Category Archives: History

Check out the top plays from Nate Archibald's legendary career.

Nate Tiny Archibald helped usher the NBA into a new era of guard play, where speed and playmaking combined with ball handling to unlock a new path to the rim.

Recently named to NBA 75, the six-time All-Star led the league in scoring (34 points per game) and assists (11.4 per game) in 1971 as a member of the Kansas City-Omaha Kings and won a championship in 1981 with the Boston Celtics.

NBA 75 Profile: Nate Archibald

Over the course of an hour-long conversation, the 73-year-old NBA Hall of Famer shares his thoughts on modern NBA guards, the toughest players he ever faced and the work Stephen Curry has put into becoming an all-time legend.

Editors Note: The following conversation has been condensed and edited.

NBA.com:Congrats on being selected to the NBA 75. What was your initial reaction?

Archibald: First of all, it was an honor. You got a lot of other people who arent a part of the 75. I didnt expect to be on the 75. I dont expect to do anything besides breathing and trying to live. When you look at the 50th, its a different era.

Nate Archibald's quickness and speed made it difficult for opponents to guard him in the NBA.

Who are some of your favorite players to watch?

You got to have a unique handle. I love to see Kyrie Irving and Kemba Walker. They are what you call prototypical New York guards who can go to the basket. They can shoot, but they are what I call creators. They can pass and know how to get their shots off against bigger players. Especially Kyrie. Teams are going for bigger guards because they are shooting and defending better. Bigger guards can maybe defend three positions. People say guarding but its defending. If Im 6 feet, Im defending one.

A player I really enjoy watching run the show is Dallas Luka Doncic.

You have some European players who should have been included in the 75. Him and my man from Denver (Nikola Jokic), thats the new breed of basketball. They arent prototypical guards like the guy who used to play for the Lakers (Magic Johnson). They are big, strong, better shooters, not saying better passers. They are dominant players in the backcourt. They are not just backcourt players. They post up, shoot the three, good passers. My thing, why not include them?

You were known for your attacking style of play.

Yeah, Im coming at you guys. You cant keep me from coming in here. They would knock me down and guess what, Im gonna keep coming. First of all, yall didnt grow up like I did. I wasnt hungry, I was starving. A lot of times we didnt get meals. I grew up poor. You can be in suburbia and grow up poor. One of my teammates didnt grow up rich Larry Bird but he went across those tracks and got better. I was lucky and fortunate that I got to play in the NBA. You got guys out there who would kill to play.

Earlier you mentioned Kyrie. Does his game remind you of yourself?

I dont watch the games anymore because he aint playing. His dad (Drederick) said he plays like me and I was like nobody plays like him. Nobody in the world plays like this kid. Kyrie Irving is much better than me. I dont compare my game to anyone its not unique, it was different back then than it is now. You cant put yourself in the game now and I cant put him in the game back then.

Back in the day, who were two of the best point guards you either faced or saw?

There were two guys I didnt want to play against when I was playing best ball handlers ever. They were Pete Maravich and Isiah Thomas. You didnt know where they were going. It was like a yo-yo on a ball with an imaginary string. Isiah was quicker than Pete and could handle the ball better. He could score but Pete could score better than anyone I know. Look at the history, he played at LSU and he could pull up at any time and shoot the ball. His ballhandling skills were off the chart. When it comes to shooting, Steph Curry is the best shooter Ive ever seen. Talking ballhandling skills, best I ever saw was Kyrie. But, Pete and Isiah could embarrass you on any given night. I put Kyrie in that same category.

Im a life-long Sixers fan. No love for my guy Allen Iverson?

Iverson was more of a scorer. He was a prolific scorer but he really didnt pass the ball. He was relentless going to the basket and had big heart but Im talking about ballhandling.

Even though I think he is more of a combo guard, Curry is going to go down as one of the greatest point guards ever.

The only point guard who is consistent with the three is Curry. Isiah and Pistol handled the ball better than Curry, but they didnt get to shoot the three like he did. All it is is practice. I know thats a bad word but a lot of times guys are like practice, what is practice? You know thats your guy. But anyway. You aint seen Curry practice. He can be out all night and all day for days and he come to practice and bust everybodys (butt). It was installed in his little body, like yall just cant beat me.

Nate 'Tiny' Archibald takes us back to the Bronx.

What I love about basketball is with repetition, you can quickly get better.

Someone said to me, what about all the 3-pointers they shoot now? I was like I wouldnt have had to shoot that many because they couldnt stop me. All it would have been is a little practice. You have great shooters now cause thats what they do, they practice those shots. But Im practicing going to the basket because they couldnt stop me from going to the basket. Youre relentless on doing certain things. Its repetition. I would go to the parks and play against kids, play against the invisible man. Going to the rim. Putting Wilt under the basket. Putting Jerry on me. Putting Oscar or Clyde on me. Or Earl or somebody smaller. I would go out and look for guys quicker than me and play against those guys and see if I could get to the basket on those guys. In your imaginary dream, youd be playing against guys you look at as All-Stars, Hall of Fame guys and go at those guys. Different moves to the basket, how to go around, how to go under. How to get to the other side of the cup, how to use the backboard, how to twist your body. If you look at guys now, more guys are doing shooting than going to the basket. When you see someone going to the basket, youre like thats the first time he did that. No, he practiced that. He practiced that using both of his hands.

Crazy that the best 3-point shooter ever played at Davidson, not some big Power 5 school.

When he was at Davidson, just giving you the history my man, he didnt handle the ball. People be like yes he did and Im like no he did not. He was a straight shooter. His skillset right now, hes currently one of the top two to four best ballhandlers in the game. He can go anywhere he wants. I dont need for you to pick for me, bro. I can get to the cup, I can get to my spots, and you better pick me up at halfcourt because I can shoot from half court, too. His ballhandling skills are off the charts now. Pete, Isiah and Kyrie were more penetrators. Kyrie shoots more jumpers now, but when you saw him play in Cleveland, he was penetrating. Im complimenting Curry on his gift of perfecting his ballhandling skills. Early on he wasnt breaking people down like he does now.

Although lead guards are scoring more now than ever before, Chris Paul is still the ultimate pass-first quarterback on the floor.

Chris Paul is unbelievable. I watch him and its unreal he can still do what he do on these young guys. He knows the game. He knows the areas where he can attack. I know he went to school and he must have been a geometry major because he knows angles and stuff and has that down. Hes a professor. Some guys have their undergraduate degree and some have their masters. Hes a professor at what he does. You might say hes too old to do what he does. Too old? How is he getting 5 to 10 feet from the basket when you have a guy on him who are faster, stronger and younger on him? Because he has knowledge on how to break guys down. Thats what he does. Hes a better passer than anyone else in the league. When it comes to crunch time, he breaks the defense down. He gets into the heat of the defense. See, he wants to beat you first, so once he gets over the pick, what happens? A big man will come and they dont want to guard him because they dont know where he is going. His danger is from 15 feet and in. The situation with his pull up, you dont know when he is going to shoot. He knows he can get to his area. Its in the heat of your defense. You dont know if hes gonna shoot cause he knows he has some finishers. He dont turn the ball over that much. At his age, hes a professor.

Russell Westbrook with the Lakers and James Harden with the Nets have struggled at times this season. What do you think is going on?

James needs Kyrie. People can disagree with me but I dont care. James is trying to figure out his teammates. Remember he was hurt last year and then they got almost a new team. Hes scoring a little less, taking less shots but passing the ball more. Thats amazing to me because if you watched him in Houston, he didnt pass the ball at all. Hes not getting that many foul calls got to be the fewest he ever got in his career. Plus he was trying to play himself into shape. Hes gonna figure it out. He has to do more scoring.

