womans petticoats, photographers gleefully produced composite photos that plastered his head onto an image of a woman.

Did the public know these images were fake? Historians arent sure. Even if they did know, its not clear they cared. Photography was not yet seen as a true document of reality. There was no understanding that an image should be objective, Manseau says.

But photo manipulation caused particularly hot debate in one field: spirit photography.

Amid the spiritualism movement after the Civil War, many bereaved Americans became convinced they could communicate with departed loved ones. They held sances, urging the dead to rap on tables or to speak to them through mediums. Photographers claimed they could capture images of the dead. In the United States, the most famous spiritualist deepfaker was Bostons William Mumler, who in 1862 began creating pictures that appeared to show live human subjects accompanied by translucent ghosts. Many of Mumlers subjects excitedly proclaimed hed photographed one of their dead relatives. What joy to the troubled heart, as Mumler wrote in a promotional pamphlet, to know that our friends who have passed away can return.

But debate raged. Skeptical photographers suspected Mumlers pictures were mere double exposurestwo negatives exposed onto a single photo sheet, with the ghost exposed only partially, to make it translucent. Yet when a few skeptics accompanied him into the darkroom, they couldnt deduce how he was pulling it off. Even so, in 1869, New Yorks city marshal charged Mumler with fraud after a reporter lodged a complaint at City Hall, and the ensuing trial made explosive headlines: The Science of the World Against Spiritualist Theory, the New York Herald proclaimed. The city even brought in showman P.T. Barnum to testify against Mumler; Barnum showed the court a faked spirit photograph hed staged of himself, to demonstrate how readily such fakery could be done. Still, after more than a month of trial, the judge let Mumler go free, saying the prosecution hadnt proved that trick and deception has been practiced by the prisoner.

Manseauwho wrote The Apparitionists, a 2017 book about Mumlers trialcant be sure how many people believed that spirit photos were real. He thinks many took them seriously, but not literally: The photos gave comfort, and that was enough. Post-trial, Mumler still took the occasional spirit photograph. His most famous was one of Mary Todd Lincoln next to a translucent image of her assassinated husband.

It was a real consolation to her to have this image, Manseau notes, though its unclear whether Mary Todd truly believed it was Lincolns ghost.

Arthur Conan Doyle, the famous creator of Sherlock Holmes, became an adherent of spirit photography, despite having made his fortune writing tales about ruthlessly empirical deductions. In 1920, he was outright duped by a pair of girls in Cottingley, England, who faked a set of five photos that purported to show cavorting fairies. Conan Doyle published the pictures in the Strand magazine, and in a 1921 book, The Coming of the Fairies, he rhapsodized about the images: What joy is in the complete abandon of their little graceful figures.

Still, the public was becoming more familiar with the tricks of composite photography. Poor Sherlock HolmesHopelessly Crazy? ran one 1922 headline about Conan Doyle. He did get pilloried, and it didnt help his career, says Andrew Lycett, author of The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes. But he didnt really care. The author went to his grave believing those photos of fairies and spirits were real.

How many of uswill be gulled in the same way today by deepfake videos?

On the one hand, experts say, we might be less easily duped because were more savvy about image manipulation, regularly using smartphone and computer apps to tweak our own pictures and videos. But video deepfakes are still novel, and we havent yet learned to suss out whether a face has been swapped.

To protect those targeted by hostile deepfakesagain, for now, mostly womenlegal scholars like Mary Anne Franks at the University of Miami are proposing laws to criminalize digital forgeries, or deepfakes that would appear authentic to a reasonable person. Non-malevolent uses, like satire or comedy, would remain legal, Franks says.

Granted, she adds, such laws against forgeries are only a blunt tool. Indeed, the people who make pornographic deepfakes often arent trying to fool anyone. Many openly revel in the fact that theyre using a fake to humiliate a female celebrity.

Deepfakes are not yet common in politics, possibly because they still require more technical skill than merchants of political misinfo typically possess. But in three to five years, says Hany Farid, an expert on digital images at the University of California at Berkeley, youll be able to create realistic deepfakes on your iPhone; rudimentary ones are already possible.

