Category Archives: History

WrestleMania is typically sold on its main event (or multiple headlining matches as of late), but for every John Cena vs. The Rock match and Roman Reigns vs. Brock Lesnar saga that caps off the Showcase of the Immortals, there have been multiple great opening contests that are just as impactful. Over the years, weve seen heated fights between the Hart brothers, death-defying ladder matches involving some of the biggest stars, and other great WWE opening matches that have set the tone for their respective shows.

Below is a breakdown of 10 of the best WrestleMania opening matches, as well as a direct link to the shows on which they took place on the WWE Network on Peacock. Theres a lot to unpack in a short amount of time, so lets jerk that curtain and get the show started.

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WWE didnt waste any time getting WrestleMania 34 going with a triple threat match that saw The Miz defend his Intercontinental Championship against Seth Rollins and Finn Balor. This instant classic gave the event a nice pace and provided for some great moments from each of the competitors over the course of 15 minutes. With multiple near-falls, shifts in momentum, and a strong sampling of each wrestlers respective movesets, everyone came out of this one looking like a winner, especially Seth Rollins, who became a Grand Slam Champion with his first IC Title victory.

Stream WrestleMania 34 on Peacock.

Say what you will about Shane McMahon, but the fourth-generation wrestling figure knows how to put on a show with a death defying stunt, especially whenever he steps into the ring at WrestleMania. This was the case at WrestleMania 33, where the part-time wrestler squared-off against AJ Styles in an opening match that was way better than anyone expected. On top of the typical Shane OMac moves like the Coast-to-Coast and Leap of Faith, McMahon also pulled out a shooting star press in his attempt to defeat Styles, but it just wasnt enough to best the Phenomenal One.

Stream WrestleMania 33 on Peacock.

WrestleMania 32 was a slog of a show, and honestly felt like it would never end, especially the second half with multiple matches more than 25 minutes in length. But, it didnt start out that way. No, the show started with one of the best ladder matches in recent memory with an amazing spectacle that saw Zack Ryder win his first Intercontinental Championship against Kevin Owens, Dolph Ziggler, The Miz, Sami Zayn, Sin Cara, and Stardust. In just 15 minutes, each of the competitors had their moment to shine with some painful bumps and countless offensive maneuvers involving the steel ladders.

Stream WrestleMania 32 on Peacock.

WWE caught lightning in a bottle with the Intercontinental Championship ladder match that opened WrestleMania 31, a seven-man affair that saw Daniel Bryan defeat Bad News Barrett, Dean Ambrose, Dolph Ziggler, Luke Harper, R-Truth, and Stardust to capture his first IC strap and first title since being forced to vacate the WWE World Heavyweight Championship the previous year. The fast-paced match did a great job of setting the tone for the show as a whole and also gave several of the companys biggest fan-favorites an opportunity to work together and make history.

Stream WrestleMania 31 on Peacock.

WrestleMania 30 was mostly built around Daniel Bryans quest to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship and defeat The Authority, and he did both of those in the same night. In order for Bryan, who was the hottest thing in professional wrestling at the time, to get into the main event match for all the gold, he first had to defeat Triple H in a singles match. This technical and back-and-forth match was hotly anticipated for months (Triple H cost Bryan the title at SummerSlam 2013), and told a tremendous wrestling story that set up the final chapter later that night.

Stream WrestleMania 30 on Peacock.

Five months after debuting at Survivor Series 2012, The Shield was given the opportunity to prove itself on the biggest stage: WrestleMania 29. A couple of years before the groups members would become main event talent, Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins, and Roman Reigns went up against Randy Orton, Sheamus, and Big Show in a moment that felt like WWEs version of the NWO invasion in WCW 17 years earlier. The unified front that was The Shield used their opponents lack of communication against them and proved they were an unstoppable force that was here to stay.

Stream WrestleMania 29 on Peacock.

Before Money in the Bank was given its own show, the match was held at WrestleMania each year, with one of the best being the eight-man ladder match that kicked off the 25th annual big event. The match, which saw CM Punk beat out a selection of the best up-and-coming and established stars, did a great job of getting the crowd into the show and provided some of the nights biggest moments, like Shelton Benjamin diving from atop a ladder onto the rest of competitors down below. It was everything youd want in an opener and more.