I know Russell Westbrook is happy to be in Lala land. I thought he would be a good fit for them. Playing with LeBron is an adjustment he has to make. I love Westbrooks game but hes not playing the same way. You gotta take a backseat to LeBron but when LeBron was out they were still bad. If youre a coach, you need to let Westbrook play more with the second unit. When he was with the Wizards, nobody could stop him.

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Q&A: Who are the best ball handlers in NBA history? Tiny Archibald weighs in - NBA.com

Week 14 saw one of the longest punt return touchdowns in NFL history.

In the second quarter of Sunday Night Football, Jakeem Grant of the Chicago Bears fielded a punt from Green Bay Packers punter Corey Bojorquez at his own three-yard line. After the right side of the field wasnt open, Grant cut back to the left and took it 97 yards to the house.

Grants electric house call is the longest punt return for a touchdown in Bears history, surpassing Johnny Baileys 95-yard return in 1990. He is now tied for the ninth-longest punt return touchdown in NFL history with Bryan McCann and Greg Pruitt, who took a punt 97 yards for the score for the Cowboys and Raiders, respectively.

Here is a look at some of the longest punt returns taken all the way.

Back in 1994, a punt was not immediately ruled a touchback once it hit the end zone. So when the New Orleans Saints punted the ball into the Rams end zone, it bounced twice, nearly out of bounds, but no one touched it.

While the Saints special teams unit began walking off the field, Bailey scooped up the ball and took it 103 yards for the touchdown.

Bailey, not even a regular punt returner, holds a record that likely will never be broken.

Veteran return specialist Dwayne Harris didnt get his 99-yard punt return touchdown in normal fashion.

In a game in 2018 between the then-Oakland Raiders and the Denver Broncos, the Broncos punted it down near the goal line. The Broncos special teamers dove to keep the ball out of the end zone, but no one downed the ball so the play was still alive.

Harris smartly scooped up the ball and took it back 99 yards for the score.

A 99-yard punt return is impressive enough. How about one to win the game?

In 2011, Patrick Peterson took a punt with his heels nearly in his end zone, but broke through multiple tackles to give the Arizona Cardinals the overtime win.

Tavon Austins punt return ability is well known throughout the league. He has three punt returns for touchdowns in his career.

But his most impressive came as a rookie in 2011 with the Rams, returning a Pat McAfee punt 98 yards to the house.

The 2012 game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys was essentially over when the Cowboys punted to Damaris Johnson with less than a minute left and up by 11.

However Johnson had other ideas. Rather than letting the offense try and drive down for a touchdown, he took it himself, going 98 yards into the end zone.

Johnson and Austin are two of five players who have taken punts back for 98 yards. Terance Mathis did it with the New York Jets in 1990, Dennis Morgan with the Cowboys in 1974 and Charlie West in 1968 with the Minnesota Vikings.

Read the rest here:

Ranking the six longest punt return touchdowns in NFL history - NBC Sports

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A South Bend police officer, accused of having an inappropriate relationship with a 16-year old girl, had another job not long ago working directly with teenagers.

ABC57 obtained the personnel file of South Bend police officer Timothy Barber through a public records request. Barber isstill on unpaid leave, while he faces multiple charges for sex crimes involving a minor. Shortly before SBPD hired Officer Barber, he worked for a year at First Baptist Church of Mishawaka as its youth director.

According to Barber's resume, he ran youth group activities and had an ongoing relationship with teens as a counselor. Barber's application says he graduated with a degree in biblical counseling, to start a career as a youth pastor.

Barber is accused of repeatedly having sex with a 16-year old girl, while on the job as a sworn police officer. According to court records, the victim said Barber showed up to her place of work, in uniform, and exposed himself. She told investigators she felt pressured to continue the relationship with Barber because he was a cop.

ABC57 has reached out to First Baptist Church of Mishawaka to ask about Barber's time as a youth director, and have yet to hear back.

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Officer accused of sex with a minor has a history of working with teenagers - ABC 57 News

Is that a flirtatious stare? Photo: Emma McIntyre/Getty Images

It is absolutely none of our business whether professional cuties Tom Holland and Zendaya are in a romantic relationship. Still, any time they are together, its hard not to anxiously await a little bit of their public flirtation. Take, for instance, the pictures from the Spider-Man: No Way Home premiere on December 13. Zendayas hand on his chest! Toms hand around her back! Sure seems romantic to those of us desperate to aw at any and all Tom-daya content.

Neither Zendaya nor Holland has actually confirmed (or denied!!!) their relationship. And its unlikely that they will given their privacy with previous relationships. With that in mind, here is a timeline of their rumored dating history. Please speculate accordingly.

Zendaya and Holland meet on the set of Spider-Man: Homecoming. At the time, Holland tells People, We are like the best of friends. Shes so great and amazing. He adds that hes a little worried about dealing with fame, but says, Zendaya is super famous and shes been through this and I just call her up and say, How do I manage being famous? Im very glad I have a friend like her. A friend, hmm? Well see about that!

Shortly after their now-world-renowned episode of Lip Sync Battle, an unnamed source tells People that Zendaya and Holland are dating! Huzzah! Theyve been super careful to keep it private and out of the public eye, the source claims, but theyve gone on vacations with each other and try and spend as much time as possible with one another. They also assert that Holland is practically moved into Zendayas new L.A. mansion.

Then, Zendaya and Holland swiftly set the record straight: No, they are not dating. Despair! In fact, Zendaya tweets that she hasnt taken a vacation in years, let alone with her Spider-Man co-star. The next month, Zendaya speaks out about the dating rumors saying, It happens all the time, and of course we expected it I mean, it comes with the territory. It comes with the job, so its all good.

Aside from Holland posting a picture of Zendaya at the 2018 Met Gala, rumors about their relationship have gone all but silent. And who among us hasnt tweeted a picture of Zendaya with the caption, All hail the queen?

In 2019, Zendaya is rumored to be dating her Euphoria co-star, tall boy Jacob Elordi. Theyre seen together in Greece. In early 2020, hes seen giving her a little kiss. Then, in October 2020, Elordi is reportedly dating model Kaia Gerber. (It appears they have since split.)

Meanwhile, Holland is reportedly dating actress Nadia Parkes. In May 2020, a source close to the pair tells the Daily Mail that the two have spent lockdown together in Hollands home in London. In July 2020, he posts a picture of her on Instagram, further fueling dating rumors.

July 1: To some, a normal Thursday. To others, the day that Those Pictures of Zendaya and Holland making out in a car were taken. Around this time, Page Six also shares photos of Holland hanging out with Zendaya and her mom.

August 22: Zendaya and Holland are pictured at a friends wedding looking very date-y.

September 1: Two words: My MJ. In honor of Zendayas birthday, Holland posts a picture of the two of them on-set, writing, Gimme a call when your up xxx. Three Xs!

September 11: Zendaya posts pictures from the Venice Film Festival where she wore that devastating leather Balmain dress. Holland comments three fire emoji. His comment currently has over 68,000 likes.

October 19: Holland posts a picture of Zendaya from the Dune red carpet, simply captioned Dune with a heart-eyes emoji.

October 20: Zendaya and her Dune co-star Timothe Chalamet are interviewed by BuzzFeed. Chalamet is asked who Zendayas biggest crush is, and he replies, Easy, Tom Holland! Zendaya giggles. This is as close to dating confirmation as weve gotten thus far.