Deepfakes may also become a new canvas for artists. Stephanie Lepp, one video artist, recently created Deep Reckonings: surprisingly realistic videos of public figures regretting their actions, including an uncannily believable Mark Zuckerberg apologizing for Facebooks alleged promotion of hateful propagandists and ethnic violence. When Lepp posted them, she explicitly marked the videos as deepfakes, but viewers said it was still thought-provoking to see these figures wrestle with their public impact, however fictitiously.

For Lepp, deepfakes are a tool to help imagine a different, better world. They can evoke that pathway to the future we aspire to, she tells me. Sometimes only a fake can express our truest desires.

A cropped history of visual hoaxesBy Ted Scheinman

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What the History of 'Spirit Photography' Portends for the Future of Deepfake Videos - Smithsonian

Nov 18, 2021

Andrea Adelson

David M. Hale

When it came time for the 2001 Miami Hurricanes to do their summer workouts, they had one plan in mind: Make it as grueling as possible.

Nobody really wanted to work out at 1 p.m. in the scorching heat and high humidity in South Florida. But nobody wanted to waste the opportunity in front of them, either: A shot at the school's first national championship in 10 years.

"They were the hardest workouts we ever did," cornerback Mike Rumph said. "But it was crucial to never show how much pain we were in. We used to say that was the easiest workout and we would suck our fingers, like that was pie. It started as a joke first, but it just went to like, no matter what you put us through, we can't be hurt. We're tougher than you think."

Twenty years later, the 2001 Miami Hurricanes are widely regarded as one of the greatest college football teams of all time. Their roster was loaded with future first-round picks -- from Andre Johnson to Jeremy Shockey to Vince Wilfork and at least one NFL Hall of Famer in Ed Reed. They dominated nearly everyone on their schedule, culminating in a resounding 37-14 win over Nebraska in the BCS National Championship Game in the Rose Bowl.

What players and coaches insist set this team apart was their camaraderie, accountability and willingness to do whatever it took to win a championship -- especially those afternoon workouts. "It wasn't about elite, starters, pecking orders, all that other great stuff," center Brett Romberg said. "It was literally, you're doing the same thing that I'm doing. You're sweating, you're bleeding, you're laying everything on the line for the guy next to you, and there was no envy." They were driven by the snub they all felt the previous year, after Florida State got into the BCS national title game instead of Miami -- even though the Hurricanes won their regular-season matchup. From there, this iconic team started its journey toward greatness. In interviews with more than two dozen players, coaches and opposing coaches, here is the story of the 2001 season, told in their own words.

Adversity hit shortly after the calendar turned to 2001, when coach Butch Davis left to become head coach with the Cleveland Browns. Players lobbied then-athletic director Paul Dee to elevate offensive coordinator Larry Coker to become head coach.

Former coach Butch DavisI'd agreed to a contract before Thanksgiving and my plan was to stay at the University of Miami for decades. But there were a few things in the contract we were having a difficult time agreeing on. ... At the very end of January, [my family and I] ended up making the decision to leave. I wanted to be there. We'd been through so much pain. We had a player [backup LB Marlin Barnes] murdered on campus. We had 31 scholarships lost. We gave up the bowl in 1995. We'd just beaten Florida in the Sugar Bowl and gone 11-1. The deck was loaded. We'd signed a great class. It was like, this is going to be outstanding for the next three, four, five years.

OC Rob ChudzinskiButch did a great job recruiting and developing and building the culture. And obviously you can point out all the talented guys on the team, but at the time, they weren't the biggest recruits and the five-star guys. A lot of what we did, Butch should get credit for. It was a competitive culture and accountability was huge and he built a family environment.

CB Mike RumphWhen Butch left, we were kinda stuck, and I remember we all went upstairs to talk to Mr. Dee, myself, Bryant McKinnie, Ed Reed, Ken Dorsey and a couple more guys. There was a rumor that we were going to get that coach from Wisconsin, Barry Alvarez, and we were like, "We don't want him. We want somebody from in-house who knows us, and that's Coach Coker." They listened to us.

Head coach Larry CokerIn my mind, I didn't know if I'd get the job. The players coming to my backing was a big asset in me getting the job. It was a somewhat natural transition because I knew the players.

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DavisIf Greg Schiano had not left and gone to Rutgers it would've been a potential for him to get the job, but I was glad for the staff and players that there wouldn't be a blow-up. Because when Jimmy [Johnson] left after winning two national championships, they really changed the whole program, and I didn't want that to happen to those kids.