Stream WrestleMania 25 on Peacock.

Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero met in the WrestleMania 21 opening match, which would be the latters final appearance at the Granddaddy of them All prior to his death in November 2006. The two tag-team partners put on a fast-paced and highly technical showing that felt a lot like their iconic encounter at Halloween Havoc 1996, and showed that they were still two of the best.

Stream WrestleMania 21 on Peacock.

It is only fitting that John Cena, one of the greatest of all time, would make his WrestleMania debut in the worlds most famous arena: Madison Square Garden. Cenas WrestleMania 20 opening match against United States Champion, Big Show, was one of the rising stars biggest moments and showed the world that he was more than a flavor of the week. From the opening freestyle promo, to the Patrick Ewing Knicks jersey, to his strength in the ring, this one had it all.

Stream WrestleMania 20 on Peacock.

WrestleMania 10 started off with one of the best matches of the night, year, and decade with the one-on-one fight between brothers Bret and Owen Hart, who put on a 20-minute clinic in front of a full house at Madison Square Garden. This bitter back-and-forth was the most personal of the matches on the card that night and arguably the best (if not tied with Razor Ramon and Shawn Michaels). The way the wrestlers played into their sibling rivalry was nothing short of masterful, and both came out looking better than before.

Stream WrestleMania 10 on Peacock.

How will the opening matches at the two-night WrestleMania 38 compare to these? Youll have to watch the big show yourself on April 2 and 3, but only if you have a Peacock Premium subscription.

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WrestleMania: The Best Opening Matches In The WWE Event's History - CinemaBlend

DEER ISLE More than 125 years ago, when fishermen had little use for yacht racing, sailing captains connected to the New York Yacht Club showed up at the Deer Isle Town Hall to recruit sailors for the most famous yachting race ever, the Americas Cup.

Who were these guys? Am I related? Whats the big deal about a sailboat race? Tom Duym, a former marine trades teacher at Deer Ise-Stonington schools who grew up in a family boatyard in Blue Hill, recalled the questions a handful of young Deer Isle teenagers asked him in 2007.

The kids didnt know the Americas Cup, he said during an Acadia Senior College online talk on March 25. Almost to a person, they hated sailboats, the reason being they were all lobster fishermen.

The students not only discovered that sailors from Deer Isle and Stonington crewed the Nat Herreshoff-designed Defender and the Columbia in the 1895 and 1899 Americas Cup, respectively. They also flew to Valencia, Spain, to watch the 2007 race, after Duym contacted the Oracle/BMW team.

His students had wanted to compare what the 19th century Deer Isle crew endured compared to being a crew member today, so Duym thought, What the heck. Why dont we call them?

He shot off an email and three days later heard back. The gist of the reply? We love your story, we know your Deer Isle boys, theyre a huge part of the Americas Cup. Wed love to host you in Spain, if you can find your way over here.

Some fast fundraising and generous local donations later, five students and five teachers flew to attend and be celebrated by the Americas Cup race.

Duym said he had students keep a few questions in the back of their minds to help learn about the 1890s culture of Deer Isle.

Why did the richest men in the country from New York Yacht Club fund these traveling vessels? How did our ancestors get to be the guys who sailed these boats? Duym posed. They really started to look into that.

Research led them to an age-old truth: its all in who you know.

It wasnt just because they were tough, rough and ready, though that was true, Duym said. It really boils down to who you know and being in the right place at the right time.

Captain Henry Haff, from Montauk, N.Y., was captain of the 1895 Defender. Deer Isle native George Conant was a sailor for hire in yachting circles who had worked for Haff. And Deer Isle captain Fred Weed, who held the worlds trans-Atlantic speed record for a merchant ship, was now ashore running a shipping company out of Stonington.

The Deer Isle boys who made up the Defender crew in 1895.

Charles Iselin, of the New York Yacht Club, was the fourth player. He sailed up every summer to Northeast Harbor and had seen these guys in Friendship-style sloops groundfishing, Duym said. Basically these four men and their relationship formed the history of the Americas Cup and Deer Isle.