November 9: In an interview with Total Film, Holland says hes very happy and in love, though he doesnt mention anyone by name.

November 17: GQ publishes an interview with Holland in which he talks about his relationship with Zendaya in the most candid way to date. One of the downsides of our fame is that privacy isnt really in our control anymore, and a moment that you think is between two people that love each other very much is now a moment that is shared with the entire world, Holland said, referring to the aforementioned car pictures. Ive always been really adamant to keep my private life private, because I share so much of my life with the world anyway, he said. We sort of felt robbed of our privacy. When asked whether he felt they werent ready to share their relationship, Holland said, I dont think its about not being ready. Its just that we didnt want to.

Which brings us to now. At the December 13 premiere of Spider-Man: No Way Home, Zendaya and Holland are photographed together, as youd expect. Holland even stops an interview to watch Zendaya arrive on the red carpet.

So, are they together together? The world may never know for sure! But, with all due respect to their privacy, well take any and all Tom-daya content we can get.

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A Brief History of Zendaya and Tom Holland Flirting Publicly - The Cut

On Tuesday evening the Senate voted to raise the federal government debt limit by $2.5 trillion, a measure which removes the imminent threat of a historic first default on the national debt.

The Treasury had warned that unless a solution could be found the country may become unable to cover its financial obligations as early as 15 December, after the expiration of a debt ceiling suspension enacted during the Trump presidency.

The bill was passed using a new Senate mechanism which allows a debt ceiling increase to be approved with just a simple majority and avoid the filibuster. The increase takes the debt ceiling top threshold to $31.4 trillion, a figure that is expected to suffice until 2023 at the earliest.

The national debt ceiling was first introduced in 1917 when Congress passed the Second Liberty Bond Act, providing a formal limit on the amount of debt that the government could assume. Debt was issued in the form of government bonds which could be sold off to raise funds.

The level of public debt has fluctuated ever since but has always remained beneath the upper threshold, preventing a default on those debts. In the 20th century alone the debt ceiling was raised more than 90 times and has never been lowered.

President Ronald Reagan raised the limit 18 times; while President Bill Clinton did so eight times. Since 2001 the debt ceiling had been raised 14 times, with another coming imminently once the House passes the latest iteration and President Biden signs it into law.

In 2008, at the time of the Great Recession, the total public debt stood at $9.65 trillion. That figure will rise to $31.4 trillion when the new increase is enacted. Democrats in Congress have reiterated the vital importance of avoiding a debt default and ensuring that the debt accrued by both parties is covered.

Raising the debt ceiling has been done countless times in the last century, but it is also possible to avoid a catastrophic default by enacting a suspension of the limit. This is what happened in 2019 when President Trump signed a bill suspending the debt ceiling until July 2021, a measure which was then extended until December.

When Trump came to power the national debt was at $19 trillion and he promised to completely eliminate the debt over an eight-year period. However the passage of a $1.5 trillion tax cut package in 2017 and increased federal spending meant that it reached $22 trillion halfway through his single term in office.

Shortly after the 2021 debt ceiling increase was approved by the Senate, Sen. Chuck Schumer said that the decision taken was "about paying debt accumulated by both parties."

Read more:

What is the history of the US debt ceiling and why does it matter? - AS English

What you need to know about how USU has handled allegations of sexual assault in the past.

(Kim Raff | Tribune file photo) Old Main on the campus of Utah State University in Logan on Feb. 25, 2013. A new lawsuit is returning scrutiny to how the school responds to reports of sexual assaults.

| Dec. 14, 2021, 9:03 p.m.

| Updated: 11:44 p.m.

A new lawsuit is returning scrutiny to how Utah State University responds to reports of sexual assaults, after years of controversy at the school and a blistering report from the Department of Justice that demanded reform last year.

Student Kaytriauna Flint alleges in a federal lawsuit filed Tuesday that the university continues to protect its football players against claims of sexual assault.

Flints lawsuit refers to recorded statements USU Police Chief Earl Morris made to the schools football players this fall. The Tribune obtained a copy of the recording.

Morris warned the players to make sure that when they have sex that its consensual especially if they are with women who are Latter-day Saints. He said LDS women will often tell their bishop that sex was nonconsensual because its easier. They might be feeling regret, he continued, for having sex before marriage, which goes against the faiths teachings of abstinence, so theyll say it was assault.

Flints lawsuit refers to a second recording, in which a USU football coach, who is not identified, told the team that it has never been more glamorized to be a victim and that the football team was a target to some.

In a statement about the recordings, USU said it will be reviewing this matter, and said the statements described by The Tribune are not consistent with the universitys trainings. USU said it has made a great deal of progress in our sexual misconduct prevention and response efforts over the last five years, while noting that cultural change takes time. Students and employees bring their own developed perceptions and beliefs around sexual misconduct with them to our campuses, it said.

Flints lawsuit says the school mishandled her report to the schools Title IX Office, which is tasked with investigating sexual misconduct in order to comply with a federal law that requires schools to provide education without sex-based discrimination.

Flint accused a USU football player of sexually assaulting her in 2019. Her lawsuit alleges the school misled her about what Title IX law required from her. Her Title IX case was dismissed two years later when she said she felt she could not comply with the schools requirements.

Logan police sent the case to the Cache County Attorney for prosecution, but the office declined to file charges.

USU football player Torrey Green was convicted in 2019 of sexually assaulting six women while he was a student at the Logan school.

Four women told Logan police in 2015 that they had been assaulted by Green, but no charges were filed until prosecutors reexamined their cases after The Tribune published an investigative report about their claims. Prosecutors said in court papers that 19 women in total came forward with similar allegations, and the trial involved six of those women.

The Department of Justice, which investigated USU after Greens convictions, said its investigators found it was common for USU to close incident files involving football players after only minimal investigation.

The DOJ report also detailed mishandled reports involving USUs Greek system.

(Trent Nelson | The Salt Lake Tribune)Victoria Hewlett recently settled a rape case against Utah State University. Hewlett was photographed in Salt Lake City, Thursday July 5, 2018.

Former USU student Victoria Hewlett sued the school for allegedly mishandling sexual assault allegations from her and multiple other women involving then-Sigma Chi fraternity member Jason Relopez. The lawsuit claimed that five women had reported to the school that Relopez sexually assaulted them before Hewletts attack in 2015. The school said Relopez had been on its radar but denied receiving five previous assault reports.

Relopez was sentenced in 2016 to a year in jail for attempted rape and attempted forcible sex abuse, and as part of his plea deal, admitted raping Hewlett and another USU student.

Her suit also alleged USU mishandled similar reports involving Ryan Wray, then-president of Pi Kappa Alpha, which is around the corner from Sigma Chi. Prosecutors said Wray inappropriately touched a woman at the fraternity in 2014, while he was assigned to keep watch over incapacitated partygoers. He pleaded guilty to attempted forcible sex abuse and was sentenced to six months in jail.

Hewlett accepted a $250,000 settlement in 2018 that required the school to increase its oversight of its Greek system.

The DOJ report also mentioned USUs investigation into its piano department, noting that those who came forward with years-old complaints in 2018 did not know where to report discrimination during their time at USU.

An investigator hired by USU found students had endured a pervasive culture of sexism, a disturbing pattern of sexual violence and psychological abuse by faculty.

Administrators had done little to address that culture amid multiple students allegations of mistreatment by faculty as recently as 2017, a report said. That included a student alleging she was raped by a teacher in 2009.