C Brett RombergLarry Coker knew that once that baton got handed off, he wasn't changing anything. We have the recipe, we have the tools, we have everything to be successful. We just hope that this train just doesn't go off the track.

QB Ken DorseyHe was the perfect coach for our team, and his personality just meshed with us.

OT Bryant McKinnieWe didn't want to have to change and have to learn a new offense, defense, or anything. We liked what we had already, and we really wanted to just keep what we had. A lot of us were going into our senior year, and we didn't want to have to risk playing a little slower, still trying to learn something.

ChudzinskiLarry wasn't a sexy hire at the time, and it's rare the players have that kind of influence over who gets hired. Larry coming in, two new coordinators, there were a lot of questions. But Larry was a perfect fit for that team. There were a lot of expectations, and Larry took the pressure off of them. It really gave the players and the coaching staff somebody to rally behind.

S Ed ReedWe [were] truly a team. The individual's put on the back burner for your brothers. I tried to display that my senior year, 'cause I could have left my junior year. I would have got drafted higher and everything. I knew this. But I wasn't leaving these guys. I wanted to win the national championship -- we wanted to win the national championship. And I felt like I was a chess piece to that.

RombergWe all felt that that Sugar Bowl game against Florida, we knew that we should have been playing for a national title.

DavisThe motivation of being upset and disappointed, that played a huge role in going to the Sugar Bowl and what we did against Florida to make a statement that we probably should've been the champs. The one newspaper that I still love to this day is the New York Times because they picked us as national champions at the end of the season.

RombergSo the following year was definitely a salt-in-the-wound, chip-on-the-shoulder type of season where we wanted to obviously take no prisoners and rectify what happened the year before.

CB Markese FitzgeraldRandy Shannon told me, "If you come back to school, I'm not going to promise you or guarantee it, but there's a good chance you will never lose another college football game."

With Coker in place as head coach and key players like Reed and McKinnie returning for their senior seasons, the Hurricanes knew what was in front of them. They made sure their offseason workouts were the most intense of their lives.

DorseyIt pushes you through those workouts and the offseason, and it was a huge motivator for me, because guys like Reggie Wayne and Santana Moss put their heart and soul into the program, to not be able to give them a national championship when you thought you could've -- it's one of those things that sticks with you. I think the next year, we had the mindset that, no matter what happens, we have to take care of business. Not a lot needed to be said. The guys before us set an expectation of how hard you had to work and what that standard was, and we knew we had to live up to that.

RBs coach Don SoldingerThey were all self-directed. They pushed each other to the limit, and the one thing that separates that group, they were super, super competitive. They hated to lose. They would challenge each other to sprints, or whatever it was, and they held each other accountable and would not accept mediocrity.

LB D.J. WilliamsThe heart and soul of that team was our strength coach, Andreu Swasey. He was the guy that really knew how to push our buttons, that knew how to challenge us. He was that father figure we were all afraid to disappoint.

Strength coach Andreu SwaseyI had to challenge them, because if not, they're looking at you like, "What is this?" I had to make it tough tough. They embraced it, and that's when I learned the great ones want to be driven. If you don't drive them, you're going to be in trouble.

OT Joaquin GonzalezIt was a program that was meant to sink or swim guys. ... When I look back at our workouts, and the pressure that we put on each other of not letting each other down, there was so much pressure that I would think twice about skipping a workout, I would think twice about skipping a rep, I would think twice about letting my brother down because there was so much invested into it.

DC Randy ShannonThe thing that was most impressive about that team is that, at any point in time, a younger player could take your position. It wasn't something given. You had to work. Take Ed Reed. You had Sean Taylor behind him. You had Phillip Buchanon and Mike Rumph, and you had Antrel Rolle behind them. Everyone knew [Clinton] Portis, but you had Willis McGahee and Frank Gore. If you didn't put in the work, there was somebody behind you ready to take over.

FitzgeraldPeople were literally afraid to let the person next to them down. If you weren't doing all the right things, if you weren't going to class, making your grades, if you weren't showing up to work out or something like that, you could easily be cast out.

WilliamsAs a true freshman coming in, I'm all smiles. Happy to be here, want to high-five everybody, and from the moment I walked into the locker room, it was you're gonna work. You're gonna to fight. You're gonna communicate and you're gonna stay together, or you've got to go. We've got one goal in mind. That's to win the national championship. And if you're not on board with this, you got to go.