However, part of the story also was that the New York Yacht Club had been winning the cup since the 1850s using European crews, Duym said. There was criticism of hiring professional sailors, especially from Scandinavia The Europeans, especially the English, were especially critical that these boats were winning but were sailed by European sailors.

So the men behind Americas stake in the race took a chance and went with an all-American crew, leaving Haff in charge of finding the men.

That could be a daunting task, knowing the coast was full of good sailors, Duym said. This is where the connection came in.

The 1899 Americas Cup racing yacht, Columbia, a Nat Herreshoff-designed vessel with a hollow steel spar, crewed by the Deer Isle boys.

Conant had a reputation among people with shipping interests, and Duyms students discovered that Conant and Captain Weeds properties abutted, something not evident in todays changed landscape.

We believe that Conant convinced Iselin to contact Weed, Duym said.

This eventually led to the meeting at Town Hall, where Captain Weed, Haff and Conant supervised interviews of the local sailors and selected the Defenders Americas Cup crew. Many of those 1895 crew members would return in 1899 to crew the Columbia.

The Columbia was captained by Scotsman Charlie Barr. According to research, his assessment of his crew? When given a command from one of the officers, they take it as more of a suggestion than an order, Duym related.

In all, over 80 men from Deer Isle sailed as crew on one or both of the Defender and Columbia.

An interesting postscript to this story is the Retired Skippers Race, held every summer in Castine.

[It] actually started out as a grudge match between the surviving Deer Isle Boys and some of the offshore cod bank sailors, Duym said.

The Bucksport captains challenged the Deer Isle boys to race identical sloops down Eggemoggin Reach. The Deer Isle boys beat them quite handily, Duym said. And when the Bucksport boat reached the Bucksport harbor, Deer Isle supporters threw clams at them.

This led to the Clam Hod Award, given each year at the Retired Skippers Race to the boat that finishes last.And those students of Duyms, from 2007 until he stopped using the Americas Cup story in his curriculum, now looked at sailboats through a different lens.

The only image of sailboats [theyd had] is they drag peoples gear up and cut it up and lose it, Duym said. That attitude had definitely changed. They also saw a real connection between these men of 1895 and 1899 and people that are revered as good fishermen, good seamen, in the community today.

He added, If you took the diesel engines out of lobster boats, youd be looking at the same guys today. The same kind of competitive spirit, working hard, doing your job even if it meant risking your life those kinds of attributes they really recognized both in the men of those times they researched and in their own families today.

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Deer Isle tied to Americas Cup history - The Ellsworth American

The primary villain of "Moon Knight" seems to be Harrow, and he serves the goddess Ammit (spelled Ammut in the comic books). Ammit is the goddess of judgment, punishment, and retribution, and she's depicted in the Book of the Dead as a demon with the head of a crocodile, the torso of a wild cat, and the hindquarters of a hippopotamus. She was not worshiped and did not have cults devoted to her, like many of the other gods, but she was thought of as a protective deity and her image was meant to ward against evil. Many feared her, as her name translates to "devourer" and "bone eater," the darker side of the many gods of judgment.

In the comics, she's depicted as a crocodile-headed woman with jackal-headed henchmen, meant to represent the god of embalming, Anubis. Jackals were associated with death because they frequently scavenged corpses during the time, and thus Anubis became one of the gods of death. He was worshipped particularly in the Old Kingdom, prior to the takeover of Osiris, Isis, and other gods of the Ptolemaic period who would go on to make up the Ennead. In "Moon Knight," we see a jackal-headed creature in the museum chasing Steven before he turns into Moon Knight in the bathroom and takes care of business. It's the first time we get to see him in action after the action-blackout sequences earlier in the episode, so it's cool that he's fighting another deity-touched being and not just some random villagers.

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The Real History Of The Egyptian Gods In Moon Knight - /Film

The National Museum of Lviv in western Ukraine, one of the countrys biggest museums, was able to keep its collection intact through two world wars. And yet, over the last month, since Russia invaded Ukraine on Feb. 24, the museum has had to quickly dismantle its exhibitions.