(Joy Wong | For The Salt Lake Tribune) Rachel Speedie at her home in Redondo Beach, Calif. Speedie won piano competitions at Utah State University and was named the schools most outstanding music student her junior year, but she left Logan in 2004 with a permanent elbow injury and no degree. She says she was required to overpractice, not given lessons she had paid for and denied the opportunity to play her required senior recital.

USU settled the federal investigation by agreeing to improve its response in the future. At the time, USU President Noelle Cockett said the school would promptly respond to accusations moving forward and should have done better.

Editors note The Tribune generally does not identify sexual assault victims; the women identified in this story agreed to the use of their names.

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Utah State University's troubled history of responding to sexual assault - Salt Lake Tribune

Mr. Monogamy! Chris Noth is best known for playing womanizer Mr. Big on Sex and the City, but in real life, hes been a one-woman man for more than 20 years.

The Law & Order alum began his acting career in the 1980s, but it wasnt until he landed the role of Detective Mike Logan in 1990 that his star began to rise. He went on to romance Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker) on Sex and the City from 1998 to 2004 before reprising his role in two SATC movies and the 2021 HBO Max spinoff, And Just Like That.

While fans cannot imagine Sex and the City without Noth, his acting career almost didnt get off the ground. In fact, if it wasnt for a failed college relationship the Wisconsin native may have taken an alternative path.

The Someday Sometime star recalled in 1993 that he wanted to work in New York repertory theater at a young age which led to him briefly studying at the Neighborhood Playhouse as a young man. Noth told the Chicago Tribune at the time that he was kicked out for doing a play at the Manhattan Theater Club because he wasnt allowed to work while studying.

He continued to try his hand at off-off Broadway theater while being a bad waiter in a dozen different restaurants for five years before his love life caused a change in his trajectory.

I got burned out [at the restaurants] and I had a disastrous romantic relationship, so I decided to apply to Yale Drama School, Noth told the outlet. I got in, and I never turned back.

As the Good Wife alums career took off, his personal life became a hot topic but he rarely revealed whether he was in a relationship.

Noth had a high-profile romance with a model and was rumored to be dating an actress in the early 2000s. Even when he met his now-wife Tara Wilson, he managed to keep his love live under wraps.

However, in December 2021, Noth gave fans a little insight into his real personality and how his wife sees him while talking about his iconic SATC character.

I never saw [Mr. Big] as an alpha male, thats so funny that you say that. But its true, I do get offers to play these power-broker types, the Equalizer star told The Guardian at the time. I know how to put on a suit, but my wife put it perfectly when she said: I dont think people realize that youre kind of schlubby.

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Chris Noths Dating History: A Timeline of the Sex and the City Stars High-Profile Romances - Us Weekly

The residents of Cabrini-Green had reason to be skeptical.

For years, their calls for help had gone largely unheeded. The conditions in their publicly subsidized high-rise apartments had only grown worse over time, and they had the political misfortune to be Black and living in one of the most segregated cities in the nation.

So when former Mayor Richard M. Daley under increasing pressure to stop the national headlines portraying their community as the model for the failures of public housing sent prominent Black politicians and city officials to their community to front his billion-dollar transformation plan, residents turned out by the hundreds.

They gathered on a winter morning in 1997 inside a high school auditorium. Many brought their children. At the time, Cabrini-Green had been neglected for years by their landlord the Chicago Housing Authority. Once a sparkling beacon of hope for poor families, it had been allowed to deteriorate into a complex riddled with boarded up units, broken elevators and a litany of unmet maintenance needs.

Now, Daley and his lieutenants promised an altogether new direction for the prime real estate on the citys Near North Side: Tear it down and start over.

The promises reverberated over the public address system into an arena filled with doubters: Everyone who wanted to return to the rejuvenated area could do so; they would get their fair share of the billion-dollar economic pie; hundreds of coveted construction jobs would be theirs.

Fast-forward nearly a quarter century and the dilapidated high-rises are gone, replaced with a well groomed, freshly landscaped new neighborhood that includes an Apple store, a swanky river walk lined with boats and more than 3,500 mixed-income apartments most of which the original Cabrini-Green tenants could never afford.

The total price tag to taxpayers has now more than doubled to $2 billion on a plan more than a decade behind schedule that has transformed a Black neighborhood to a predominantly white one. By the time its done, taxpayers will have spent more than a half-million dollars for each of the more than 3,500 Cabrini-Green families the city kicked out.

A yearlong Better Government Association examination of public records and dozens of interviews reveals decades of broken promises, unmet deadlines and a long record of neglect continuing even today.

Of the 2,500 construction jobs Daley promised to Cabrini-Green residents, the BGA found only 40 who actually got one. Of the nearly 4,000 homes already built or underway, only 48 are being built by a construction company owned by a former Cabrini-Green resident the only Black-owned builder on the project, the BGA found.

And of the thousands of families who were promised they could return, more than 80% never did some were disqualified, relocated or simply overwhelmed with bureaucracy. Many died waiting. Even today, 85 families who used to live in Cabrini-Green are still on decades-old waiting lists to move back.

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Cabrini-Green Residents Were Promised 2,500 Construction Jobs. They Got 40 December 15, 2021

City officials and the CHA ignored residents demands, repeatedly reneged on promises, and tossed up so many barriers for many that their return became nearly impossible. Black-owned businesses that sprung up in the wake of the citys promises struggled to survive with only a tiny fraction of the hundreds of millions that went to mostly white developers many with the kind of political connections well known to hold sway at City Hall, the BGA found.

The CHA worked to arrange public subsidies for those connected developers. It bailed them out when they couldnt meet their debt obligations, extended missed deadlines, and defended daunting requirements for public housing residents to return, even after residents argued in court those requirements were humiliating.

Mayor Lori Lightfoot, who inherited the decades-old rejuvenation, and her public housing chief, Tracey Scott, declined to be interviewed for this report. But through a spokeswoman, Scott said the redevelopment has created economic growth and opportunities that have benefited all residents, including families living in subsidized housing, and the BGAs questions regarding the citys broken promises related to decisions that were made many years ago.

Speaking at a July ribbon cutting for the latest apartment building at the Cabrini-Green site, Lightfoot acknowledged the city has more work to do.

Since the first wrecking ball slammed into Cabrini-Green homes and towers two decades ago, a lot has changed, Lightfoot said. But in some ways, some things have remained the same. Former Cabrini-Green residents are still grappling with the trauma of losing their homes and being forced to relocate elsewhere, in some instances, with very little time to do so.

These broken promises have been a real tragedy, said Elizabeth Rosenthal, an attorney who represented Cabrini-Green residents until leaving Chicago in 2017. There was a lack of respect, a lack of recognition of the communities that existed.

For the hundreds of activists and residents who turned up at the neighborhood high school that cold morning Feb. 22, 1997, to hear Daleys pitch, Cabrini-Green was not the community portrayed in the headlines. To them, it was home.

To them, it was a place where help with child care was just a door knock away, where summer cookouts were as common as pickup basketball games and where lifelong friendships were forged.

Read more about Cabrini-Green

City Approves $600M to Finish Cabrini-Green Makeover October 14, 2021

Thats why they sued, arguing they had been locked out of the Daley administrations decision-making process and accusing the city of yet another in a long history of discriminating insults.

In a video of the 1997 meeting, Jesse White, then the Cook County recorder of deeds, and Ald. Walter Burnett, 27th, stood alongside city officials helping Daley sell his plan. Soon, dozens of people in the audience grew frustrated and began walking out.

Others raised their voices, and some were even arrested after a skirmish.