DT Matt WaltersIf I slacked off at all, I wasn't going to play as much because Vince Wilfork is my backup. That goes for everybody. Does that mean I didn't root for Vince? No. We were all each other's biggest fans, but we all knew that if you went into the week, and you slacked or you wanted to hang out late on a Tuesday night, and didn't bust your ass in practice, you ain't going to be getting the reps.

CB Antrel RolleAs one of the younger players on the team, that competition only made me better. The older guys took us under their wings and helped us. It was always like a family.

RB Najeh DavenportIt was the perfect storm for us. We knew we were good, and when we got out there and played on Saturdays, the people we went against were not as good as the guys we had on our scout team.

ChudzinskiThat 2001 season, it was like the season was already written. We just knew we were going to win it all. It didn't matter who stood in the way, they didn't stand a chance against us.

The season began on the road against Penn State, a matchup Miami viewed as a "statement game."

CokerIt was my first game ever to be a head coach and it was against Joe Paterno. To go and win the game was quite an experience. It really set the stage -- to not only win but be a dominant team like we were. It got a lot of attention.

DorseyThe environment was pretty spectacular. The way we were able to play, come out firing on all cylinders, was huge. We spread the ball around to a lot of different guys because, at that time, Andre Johnson wasn't a proven commodity -- or Ethenic Sands or Kevin Beard. Shockey had been there and done that, but we had new guys stepping in who weren't first-round draft picks yet. We thought we had a great team, but you don't know until the bullets start flying.

WilliamsWe felt very disrespected, for the simple fact that we were coming into the season highly ranked, and they had a White Out game. And whenever you do stuff like that, you believe you're going to win. Not only that, they were honoring one of their past players who got paralyzed, he was able to walk again so they were going to have him run out. I think they added extra bleachers so now they had the biggest stadium in college football. It was a bunch of these things that made us feel disrespected.

McKinnieI went to a JUCO in Scranton, Penn. At the time, [Paterno] wasn't taking JUCO transfers, and that was one of the schools I would've went to, so when I got a chance to play against them I said, "I'm gonna show him."

RumphWe knew what we had on paper, but to see how we were dominating, and the energy we produced in such a hostile environment, it was like, "OK, wow, we are who we think we are."

GonzalezI remember thinking that it was going to be such a difficult game, and we over prepared ourselves so much that the game came easy.

WilliamsWe were just too big, strong and fast, and way too physical. We let the country know what this whole season was going to be about. We dominated those guys from start to finish, and Happy Valley wasn't so happy.

The events of 9/11 caused a pause in college football, with games that weekend either being canceled or postponed, and Miami's game against Washington would be rescheduled for later that season.

On Sept. 27, Miami returned to play at Pitt with a determination to press forward, resulting in a 43-21 win. Its game at Florida State on Oct. 13 took on even greater meaning after what happened in 2000. At halftime, Reed delivered his now famous, "I'm hurt, dog" speech and it was captured by a documentary film crew that was working on an all-access show for ESPN. Reed is seen shouting at his teammates, "I'm hurt dog! Don't ask me if I'm alright. Hell, nah. Joaquin said dominate, and we're not doing it! I put my heart in this (expletive) dog. Let's go, man!"

Gonzalez"Dominate" had started the year before, breaking down the team before going into the locker room right before we came out for the game. If you dominate your responsibility and enough guys do that, then we'll be OK. A lot of people don't understand the context. Most people think that UM must have been losing, but no. We were winning, but we left a lot of points on the field. We let them drive right before the half and Ed Reed wasn't in that drive because he had dinged up his shoulder. ... It's a really tight locker room, we're getting ready to go out, and I absolutely remember it like it was yesterday, and I remember getting chills from hearing his battle cry, just like coming out in the second half, we're putting this away.

FitzgeraldEverything in Ed wanted to destroy Florida State for so many reasons. Our freshman year, we redshirted, but we would go on road trips and have our jerseys on with sweatpants on the sideline. They beat us 47-0, and I remember walking off the field and everyone was celebrating and he said, "As long as I have something to do with it, I will never be embarrassed by Florida State again." And that kind of stuck with me. So a lot of times when I hear his voice, I can sense that disappointment that he felt with that being his last go around. He didn't want it to be close. He didn't want it to be close at all.