For the first time since the museum was founded in 1905, all exhibition rooms are emptyall museum items are wrapped, packed and are hidden, Ihor Kozhan, museums director, tells TIME over Zoom. When you talk, you hear echoes reverberating in the empty rooms. It hurts. Its very sad.

And the National Museum is not alone. During these weeks of Russian war against Ukraine, museums and archives across the country have been scrambling to protect artifacts and documents that represent Ukrainian history.

Theyve done everything from evacuating works of art over the border to hiding objects in safe storage. Cities are trying to safeguard monuments and statues by surrounding them with sandbags and covering statues with fireproof material to protect them from bombing and shelling. Some museums have been destroyed, such as Kuindzhi Art Museum in Mariupol and a history museum in Ivankiv, in the Kyiv region, which was known for a collection of 25 artworks by famed Ukrainian folk artist Maria Primachenko. On two separate occasions, Russian strikes have damaged parts of the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center site in Kyiv, which marks the 1941 Nazi German massacre of more than 33,000 Jews.

Read more: A Ukrainian Photographer Documents the Invasion of His Country

For many institutions, they are struggling to figure out how to protect the collections, how to move [artworks], what to hide, says Yuliya Vaganova, acting director of the Khanenko Museum in Kyiv, home to the countrys most significant collections of Western and Asian art.

Yet, amid this conflict, the stakes of preserving Ukraines culture and past have never been clearer.

On the first day of the invasion, the literary museum in Kharkiv, Ukraines second biggest city, began the process of sealing windows with plywood. Now all of its exhibits have been moved to an underground bomb shelter. Writing to TIME on March 25 while the sound of an air-raid siren blared, the museums director Tanya Pylypchuk described how the institution had evacuated the most valuable part of the collection in the first few days of the war. Those items include books, manuscripts, and documents on the complex relations between Ukraine and Russia in the 20th century that show Ukraine wanted to be part of Europe, not Russia.

Such materials were banned in the Soviet Union, Pylypchuk wrote. Modern Russia also does not accept this version of Ukrainian history.

On March 24, 2022, at the Taras Shevchenko Monument in Kharkiv, Ukraine, dozens of volunteers are packing sand into bags, tying them off and loading them into bucket cranes and cherry pickers, while the volunteers standing on rising sandbag walls around the statues are piling them higher around the statue to protect them from the effects of Russian bombardment.

Marcus Yam/Los Angeles TimesGetty Images

This is a war against our history, our culture, says Ihor Poshyvailo, director of the Maidan museum in Kyiv, a history museum focused on pro-democracy efforts in Ukraine.

Since the invasion, Poshyvailo has shifted gears to helping museums obtain electricity generators and packing materials to preserve their collections, and coordinating donations of food and water for museum workers who have decided not to flee the country so that they can protect the art and artifacts. In a similar effort, Olha Honchar, director of a museum of totalitarian regimes in Lviv called Territory of Terror, organized the Museum Crisis Center to help fundraise for museum workers at small regional museums, which were short-staffed even before the war. A lot of regional museums dont have a security system, Honchar says.

In this March 26, 2022, photo, a monument of Volodymyr the Great is surrounded by a a special protective structure on Volodymyrsky Hill in Kyiv to safeguard it from possible bombardment as Russian forces continue their full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

Mykhaylo Palinchak/SOPA Images/LightRocketGetty Images

Ukrainian cultural institutionsmuseums, national parks, libraries, theatersthey are not military objects, not oil depots or airfields, but still they are at risk, Mykhailo Zakopets, a director of the museum Lviv Skansen, said in an email. We see destroyed Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Mariupol and understand, that enemys goal is to wipe out everything that is about Ukrainian identitythe language, national culture, traditions. In this context our museum is [an] invaluable treasury of information.

Read more: Heres What You Can Do to Help People in Ukraine Right Now

Anatolii Khromov, the chief archivist of Ukraine, who oversees the countrys network of more than 200 archives, tells TIME that the Russians burned down the archive for Ukrainian Security Service in Chernihiv, which housed more than 12,000 folders about the KGB and the repression of the Ukrainian population by the Soviet regime in the 20th century.