If you all leave this meeting this morning, youre stupid, Burnett was quoted telling the crowd in newspaper accounts.

Both Burnett and White, now the Illinois secretary of state, declined to be interviewed for this report.

A longtime neighborhood leader rose toward the end of the meeting to sum up the crowds feelings:

You all put the cart before the horse, said John Stevens, who fought alongside residents until his death a year later. You should have come to this community to find out what we want not bring something from the mayors office on what you all want.

Carol Steele, a longtime Cabrini resident and advocate and today one of the last elders trying to hold the CHA and the city accountable for the promises made to residents was there that Saturday morning and recalled marching in and telling Daley officials, You didnt include us in the plan.

They had to bring us to the table, Steele told the BGA..

Cabrinis redevelopment was one element of Daleys plan to privatize Chicagos public housing portfolio throughout the city by demolishing high-rise buildings, reducing units by one-third to 25,000, and offering vouchers to low-income residents to use for private-market apartments scattered mostly throughout Chicago.

The new public housing units replacing the high-rises were to be built or rehabbed in mixed income communities, meant to break up concentrations of poverty by integrating low-income families with middle-class and wealthier ones.

This Near North development plan seeks to build a community where children have safe places to play and learn and where working families at every income level can pursue the American dream of owning a home, Daley said at the 1996 news conference in which he announced what a headline by the Chicago Tribune dubbed Daleys Cabrini dream.

Even though Cabrini-Green resident leaders didnt make Daleys guest list for the announcement, he said his plan will be a community with access to good jobs and a clear path up the ladder of success.

Cabrini-Green residents fought back in court, demanding access to the subsidized apartments built in the area and to the bonanza of contracts fueled by the redevelopment. That 1996 lawsuit remains active today and is the basis of settlement agreements that are still in force between the city and former residents.

Still, the influx of wealth, resources and jobs has done little to benefit those who once lived there, the BGA found. In 1970, Black residents made up more than 33% of the neighborhoods population. Census figures in 2020 showed the Black population at less than 10%.

Many moved to other segregated neighborhoods in the citys West and South sides, where residents have been disproportionately ticketed and policed, and where they disproportionately bear the brunt of gun violence and residential fires. They moved to communities in dire need of jobs because thats where landlords who have made subsidized housing into a business take the rent vouchers the CHA issued in exchange for moving out of Cabrini-Green. The voucher program has done little to promote integration because landlords in Chicagos predominantly white neighborhoods have been reluctant to accept them.

In October, Chicagos city council swiftly approved a Lightfoot plan to spend an additional $600 million over the next 12 years to finally fulfill Daleys redevelopment plan. Added to the $1.4 billion already allocated, the new money would bring the final tab to more than $2 billion. The plan is more than a decade behind schedule, including a shortfall of more than 500 public housing units.

One of the central promises used by the Daley administration to quell community activists and Cabrini residents was that their exile was only temporary.

Let me be perfectly clear about this, Daley said at the June 27, 1996, news conference in which he announced his Cabrini plan. Every family that wants to stay in this community will stay in this community regardless of their income.

What Daley didnt mention that day was the effort already underway to increase evictions and vacancies in the public housing high-rises throughout the city. That created a scenario in which anyone relocated before the wrecking crews arrived would not be eligible to hold the city to his promise.

Months later, Cabrini residents sued the Daley administration to stop the project until they were given a decision-making role and until the numerous promises could be hashed out formally. It took four years for the litigation to be settled by consent decree.

The agreement set up a process by which current and former Cabrini residents dating back to 1993 were awarded a right to return to the newly developed community. But the CHAs process to identify the people eligible for these rights created a new phalanx of problems.

First, the agency was required to develop a list of those eligible, a process under fire from critics from the beginning for failing to keep track of qualified residents and the CHAs inadequate efforts to find them.

Second, because many of the subsidized mixed-income units were owned privately, developers set rules for who was eligible to live there.

Of the 3,606 Cabrini apartments, the residents of only 2,832 were deemed eligible to return.

Of those, 348 families were evicted. Another 169 died waiting. And by the agencys tally as of this year, the city has lost track of more than 400 families, even after hiring firms to find them and advertising in local newspapers.

Charles Price, a longtime Cabrini advocate who managed several high-rises before they were torn down, said CHA leadership was so disorganized in trying to track potentially eligible residents they didnt know when one qualified former resident was practically staring them in their face. He recalled a meeting he attended several years ago, where he and CHA officials were discussing trying to track down former residents.

Were sitting in the meeting, in the working group, and they had a list and they said, We cant find these people. These are people from Cabrini that are missing, Price told the BGA.

As he scanned the list, Price said his eyes went wide when he saw the name of a fellow advocate on the list who was sitting a few feet away at the same meeting. The second name on that list was CarolSteele. ... The second name on the list! he said.

He remembered pointing to Steele and telling the city officials in attendance: Here she is right here!

Today, Price still shakes his head in disbelief when retelling the story, recalling how much money the CHA paid in its futile attempts to track down former residents.

And they paid millions of dollars to different organizations to find these people, he said. How is it that they couldnt find her?

Even if tracking down former residents had gone well, questions remain about whether theyd have a place to live. Construction of new homes has taken so long that hundreds of residents have settled elsewhere.

CHA data shows roughly 19% of former Cabrini families, whom Daley promised could return, chose a rent subsidy elsewhere in the city. An additional 7% settled in other public housing communities. Another 5% settled in rehabbed Cabrini row houses.

And as of this year, less than 20% of former Cabrini families 693 had at some point returned to the neighborhood, but CHA officials said they do not track how many have since moved out.

Records show 85 families are still on the CHAs lists waiting for an invitation to return.

Even some of the families who have returned decry what they say is a cumbersome bureaucracy that prompted many of their former neighbors to give up. To qualify, residents must pass a drug test, have a job or be enrolled in school, and pass a criminal background check.

They hope you say, Forget it, I dont want the unit, said Chalonda McIntosh, who returned in 2008 with her six children. Its just a scare tactic.

Like most renters in the city, McIntosh had background and income checks. But she also had to submit herself and her adult children to a drug test, a practice long criticized as humiliating and stigmatizing. The American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois unsuccessfully argued it is illegal.

After accepting all the CHAs requirements, McIntosh said she waited months for her application to be approved and more months for a move-in date. Then she said she waited again for CHA movers, even though she had only 12 boxes to move.

Angela Russell left Cabrini-Green in 1993 after being told by the CHA it was shutting down her building. Russell remembers being offered an opportunity to live in another public housing community, but she said she declined because she feared it wouldnt be safe for her and her three children. Instead, she moved into a privately owned apartment in the Logan Square neighborhood where her parents helped with rent.

At Cabrini, Russell said she relied on a vast network of friends and family who could help her with child care or tell her about job opportunities or after-school activities for her children. Her parents lived in Cabrini, as did her grandparents a reflection of the citys long history of forced segregation and the countrys lack of economic mobility.

Outside her community, it became impossible to work, raise a family and pay the rent. She spent years essentially homeless, living with relatives who would take her and her children in.

She eventually learned she was on a list of people who had lived in Cabrini and, thanks to the residents who had fought in court on her behalf, had a right to move back to the mixed-income neighborhood.

In 2009, Russell began calling the CHA, but she was told the agency couldnt find any records she ever lived at Cabrini. For 10 years, she said, she tried to prove she had lived there and left on good terms by providing her birth date and the names of her children. But it was to no avail.

Finally, earlier this year, someone at the CHA searched her Social Security number, she said, and her married name popped up.

Weve been looking for you for 10 years, she recalled being told.