CokerWhen he spoke, the team listened. And when he spoke, the coaches listened.

DavisWhen we recruited him in high school, when I actually went to see him in person it was at a basketball game. He was leading stuff, telling guys what to do, up and down the court with the ball in his hands, and you could just see this guy had that magical feel for how to play team games. And then on the practice field, he had that voice. Ed was somebody that would really talk to players. He didn't care about scolding players if they didn't do their jobs. That's what you love about great leaders is they respect their teammates, they love their teammates, but they're going to hold their teammates accountable.

ReedI was hurt before this game. My AC [joint] was sprained, and everybody came and asked me if I'm hurt. Yea I've been hurt. You know I'm hurt, yet we let them score two touchdowns. This team, who kept us out of the national championship, beat us our freshman year ... slammed the quarterback in the goal post ... that's what that was all about.

Miami beat Florida State 49-27 to remain undefeated, but a bigger test awaited Nov. 10 on a cold day at Boston College.

RumphFor whatever reason, we always played them close in my four years there. They always had a good running back and good offensive line, and that is a hostile environment. As I remember, the fans are standing right over the bench and they were yelling at our coaches, and they were throwing Skittles at us. They kept telling us don't listen to our coaches, because we're getting our butts kicked.

RombergWe sucked on offense. We're dead. We were bad that day. We didn't do anything right. Our communication wasn't good. Our physicality wasn't good. I think they might have called us Michelin men because some of the guys when they first put clothes on, they literally look like the Michelin tire guy because they were loading up like they were going into a frickin' blizzard. They're wearing hoodies and sweatshirts and jackets all up underneath their shoulder pads and the coaches were like, "How are you going to function and play football?" That's how comical it became.

DorseyIt was one of those games. But I feel like if you look at the history, every team that's won a national title has had a game like that, where it comes down to the last minute and if you lose, your season's over. Every team has to go through that, because that's how you get calloused to know that no matter what happens, you're going to find a way to win. It's one of those weird ones you can't explain, but you've got to get through.

ChudzinskiKenny was the perfect guy. The intangibles he had. The intelligence he had. The leadership. The ability to handle situations and adversity. The toughness, the mental toughness. Guys rallied behind him. I'll never forget the year before, we beat Florida State and guys were celebrating, and Ed Reed told Dorsey to stand up and told everyone to start cheering for Ken Dorsey. He basically announced to everybody, "This is our guy."

CokerI remember when I recruited him, his coach told me, "You don't really know what you're getting." He was right. Kenny didn't have the strongest arm in football, but he was just a tremendous leader and just a playmaker. He made things happen. He made good decisions and he made everyone around him better. He had the respect of those players. They knew he was the straw that stirred the drink.

ShannonWe all loved Dorsey, but we knew we had other skill sets and talent on that team. If we needed to win it on defense, let's go win it on defense. They had confidence. But there was never any pressure on anybody because they always thought they were going to get it done.

Miami led 12-7 with under a minute to play, but BC had first-and-goal at the Miami 9-yard line.

ReedThey're driving to win, the whole stadium thought they were about to win. We knew that was going to be a tough game. It was always tough.

RumphWe knew what route was coming on that play. It wasn't a surprise. We line up, and Ed goes, "Mike, here comes the slant. Jump inside of it. I got you over the top." Sure enough, they run a slant, I go in to pick it off, and I spread my fingertips, and had my hands below my knee. My knee went between my hands, and hit the tip of the ball and it flipped to Matt Walters.

WaltersI just remember on that play that the offensive lineman tried to cut my knees, and I remember finally getting it right. Coach had taught me for four years to get my hands down, get on his helmet and push his head down on the ground so that he doesn't get to your legs. And I did that, and I was like, "Oh, man, that felt good." I turned around, and the next thing you know, the ball is floating to me in slow motion. I thought to myself, "Oh my gosh, do not drop this." When I caught it, I wasn't thinking about running it back for a touchdown. I was tired. I was thinking in my mind, "There's not a lot of time left in this game. I'm gonna run out of bounds." I started running at an angle toward the sideline. I remember Ed coming up next to me. Ed was definitely yelling my name, "Matt! Matt! It's Ed!"

RumphIf you look at the film, at the last second as he's falling to the ground, he looks up to see if it's Ed, and he lets the ball go.

ReedThat truly goes to show how much trust we had, for him to hear my voice and give me the ball. That's how much we've been around each other.