He says the Ukrainian archive system is desperate for funding to finish construction of underground depositories for preserving documents and in the meantime has signed an online storage agreement with the National Archives in the United Kingdom to back up copies of select documents. As Khromov describes the value of the countrys archives, Its not just Ukrainian history. Its world history.

And its not just physical objects that museums and archives need to protect. There are a couple of ongoing efforts in the U.S. to help scholars in Ukraine back up their research online and archive websites related to the countrys history in case there are cyberattacks or researchers homes are bombed.

The American Folklore Society is helping Ukrainian scholars upload their researchincluding songs, photographs, and videos recording dances and Ukrainian festivals and celebrations to a Google Drive site. A U.S.-based project called Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online (SUCHO) boasts over 1,300 volunteers worldwide and more than 15,000 individual files uploaded to the website Internet Archive. Volunteers are producing replicas of museum websitesand in some cases, this work comes in the nick of time. For example, on March 3, a team worked through the night to back up the website for the state archive of Kharkiv before it mysteriously went offline.

A website might be one of the only [pieces of] evidence that something existed and belonged to this museum, so this could potentially be evidence in future prosecutions for looting, for destruction of cultural heritage, says Quinn Dombrowski, SUCHO co-founder and an academic technology specialist at Stanford University.

And Honchar is already thinking about the next big task for museums: telling the story of Russias war against Ukraine to future generations.

Now the priority is to survive and save [museums] collection, she says, but after the win, we have a lot of work to do to document this war in Ukraine.

More Must-Read Stories From TIME

Write to Olivia B. Waxman at olivia.waxman@time.com.

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Ukrainian Museums Are Racing to Save Artifacts That Tell the Country's Story - TIME

In the return of history, Communist China will pose the greatest threatU.S. Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL)March 29, 2022Washington Examiner

Vladimir Putins barbarous invasion of Ukraine is a watershed moment in the return of history. But even as Putin resurrects the specter of global war, the United States must grapple with an even more powerful adversary: the Peoples Republic of China.Awareness of this threat is growing, but unfortunately, America still risks being distracted by domestic politics. Just look at the Biden administrations decision to cancel the China Initiative to appease bogus accusations of racism and xenophobia.Our response to the CCP is also being handicapped by economic interests. Using the lure of increased profit margins, Beijing has turned American companies into lobbyists and advocates for its genocidal regime.The Biden administration was wrong to cave to baseless accusations that the DOJs China Initiative was racist. The program should be reinstated. Nor can our response to espionage and trade secrets theft be one of half-measures, like the so-called China Bill the House and Senate are negotiating.If we are going to prevail against the CCP, we will also need to revitalize our industrial capacity. A nation dependent on hostile regimes for basic goods is not going to last long.Finally, we need strong allies and partners. In Europe, our allies will need to take greater ownership of their security so they can take a leading role to counter Putins aggression, and so we can focus on the threat of the CCP in the Indo-Pacific.The CCP has spent decades preparing to displace America as the worlds greatest power. But if we can stand united and remain focused on Beijing, in spite of all the competing distractions, I am confident that America will prevail.Read the rest here.

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ICYMI: Rubio: In the Return of History, Communist China Will Pose the Greatest Threat - Senator Marco Rubio

By The Associated Press

Todays Highlight in History:

On March 18, 1940, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini met at the Brenner Pass, where the Italian dictator agreed to join Germanys war against France and Britain.

On this date:

In 1766, Britain repealed the Stamp Act of 1765.

In 1922, Mohandas K. Gandhi was sentenced in India to six years imprisonment for civil disobedience. (He was released after serving two years.)

In 1925, the Tri-State Tornado struck southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, resulting in some 700 deaths.

In 1937, in Americas worst school disaster, nearly 300 people, most of them children, were killed in a natural gas explosion at the New London Consolidated School in Rusk County, Texas.

In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order authorizing the War Relocation Authority, which was put in charge of interning Japanese-Americans, with Milton S. Eisenhower (the younger brother of Dwight D. Eisenhower) as its director.