Russell asked when she could move back. And to her surprise, the woman on the phone said they had an apartment ready for her.

At first, I thought it was a joke, Russell said.

It took a few months and all the required paperwork, a drug test and a $1,900 check to cover the first and last months of rent, but Russell and her family moved into a four-bedroom apartment last summer about a block away from the now-demolished building she had left.

I waited 28 years, she said.

In total, the city and the CHA have helped support the construction of 3,525 residences in the Near North Side, with another 457 being built or planned. Of those already built, more than half have been sold or rented at rising market rates. About 16% were considered affordable because they have income caps. Among those, was a city program to offer affordable condos, with annual income restrictions up to $90,500 for a family of four.

Read more about Cabrini-Green

City Panel Approves $600M to Finish Cabrini August 10, 2021

In recent years, the city has tightened income restrictions for affordable housing, limiting them to incomes less than $55,920 for a family of four. But Chicago is facing an affordable housing crisis, and the real need is in housing families with annual incomes at half that amount.

The rest of the units 1,096, or almost one-third are public housing units. Whether all those units count toward the CHAs promises made to residents decades ago remains a point of contention.

In 2000, the CHA promised to build at least 700 units to replace a portion of the red-brick high-rises it demolished. At the time, the plan still included rehabbing some of the 23 Cabrini-Green towers. But the CHA kept razing buildings, getting rid of them all by 2011.

That year, residents also learned the CHA was reneging on its promise to keep Cabrini-Greens nearly 600 row houses as public housing units. Instead, under a new plan, only a quarter of the rehabbed units would remain public housing. The rest would be mixed-income housing.

The residents again sued the city, and in 2015, they struck a new deal with the agency. They couldnt save all the row houses but got the CHA to agree to increase the portion of public housing row houses from 146 to up to 240, court records show.

The agreement also more than doubled the minimum number of public housing units it would build or rehab in the Near North Side from 700 to 1,800. The deal gave the agency some flexibility and expanded the area where it could fulfill its new promise.

Construction and planning for those new units has stalled. In 2018, the agency began subsidizing the rehab of single-room occupancy buildings, called SROs, on the Near North Side, which are now included in the agencys count toward the 1,800 goal, according to records released under a Freedom of Information Act request.

Advocates for the SRO buildings applaud the CHA for preserving those units but argue the tiny SRO studio apartments are designed for individuals, while Cabrini-Green apartments were large enough for families.

We are in an affordable housing crisis in the city of Chicago, said Jennifer Ritter, executive director of ONE Northside, which advocates for the preservation of SRO buildings. This isn't a time to double count.

Under the CHAs official count of 1,096 public housing units available in the area, 391 are SROs. Without those smaller efficiency apartments, that number decreases to 705.

Attorneys for residents also argue the CHA should not be able to count rehabbed row houses toward their promised goals of new public housing units because the row houses were always set aside for public housing.

That would bring the number of public units built down to 559, well short of the promised goals set in 2000.

As residents still wait to return, many politically connected developers were paid millions to build mixed-income communities.

Read more about Cabrini-Green

City Says About $600 Million More Is Needed to Finish Cabrini-Greens Transformation June 15, 2021

Over the last two decades, the city created special taxing districts to help pay for their projects, bailed them out during the housing crisis of 2008 when they couldnt sell enough units to repay private loans, defended their tenant selection plans in court, and arranged complicated financing packages in which taxpayers accepted the risk if their projects failed.

Through an examination of public records, the BGA tallied the more than $1.4 billion in public incentives so far awarded to more than a dozen developers in the redevelopment area since the first contract was penned. The city recently approved spending another $600 million over the next 12 years.

Included in all those past and future incentives are nearly $900 million from special property tax districts, more than $510 million from CHA funds, more than $120 million in government-backed bonds, and nearly $515 million from an array of state and local subsidies such as tax credits, forgivable loans and Community Development Block Grants.

The tally does not include the value of below-market government land leases and sales or construction change orders that typically increase the amounts of government contracts.

As they worked with the CHA and city officials to win these incentives, Cabrini developers contributed more than $1.3 million to the campaigns of local politicians, including Daley and his mayoral successors, Rahm Emanuel and Lori Lightfoot.

What Are Your Stories About the Cabrini-Green Community?

Burnett, who grew up in Cabrini and whos 27th Ward includes the Near North Side, received more than $48,000. Ald. Edward Burke, 14th, longtime chairman of the city councils finance committee until his indictment on bribery charges in 2019, received at least $115,000.

One of the pioneer developers was Dan McLean, who built Daleys former home in the South Loop. He began gobbling up land surrounding Cabrini before Daley announced his plan for the area, eventually becoming one of the largest landowners surrounding Cabrini.

More here:

Cabrini-Green: A History of Broken Promises - Better Government Association (BGA)

ON THIS DAY IN 1918, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported, PARIS (A.P.) This is a greater night in Paris than armistice night. The city is ablaze with illuminations, the boulevards are thronged with crowds, dancing and singing and throwing confetti. The Place de la Concorde has been turned into a great dancing pavilion, where American soldiers are favorite partners. America is the predominating word here tonight. President [Woodrow] and Mrs. Wilson made their entry into Paris this morning, greeted by well-nigh half the populace not only of the city but of the surrounding districts. They were attended by President Poincare, Premier Clemenceau and others among the most eminent figures of France. Flowers were dropped around their carriage, airplanes winged overhead, guns sounded. But observers were impressed with something more than the magnitude and beauty of the reception by some quality of warmth that made it different from the visits to Paris recently made by the sovereigns of the Allied nations. The imagination and interest of France has been stirred by the president of the United States as by no other leader beyond the borders.

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ON THIS DAY IN 1929, the Eagle reported, The brazen evasion of jury service by influential citizens with pull has reached the proportions of a public scandal. Not only do the big merchants and corporation executives slide out of their civic duty on skids well-greased with politics but they can, and do, have their employees excused whenever they receive a jury notice. Replying to a questionnaire of the Eagle, Edward Ward McMahon, prominent Brooklyn attorney with offices in Manhattan, wrote: Lawyers are invariably asked by their clients to have them excused and everyone connected with a political party can tell you that at the beginning of every month they have innumerable applications from citizens who are called as jurors from various courts in the city to be excused. Legal excuses are not offered and the only reason given is that these citizens do not want to serve. The favor of having a juror excused is asked of the judge, of the clerk of the court or the commissioner of jurors. This practice has grown to such an extent that the average businessman does not take seriously a summons to serve on a jury.

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ON THIS DAY IN 1945, the Eagle reported, The long smoldering battle over charges of chaos in the city school system today may lead to a full-dress state investigation. Taking unprecedented action, the Board of Regents yesterday directed State Education Commissioner George D. Stoddard to examine both sides of the case and decide whether a regular investigation is necessary. If Dr. Stoddard decides on such a course, it will be the first time in local school history that the state has probed the New York City education setup. Dr. Stoddard was told specifically to study two documents. One is the petition of Frank E. Karelsen Jr., who resigned as chairman of the Board of Educations Advisory Committee on Human Relations, asking Governor [Thomas] Dewey for a cleanup of city schools. The other is the 95-page reply to Mr. Karelsens charges submitted to the Regents Wednesday by Mary Dillon, president of the Board of Education. The Regents will meet in Albany Jan. 18 to take action on Commissioner Stoddards recommendation. A full-scale probe would require additional funds from the Legislature. Regents Chancellor William J. Wallen pointed out yesterday that many of the problems raised are solely within the power of the Board of Education.