WaltersI remember four or five guys jumped on me and next thing you know I'm looking at the ground and by the time I roll over and look up, I see Ed going.

RumphI was chasing Ed, and Ed did some little backyard football by running zig zags in order not to get caught, and then he spikes the ball to put the emphasis on that play.

WaltersAt that point, euphoric adrenaline runs over you. I couldn't get off the ground fast enough to go give him a hug. It didn't really hit me until afterward. You look back on it, and man, that was a great play by Mike, by me, by Ed. They could have scored a touchdown or kicked a field goal and that season has an asterisk next to it.

SoldingerI told Mike they ought to bronze your knee and put it in the Hall of Fame, because if that didn't happen, we wouldn't have played for a national championship.

CokerTo win a national championship, you have to win some you're not supposed to win. BC was certainly a good team, and it looked like we weren't supposed to win it, but somehow we did.

Two weeks later, the game everybody in the locker room had circled on the calendar had finally arrived: Washington. The year before, Miami lost at Washington 34-29 -- and that loss ultimately kept the Hurricanes out of the national title game they felt they deserved. As cliche as it sounds, Miami wanted revenge.

CokerAs a coach and players, you don't want to talk about it too much, but it's hard not to.

WaltersWe were pissed. I don't know a single person that wasn't pissed headed into that game.

RumphThat game solidified our quest to dominate. That atmosphere was crazy. There's something about a night game in the Orange Bowl, there's something about that mystique. ... A lot of us came back just for this game.

Washington coach Rick NeuheiselOur team was beat up and tired and the kids wanted to go home for Thanksgiving, and now we're having to go to Miami, a team that I knew was gonna want revenge. I said to our athletic director Barbara Hodges, "Let's reschedule that game for another year," and she was like, "No, We have to go." I don't know how General Custer felt, but I felt like General Custer.

WilliamsWe wanted to beat them for two reasons, right? We lost the year before, and it kept us out of the national championship game. We knew, we got them out here, with the weather, the physicality, they weren't going to be ready for that. It was one of those games where the score just got run up. They should have gone back to high school where they do the running clock. We probably could have scored 80 points. The atmosphere was too much for them. They've never seen an atmosphere like that. I'm talking about the energy, the heat. You could feel the crowd; you could feel the anger that we had, and how bad we wanted to beat them.

Miami needed one more win to clinch an undefeated regular season and a spot in the BCS national championship game: On the road, against Big East rival Virginia Tech. The Hokies, ranked No. 14, proved to be a formidable opponent. After a blocked punt returned for a touchdown cut Miami's lead to 26-24, Virginia Tech lined up for a 2-point conversion to tie the game. But Ernest Wilford dropped it.

DorseyA lot of people don't realize the rivalry between Miami and Virginia Tech. Every one of those games was a physical, physical affair. You were getting into a street fight when you went and played those guys. There's going to be some tremendous 3- or 4-yard runs. There will be unsung heroes picking up blitzes. That's how it goes in those games. A lot of people talk about the struggles against Florida State, but we had those struggles against Virginia Tech.

OL Joel RodriguezOh, absolutely I was scared. At that point, it was like, all right, the last game then we're going to ship. That was the first time, for a portion of the game at least, we let our gaze get to the horizon and not on the task at hand.

RumphIt was intense. The loudest game. It was so scary. We didn't know it was going to come down to a 2-point conversion, but the football Gods were with us on that day, and that kid dropped that ball.

FitzgeraldI mean, he was pretty much automatic for them. When he dropped the two-point conversion, I was like, I need some prayer right now. He was probably the most hated guy in all of Blacksburg that night, but at the same time thank you so much, because you just kind of saved us some heartache.

WaltersThere were moments in that season that we felt we deserved to win those close games, because we outworked those teams in that offseason. Like you knew in your bones that we were going to pull it out. Because we had that extra whatever. It took that extra X Factor. We had it in us, and we knew we had it in us. We were confident. We never got worried.

Virginia Tech coach Frank BeamerWe blocked a kick and a punt and blocked a field goal that day. That gave us a chance. But when you play a team like that, you can't turn the ball over, and I think we ended up throwing four interceptions. That [last] interception was by Ed Reed. And we went into the Hall of Fame together this past year. I'll never forget, he said he really liked our team. Anybody who could block kicks like that, he was a fan of.