In 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Gideon v. Wainwright, ruled unanimously that state courts were required to provide legal counsel to criminal defendants who could not afford to hire an attorney on their own.

In 1965, the first spacewalk took place as Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov went outside his Voskhod 2 capsule, secured by a tether.

In 1974, most of the Arab oil-producing nations ended their 5-month-old embargo against the United States that had been sparked by American support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War.

In 2002, Brittanie Cecil died two days short of her 14th birthday after being hit in the head by a puck at a game between the host Columbus Blue Jackets and Calgary Flames; it was apparently the first such fan fatality in NHL history.

In 2016, police in Brussels captured Europes most wanted fugitive, Salah Abdeslam, who was the prime suspect in the deadly 2015 Paris attacks.

In 2018, Vladimir Putin rolled to a crushing reelection victory for six more years as Russias president.

In 2020, the U.S. and Canada agreed to temporarily close their shared border to nonessential travel.

Ten years ago: Mitt Romney scored an overwhelming win in Puerto Ricos Republican presidential primary, trouncing chief rival Rick Santorum.

Five years ago: Chuck Berry, rock n rolls founding guitar hero and storyteller who defined the musics joy and rebellion in such classics as Johnny B. Goode, Sweet Little Sixteen and Roll Over Beethoven, died at his home west of St. Louis at age 90.

One year ago: The European Unions drug regulatory agency said that the AstraZeneca vaccine was not linked to an overall increase in the risk of blood clots and that the benefits of use outweighed the risks, paving the way for European countries to resume administering the shots. The Senate confirmed veteran diplomat William Burns as director of the CIA and California Attorney General Xavier Becerra as President Joe Bidens health secretary. The NBA said it was easing some of its health and safety protocols for individuals who were fully vaccinated.

Todays Birthdays: Composer John Kander is 95. Actor Brad Dourif is 72. Jazz musician Bill Frisell is 71. Singer Irene Cara is 63.

Alt-country musician Karen Grotberg (The Jayhawks) is 63. Movie writer-director Luc Besson is 63. Actor Geoffrey Owens is 61. Actor Thomas Ian Griffith is 60. Singer-songwriter James McMurtry is 60. TV personality Mike Rowe is 60. Singer-actor Vanessa L. Williams is 59. Olympic gold medal speedskater Bonnie Blair is 58. Actor David Cubitt is 57. Rock musician Jerry Cantrell (Alice in Chains) is 56. Rock singer-musician Miki Berenyi (ber-EN-ee) is 55. Actor Michael Bergin is 53. Rapper-actor-talk show host Queen Latifah is 52. Former White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus (ryns PREE-bus) is 50. Actor-comedian Dane Cook is 50. Country singer Philip Sweet (Little Big Town) is 48. Rock musician Stuart Zender is 48. Singers Evan and Jaron Lowenstein are 48. Actor-singer-dancer Sutton Foster is 47. Rock singer Adam Levine (Maroon 5) is 43. Rock musician Daren Taylor (Airborne Toxic Event) is 42. Olympic gold medal figure skater Alexei Yagudin is 42. Actor Adam Pally is 40. Actor Cornelius Smith Jr. is 40. Actor Duane Henry (TV: NCIS) is 37. Actor Lily Collins is 33. Actor-dancer Julia Goldani Telles is 27. Actor Ciara Bravo is 25. Actor Blake Garrett Rosenthal is 18.

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Today in History: Today is Friday, March 18, the 77th day of 2022. - wausaupilotandreview.com

In HR Dive's Mailbag series, we answer HR professionals' questions about all things work. Have a question? Send it to [emailprotected].

Q: A candidate divulged their salary history during an interview. What do we do now?

The answer to this question is the short but frustrating answer to many questions: It depends. Thankfully, the answer depends on only one factor, and that's location.

When job seekers utter their current or previous earnings, that information serves as a cue for recruiters, hiring managers and HR to remember the state and local laws of their jurisdiction, according to Fisher Phillips Partner Kathleen Caminiti.

"It really comes down to knowing the law in their location, and making sure that other important players in the hiring process are aware of the limitations or requirements," she told HR Dive.