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ON THIS DAY IN 1954, the Eagle reported, Donna Reed, who grabbed off an Academy Award for her performance in From Here to Eternity, finally dips her foot into TV tomorrow night when she makes her debut on Ford Theaters Portrait of Lydia. For some time, Donna was unable to make any TV appearances due to her film commitments to the major picture studios, but the prejudice against the film stars appearing on video is rapidly breaking down. More and more of the actors have become aware of the enormous publicity and not inconsiderable prestige that follows a successful appearance on television.

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NOTABLE PEOPLE BORN ON THIS DAY include Pro Football Hall of Famer Billy Shaw, who was born in 1938; former Supremes member Cindy Birdsong, who was born in 1939; Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Dave Clark, who was born in 1939; former baseball manager Jim Leyland, who was born in 1944; drumming legend Carmine Appice, who was born in Brooklyn in 1946; former N.Y. Mets manager Art Howe, who was born in 1946; Miami Vice star Don Johnson, who was born in 1949; Fuzztones singer Rudi Protrudi, who was born in 1952; theater and film director Julie Taymor, who was born in 1952; The Legend of Billie Jean star Helen Slater, who was born in 1963; former N.Y. Knicks player David Wingate, who was born in 1963; Star Trek: Voyager star Garrett Wang, who was born in 1968; Stargate SG-1 star Michael Shanks, who was born in 1970; The O.C. star Adam Brody, who was born in 1979; and Downton Abbey star Michelle Dockery, who was born in 1981.

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LAW OF THE LAND: The first 10 amendments to the Constitution known as the Bill of Rights became effective on this day in 1791 following ratification by Virginia. The anniversary of ratification and effect is observed as Bill of Rights Day.

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POP THE CORK: The 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution became effective on this day in 1933. It repealed the 18th Amendment, which instituted a nationwide prohibition on alcohol beginning in 1919. It is the only amendment to the Constitution that repeals another amendment.

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Special thanks to Chases Calendar of Events and Brooklyn Public Library.

Quotable:

My formula for success is rise early, work late, and strike oil.

industrialist J. Paul Getty, who was born on this day in 1892

December 14 |Brooklyn Eagle History

December 13 |Brooklyn Eagle History

December 10 |Brooklyn Eagle History

December 9 |Brooklyn Eagle History

Read more:

December 15: ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY - Brooklyn Daily Eagle

I found this group of photographs at theState Archives of North Carolinain Raleigh. They were taken in Salter Path, a fishing village on the North Carolina coast, probably in 1938 or 1939.

Salter Path is located on Bogue Banks, a 21-mile-long barrier island best known for being the site ofFort Macon State Park,theNorth Carolina Aquariumand some of the states most popular beach resort communities, including Atlantic Beach, Pine Knoll Shores and Emerald Isle.

I want to look at the history of Salter Path before the first hotels and condominiums were built there. WhenCharles A. Farrelltook these photographs, Salter Path was the only settlement of any kind on the western two-thirds of the island.

At that time, no paved road yet led to Salter Path. People came and went largely in boats. Lights were few and far between. On a clear night, you felt as if you could see every star in the heavens.

Farrells photographs give us a glimpse of Salter Path just before the hotels and beach resorts showed up, the first paved road was built and all the rest.

I have paired Farrells photographs today with brief excerpts from a book calledJudgment Land: The Story of Salter Path, which was written by an island visitor and sometimes resident named Kay Holt Roberts Stephens back in 1984.

Long out of print, Kay Stephens book lets us hear the voices of some of villages oldest residents at that time. Several of those island people recalled when Salter Path was first settled in the 1890s.

The oldest of those islanders even remembered other settlements that were located on the western half of Bogue Banks in the late 1800s Yellow Hill, Rice Path, Bells Cove and others. Those communities faded away in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Some of their people moved to Broad Creek and other communities on the mainland, but others helped to build the new village of Salter Path.

With the help of those peoples memories and Farrells photographs, we can learn at least a bit about what Salter Path and the whole western part of Bogue Banks was like in those long-ago days.

Approximately a mile west of where Salter Path is now, in a section of the island that was nestled down among live oak glades and sand dunes, there used to be a little village called Rice Path.

InJudgment Land, Kay Stephens described how Rice Path got its name:

Sometime between 1865 and 1880, a shiploaded with ricewrecked on the beach. The families living on the banks went aboard ship, filled their bags with rice and carried it across the sand dunes through the low growing shrubs, through the closely knit live oak trees and then on to the shores of Bogue Sound. There they loaded therice on their skiffs and took it home. From then on the path and the settlement that grew up in the vicinity was referred to as Rice Path.

According to the old islanders who visited with Kay Stephens, the move of the people in Rice Path and the other little settlements on the western part of Bogue Banks to Salter Path was prompted partly by a changing economy and partly by a changing landscape.

By 1896, some of the settlers on the western end of Bogue Banks were becomingdissatisfied with their homesites. Each year it became more difficult to raise a garden due to the encroaching sand and salt spray. The families living between Hopey Ann Hill and Yellow Hill were especially affected as portions of the banks were eroding rapidly. Also, the settlers felt a need to be closer to Beaufort and Morehead City, the towns they turned to for trade. Therefore in March of 1896 the first permanent settlers moved to the area, which would be called the village of Salter Path.

One of Kay Stephens best sources is an unpublished memoir written by an island woman named Alice Guthrie Smith. Ms. Smith was born at the Rice Path in 1892, and she apparently wrote her recollections of her early life on the island sometime in the 1950s.

I have never seen her recollections, but fortunately Stephens quotes from them liberally.

Like quite a few other families, Alice Guthrie Smiths family came to Bogue Banks from Shackleford Banks, the barrier island just to the east. Her grandparents, John Wallace and Hopey Ann Guthrie, left Shackleford Banks after he had a severe fall at the Cape Lookout Lighthouse and was left crippled.

Hopey Ann Guthrie apparently thought that life might be a little easier on Bogue Banks than at Shackleford. I am not sure why, though I suspect that she wanted a new home closer to the mainland and a bit more protected from the hurricanes that had been so hard on the villages at Shackleford.

John Wallace died two or three years after the familys arrival at the Rice Path. Hopey Ann raised their large family on her own, living largely off the sea. The site of their home came to be known as Hopey Ann Hill.

In her memoir, Alice Guthrie Smith remembered when her family left the Rice Path and moved to Salter Path.

Kay Stephens quotes her inJudgment Land:

Well, we lived to that house until March 1896. (Our neighbors) Rumley Willis, Henry Willis, Alonza Guthrie and Damon Guthrie all decided they would move to the Salter Path. So, here we go. Well the day came for everybody to go down to the Salter Path and clear up theirplace, burn the pine straw and leaves and get their place ready to take their house down. So, Rumley put his house on a hill near the sound on the east side of the Salter Path that runs from the ocean to the sound. There were large oak trees all around his house. It was a beautiful place to build There were only four families at first, but it wasnt long before most of the people that lived to Rice Path, Yellow Hill, Bills Point and Belco moved to Salter Path and Broad Creek.

The early settlers at Salter Path did not hold deeds to the property that they occupied, but saw the land being unused and made their homes there, a very old practice on the banks.

For that reason, the squatters, as they became known, later ran into legal entanglements, including a formal complaint from the lands actual owner, a New Yorker named Alice Hoffman, who was Eleanor Roosevelts aunt. The legal issues were resolved in the 1920s and the Salter Pathers were allowed to stay on the land, though with restrictions that limited the villages growth.