ChudzinskiI don't know if this ever got released to the media, but Kenny [Dorsey] got hit and took a hard shot to the ribs. He almost had to come out of the game. I remember the doctor saying he couldn't really throw the ball. And they had a great defense. It was a challenge to figure out how to get through the rest of that game. A lot of people don't know how close that was, but he was a huge leader for us, and he wasn't coming out of that game. It was grit and toughness for him, and it was important he was in there the whole time.

DorseyGoing into the locker room after the win at Virginia Tech, it was special. You go into the locker room and everybody is just elated. To solidify going to a national championship without having to worry about if somebody else was going to lose -- that was special. I think it was kind of a weight off everybody's shoulders at the end.

Miami clinched a spot in the national title game against Nebraska at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Calif., and felt confident this game would be its crowning achievement.

RumphOne of the things that happened in practice, we caught a few guys in the stadium trying to record our practices, seeing how we were going to stop the triple option. We saw a guy in the 55th row laying down with a camera, and we started pointing him out, and he gets up and runs to one of the exits. It happened twice in the Coliseum.

ChudzinskiSometimes the practices in the bowl games get a little stale or tired. But I remember a few days before the game we did a two-minute drill, our No. 1 offense against the No. 1 defense. I'll never forget the speed and tempo and competitiveness. Shockey was diving for balls, Ed Reed was coming up full-speed, full-tackle. And as a coach, you almost never want that -- guys on the ground, just a couple days before the game. But these guys wanted to win that two-minute drill as bad as they wanted to win the Rose Bowl. That's always what Miami had been about, and what set it apart in my mind.

LB Jonathan VilmaRandy Shannon is giving us every way to run this option, and I was frankly frustrated because it was hard to process it all. And he comes to me when we're in Pasadena, he's like, "Look, don't worry, it's gonna be easier in the game."

ReedBefore we even went to the game, we made "Ballin Boys." We made a song like the Super Bowl Shuffle, letting them know, "We're going to whoop y'all." Years later in the NFL, I'm hearing people like, "Man, I listened to that song."

RombergI played with Richie Incognito with the Rams, and he told me when they saw us get off the bus at Disney [during the week], they started laughing. They thought that we looked like a high school team. They were big boys, all positions, not just the offensive line. They were cracking jokes at us, and they thought that they were gonna just drag us all over the football field and just pound us.

ChudzinskiEverybody's fired up. We're intense, pulling up on the buses. And I'll never forget seeing the wave of red of Nebraska fans pulling up that seemed like it went for miles. And we're in the buses going right through this wave of red, and it seemed like they all flipped us off in unison. And I'll never forget, everybody's fired up, and Larry gets up in front of the bus, and said, "Men, don't worry about that. They're just telling us we're No. 1."

ShannonThe first quarter, we'd always said, once we got the speed of the option down, we'd get it done.

VilmaThe first series, we line up, they run their option, and for as fast as it went for us in practice, it was like they were in sand. We go to the sideline, and Randy Shannon, after the first series he's like, "Hey, how do they look?" I was like, "Coach, call whatever you want, we're gonna win." He was like, "You serious?" I said, "Coach, they're slow as hell."

CokerI'd been at Oklahoma and Oklahoma State for years and we'd never beaten [Nebraska]. To me, it was special, and I knew it was going to be a tough game. I never expected it to be a blowout. They were a good team. But we were a great team.

RombergWhen Vince Wilfork took their All-American guard Toniu Fonoti and threw him five yards in the backfield and made a tackle for a loss, their whole sideline s--- their pants, and then all of a sudden Vilma started decapitating tight ends, and it became a whole different animal, and they weren't aware, used to it, privy to, they literally thought they were going to come in there and mop the floor with us. Incognito told me at halftime, their coach basically said, "Guys let's just try to keep this thing close," and he said that right in front of the athletic director.

WilliamsThey had no chance of winning that game. Like, literally none. I don't want to sound disrespectful, but we were five steps faster than them, 10 pounds hungrier, much more violent, which is a different style of football. I think also, what rattled them was how much fun we had while being violent and being intense. A lot of people doubted if they should have made the championship. I say five minutes into the game, they knew in their hearts that they were going to be outclassed and outmatched.