The location-dependent answer to the question of volunteered salary history information illuminates the dynamic landscape of pay history. The growing spate of bans is causing a shift in workplace culture. Soon, Caminiti predicted, it will be an expected practice not to discuss salary history during the application process.

"Are you married? Do you have children? What's your date of birth? No one asks those questions anymore, but they did maybe 20 years ago," she remarked. "This is the next wave."

Legislation banning employers from asking candidates about their salary history information exists in more than 20 states now. The laws generally intend to help candidates who have been historically underpaid women and people of color, Caminiti said. "The theory is you start low and you stay low," she said. Basing a candidate's compensation on their previous pay level can perpetuate pay disparities, pay discrimination and pay stereotypes.

New York was the first state to put a salary history ban into effect when its state-wide prohibition took effect Jan. 9, 2017. Nevada was the most recent state to join the salary history ban brethren, with its statewide ban going into effect October of last year.

With nearly half of all U.S. states employing some kind of salary history ban, it's important for employers and HR pros to take note of the state they're operating in and the law that applies, Caminiti said. When a candidate volunteers their pay history, "they may not need to do anything because the state they're working in is not regulated," she said.

But there's a good chance they'll need to do something, based on the growing prevalence of statewide bans. There's also local legislation to consider: "New York City and Atlanta have very specific and limiting requirements," Caminiti said. "It really is important to know what you can do."

To complicate matters, many employees now work remotely.

HR's response to a candidate's volunteered information will depend on both the candidate's location and the employer's location. "If somebody is working in Wisconsin, which has banned the concept of a salary history ban, that's fine," Caminiti remarked. "But if they're in Colorado, that's a whole new game."

Caminiti noted that there's no surefire approach to the intersection of remote work and pay equity laws.

"The conservative approach is to consider the law of both locations the employer's location and the employee's location," she said. "In practicality, the state and local laws may impact whether the laws of the remote location apply."

In comparing state and local legislation banning employers from considering salary history information, a continuum emerges.

Caminiti classified the most restrictive laws in what she dubbed the "can't ask, can't use" category. California's ban belongs in this group. Employers in the Golden State cannot use a candidate's salary history information to set compensation, even if that information is volunteered. And if a candidate asks for a pay scale, the employer is obligated to disclose one. Similar requirements apply to employers in Cincinnati, Caminiti remarked. "That goes to show you that the laws really are very specific locally."

Next on the continuum are slightly less stringent laws. In this category, employers can't screen employees based on their previous pay rates, but they can confirm salary history information if a candidate offers it. New Jersey's law belongs to this group.

One step further down the continuum are laws that allow employers to consider salary expectations if they are volunteered. Illinois employers are subject to such requirements. Employers can take voluntarily disclosed salary expectations into account when making a salary offer, Caminiti said.

The last stop on the continuum is in the Midwest, where Michigan and Wisconsin have totally departed from the nationwide trend and banned the very concept of the salary history ban.

Considering her continuum, Caminiti has one "big takeaway" for anyone with a candidate sharing their pay history: "You've really got to know what your location is to figure out what you're doing."

HR can prepare for the chatty candidate who brings up their past pay. Interview guidelines that spell out the dos and don'ts are a good idea, Caminiti said. But she made one caveat: "It's important that they're correct the last thing you want is an outdated set of guidelines where the law has changed. You can see that the pay equity laws are evolving quickly. If they are going to develop a guideline, they want to make sure they stay current with the law."

Interview guidelines are important because the application process often involves people who aren't familiar with HR protocol. Good guidelines will help familiarize hiring managers with the nuances of the laws at play, Caminiti said. "Then they won't be asking questions that are prohibited," she said. "If you train individuals regarding what's permitted and what's not permitted, it puts you in a position where it's easier to comply."

California employers can remind recruiters and interviewers that they can't consider salary history information, even if divulged. If a candidate says she's making $80,000 and needs to make $85,000 to consider a job change, the employer needs to offer $90,000 if that's what it planned to offer in the first place.

This move may go against best business practices. "It's counter to a cost-savings approach that many businesses have," Caminiti said. "But they just can't consider it."