Community life at Salter Path revolved around a solitary church, a tiny graded school and, for the men at least, the general store. In her memoir, Alice Guthrie Smith recalled that first church in Salter Path:

That was the place where all the churches in Carteret County would meet and have their summer picnics. Oh, wasnt that a happy time for everybody present! Everybody was in love and harmony witheach other, and we looked forward to that day. Everybody took their baskets full of good things to eat and after everybody got through eating and drinking lemonade, we would have preaching and singing or somebody would make a speech. Now, that was the good old days!

My mother was born and raised in Harlowe, a little community 12 miles from Salter Path on the mainland of Carteret County. I still remember her telling me about a Sunday school picnic on Bogue Banks. It may have been the only time that she visited the island as a child, which was around the time of these photographs.

She said it was quite an adventure. They made the journey by boat and at that age, she had rarely if ever traveled so far from home.

One of the states oldest and largest fisheries, thesalt mullet fisherywas a big part of life on Bogue Banks in the 1930s.

This is one of my favorite images fromJudgment Land:

In thesummerwhen the mullet would run in big black schools out in the ocean, some of the settlers would come to the beach near Riley (Salter)s home. They would encircle the mullet with the long nets which had been knit by their women. Hundreds of pounds of mullet would be brought to shore. All day long the women would sit with their `sitting up babies between their legs and split and gut the fish. Their long cotton dresses and even their sunbonnets were slick where they had wiped their hands .

Mullet fishing is still important in Salter Path today, though perhaps it means more now to the fishermens hearts than it does to their pantries or pocketbooks. The beach seine fishery for mullet has come and gone elsewhere on the North Carolina coast, but a solitary crew of the villages men still persist in fishing in much the same way as their ancestors did for many generations before them.

InJudgmentLand, Kay Stephens also quotes Alice Guthrie Smiths memoir about the way that the islanders traded their salt mullet for other things that they needed in life.

They would wash and clean them so they could salt them down, head them up, and leave those barrels of fish on the beach until sometime later. In the fall, October or November, a large boat from Down East (the eastern part of Carteret County) would come up to Salter Path loaded with sweet potatoes and corn. They would trade the corn and potatoes for the fish that the people had salted.

The way they got the fish from the beach to the sound was to tie a rope around the barrel and two men would get a long pole and put it through the rope, take the poles on their shoulders, and carry the barrels down the Salter Path to the sound. There they put them in skiffs, took them out to the deep water where the large boat was and put them aboard the boat after they took the corn and potatoes out.

According to legend, the coming and going of those mullet fishermen wore a sandy path from the ocean beach across the dunes and swales to the shores of Bogue Sound. The path ran by the home of Riley Salter and his family, which led people to call it Salter Path and gave the village its name.

When Kay Stephens was researchingJudgmentLand,she spent a great deal of time with Lillian Golden, a local woman who was born on the island in 1901.

I love Lillian Goldens descriptions of island life because they are sogranular: in Ms. Goldens words, you can really hear and understand the practicalities of how the Bogue Bankers fashioned a life there on the edge of the sea.

In this excerpt fromJudgment Land, Stephens recounts how Lillian Golden described how the islanders made their mattresses.

The villagers made their ticking out of flat homespun. The mattress that was placed on top of the slats was stuffed with seaweed. A feather mattress was placed on top of the seaweed mattress. The seaweed used in the mattresses was gathered along the shore and spread on bushes. It was left there through several rains so the salt water and other material could wash out. The sun would then bleach the seaweeds.

Well into the 20th century, the villagers made feather mattresses. Stephens talked with another local woman, for instance, whose mother had a mattress stuffed with robin feathers.

In the 1800s and into the 1900s, the islanders often caught robins and other songbirds in fishing nets spread among the wax myrtle and yaupon bushes around their homes. They valued the birds for their feathers, but also sought them out in order to feed their families.

Now and then, the sea provided very different kinds of gifts. In her memoir, Alice Guthrie Smith recalled, for instance, how wind and waves knocked a load of lumber off a schooner during the great hurricane of 1885.

The lumber washed up on Bogue Banks and after the storm, she wrote, everybody that needed lumber went over to the beach and pulled up all they wanted. Dad saved enough to start him a small house to the Rice Path.

I am always surprised, when I visit the old homes on Salter Path or on Ocracoke or some other island village, how often people tell me that this rooms floor or this chest of drawers or this table came off a shipwreck years ago.

It always feels as if there is no limit to the way that the islanders were bound to and shaped by the ways of the sea.

Now and then, I get a glimpse inJudgment Landat something that I rarely hear talked about: the fear that the islands women felt for their safety and the safety of their daughters when their husbands were away fishing and hunting or when their husbands had died and left them on their own.

Kay Stephens tells the story, for instance, of a night during the Civil War when three men from the mainland forced their way into the home of Francis and Horatio Frost and raped two of their daughters. At the time, Horatio and their only son were gigging flounder on Bogue Sound.

In another part of the book, Lillian Golden recalled the fear that she and her widowed mother felt at their home in Salter Path when she was a girl.

The neighborhoodwasnt thickly settled, and youdidnt think of calling nobody I was scared to go to sleep nights. We were in the woods. The otheryounguns had a father with them, you see.

Like so many other young women of the time, Lillian did not wear make-up and rarely wore jewelry in the hope that she could avoid mens attentions.

I found Lillian Goldens recollections of her widowed mother especially entrancing when I rereadJudgment Landthe other day.

Her mother, Mary Francis Smith, took her husbands death very hard. He was scarcely 30 years old when he died after a long illness in 1901. Beset by grief, Laura Francis was visited by nightmares for years.

Lillian told Kay Stephens that, in order to comfort her mother, she slept with her, nuzzled against her back, from the time that she was a little girl until she was married in 1918.

Yet for all that, Mary Francis managed to provide for herself and her children.

She clammed and caught soft-shell crabs in the spring and summer. She took in sewing, sometimes stayingup late into the night to finish a dress that was wanted the next day. In the fall and winter she and her children would cut wood and sell it by the cord

She would cut the leaves off theyaupon (bushes)and sell them to a factory on Harkers Island. (Harkers Island is 18 miles east of Salter Path.) There the leaves were cured and put into sacks and sold under the brand name`Carolina Tea.

In 1905 after her aunt Mahalia Ann Guthrie was no longer able to serve as the village midwife, Laura Francis began her long career delivering the babies not only in Salter Path but elsewhere on the banks.

She was a little bit of everything: fisherwoman, seamstress, woodcutter, herbalist, midwife and mother, as well as, for a time, the villages postmistress.

To get by, Mary Francis saved and reused every little thing, kept two big gardens and spun her own thread and made her familys clothes. Her neighbors shared and together they made do and got by.

My friend Karen Willis Amspacher is the director and guiding spirit at theCore Sound Waterfowl Museum and Heritage Centeron Harkers Island. Many of her ancestors came from Shackleford Banks, the island I mentioned earlier that is just to the east of Bogue Banks.

More than once, when we have been discussing how hard it was to survive on those islands back in the day, Karen has just shaken her head and told me, Those were some tough folks, David. Thats all I can say. Those were some tough folks.

Coastal Review is featuring the work of North Carolina historian David Cecelski, who writes about the history, culture and politics of the North Carolina coast. Cecelski shares on hiswebsiteessays and lectures he has written about the states coast as well as brings readers along on his searchfor the lost stories of our coastal past in the museums, libraries and archives he visits in the U.S. and across the globe.

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Our Coast's history: The early days of Bogue Banks | Coastal Review - Coastal Review Online