WaltersThe fourth quarter was fun for us, because at that point, the game was kind of in hand, and everybody got to enjoy and be part of it: first, second, third string guys, everybody was getting in and getting to play. That felt good for all of us.

Miami took a 34-0 halftime lead before cruising to a 37-14 victory, winning the school's fifth national championship.

RumphIt was unreal, just to see the trophy come out.

Excerpt from:

The 2001 Miami Hurricanes are one of college football's greatest teams ever - ESPN

NASA has announced that Jessica Watkins, formerly a Chair's Postdoctoral Scholar in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences (GPS), will serve as a mission specialist on the agency's upcoming SpaceX Crew-4 mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Watkins will make history as the first Black woman on the ISS crew.

When Watkins was selected for the 2017 astronaut class, she had just spent two years working at Caltech on the Mars Science Laboratory mission's Curiosity rover withJohn Grotzinger, the Harold Brown Professor of Geology and Ted and Ginger Jenkins Leadership Chair for GPS.

"Working with Jess Watkins was amazing," says Grotzinger. "From the first time I met her she told me she wanted to be an astronaut and she just jumped right into the work, learning all she could about rover operations and Mars, confident that this experience would add to her already strong qualifications that might give her the edge in selection. We are thrilled to see her on the way to the ISS."

Read a 2017 interview with Watkins here.

Go here to see the original:

Former Caltech Postdoc to Make History in Space in 2022 - Caltech

On October 1, 1919, armed white men began streaming into Phillips County, Arkansas, due to rumors of a negro insurrection happening there. Many of them came from nearby counties, but some crossed the river from Mississippi and Tennessee. These folks from off together with local posses and law enforcement and, eventually, federal troops from Camp Pike perpetrated one of the deadliest non-wartime massacres to occur on American soil. Now known as the Elaine Massacre, it entailed the killing of perhaps as many as 200 African Americans there in Phillips County.

These men did not come due to a general fear of an actual insurrection at hand. They came to take advantage of the chaos in order to have some funto hunt. Indeed, the historian Amy Louise Wood has pointed out that lynchings were often conducted like hunts, with packs of dogs, teams of heavily armed hunters, and commemorative pictures with the dead prey. And as Catherine Armstrong notes, in a previous era, the practice of hunting down fugitive slaves contained an element of sport within it, making it akin to the other hunting and blood sports practiced with such fervour in the American South.

No white men were ever charged for their role in perpetrating the massacre at Elaine.

On August 25, 2020, a white teenager named Kyle Rittenhouse illegally carried an AR-15 style rifle from his home in Antioch, Illinois, to Kenosha, Wisconsin, which was experiencing civil unrest following yet another police shooting of yet another unarmed Black man. Rittenhouse later claimed to have done this from a desire to defend the community, but it was not his community. In Kenosha, he openly threatened people with his rifle and eventually shot and killed two men while wounding a third. The police allowed Rittenhouse to leave the scene despite being informed by residents that he had shot people. He turned himself into his local police department the following day.

Rittenhouse was not in Kenosha to protect the community. He had no ties there he was from off. He had only come to take advantage of the chaos in order to have some fun. He came to hunt. And now a Kenosha jury has given license to other white vigilantes to do the exact same thing by clearing this acne-stricken-murderer-turned-Republican-folk-hero on all charges. So more and more white thugs will swarm into Black neighborhoods at the smallest sign of unrest, armed with military weapons and unhindered by the bag limit we place upon the lives of lesser creatures.

Or as Leonard Cohen sang: Get ready for the future: It is murder.

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Kyle Rittenhouse, the Elaine Massacre and the shameful history of 'community defense' - Arkansas Times

Letter by Pep Provateare of Sun City

What gives a group of people the right to remove our history from books and tear down statues? History is our past showing how we became the great nation we are.

Times were different, and customs were different, sure we fought the Indians, the British, but it was how life was back then.

Everyone has their beliefs, but let the ones who want to learn and understand how life was then form their own opinion through books and statues. Years from now, generations will look back and see how we treated the people who died to give us freedom and a better life by erasing their names and tearing statues down to make a so-called Better Life.

History will be like when your parents told you stories of their life growing up, with all the interesting, detailed happenings. Once they pass on, the history they told you will be gone and all you will have will be memories.

Eventually all the details will erase as you get older and at a certain time, all will be lost.

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Provateare: We must honor our American history, even the evil parts - Your Valley