Employers may want to document when a candidate reveals pay history information. But, again, this decision depends on the applicable law. Employers in states that allow HR to consider voluntarily disclosed information must have a documentation process, Caminiti said. Documentation would record that a candidate shared the pay history. In states where employers can consider expectations, employers must ensure documentation discusses only expectations, even if a candidate discussed pay history.

As employers consider interview guidelines, they can also review HR documents, starting with applications, job postings and employee handbooks. "Older applications have a spot for current salary or desired salary," Caminiti said. "You want to make sure you have your applications and that they don't have anything that's inappropriate."

Employers may have quite a bit of reviewing and tweaking to do, but it's par for the course in HR, Caminiti said. "It wasn't that long ago that employers really felt that salary information was confidential and that it was inappropriate to be discussing compensation at work," she said. "And now you've got Glassdoor. It's a big sea change in a short amount of time."

Link:

Mailbag: A candidate spilled their pay history. What's HR's next move? - HR Dive

The History of Kitchens: From the Great Banquets to the Built-in Furniture

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The discovery of fire was one of the great events that changed the social organization of human agglomerations, which gradually passed from nomadic to sedentary lifestyle. Fire, which in that context served to keep people warm and protect the group, was also being explored as a source for cooking food, which not only changed human eating habits, but also made it possible to conserve food, changing the social organization of communities. The preparation and meals were collective acts, which brought people together to feed, warm up and protect themselves. It is from this habit that we inherited the practice of large banquets and the appreciation of food and meal times. Food preparation, on the other hand, was gradually marginalized.

While the Egyptians, Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks and Romans shared the habit of holding large banquets, the preparation gained less and less prestige, losing its collective social dimension until it was physically segregated in a specific room: the kitchen.

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The first record of a space for handling and preparing food is from Ancient Egypt, a society that not only invented beer, but had the habit of making bread and cakes on wood stoves inside homes. In Ancient Greece, the swelling of the aristocratic strata led to meals becoming a great social experience, treated almost as art. They were prepared in kitchens that were attached to the houses, in patios that were often uncovered. In the richest homes, the kitchen was indoors, so that the heat from the stove also warmed the environment, while there was a small room next to the kitchen where food was stored. Already during the Roman Empire the banquets became more and more luxurious and bountiful for the richest. The Roman population, in general, did not have kitchens in their homes they used collective kitchens that were located in the center of the cities to prepare meals.

In general, in antiquity, although meals were always celebrated as great events of abundance, the preparation spaces were defined based on the management of fire and smoke. For a long time there was no efficient exhaust technology to deal with this problem, therefore, the preparation spaces were segregated from the banquets, being in charge of servants or enslaved people. From the ideological domain of the Catholic Church and the dissemination of the doctrine of capital sins, gluttony, as well as the social interaction that came from the great banquets, became an object of censorship by the clerical authorities, making the habit of using collective kitchens and having large meals abandoned, little by little.

Unlike bathrooms, which at that time became non-existent for most of the population, cooking spaces were adapted into people's homes. Basically composed of a stove on the floor and a hanging bucket that were positioned in the center of the room, it was right there where the animals were slaughtered, prepared, and also where other supplies were stored. At a time when hygiene was also censored by Catholic morality, houses became dirty places and spread pests, which was aggravated by the lack of sewage networks. The unhealthy situation only pushed people further away from cooking activities, cooperating to segregate the place and its workers from the rest of social life.

Throughout the 19th century, great inventions changed the way kitchens are organized; with the advent of the chimney, this space became independent. Later, the iron stove, the possibility of piped gas, and the first refrigerators circumstantially changed the spatial configurations. Since the Industrial Revolution, the kitchen, understood as a workspace, started to be seen from the perspective of production lines and became the object of experiments that sought to optimize its processes.

At the beginning of the 20th century, women, linked to work in the kitchen since the medieval age, began to study the optimization of these spaces. In the United States, Christine Fredericks Mary Pattison carried out a study of circulation in the kitchen in 1922 and examined the movement based on the arrangement of furniture, concluding that the layout was fundamental for optimizing time. In 1926, in Germany, the architect Margarete Schtte Lihotzky developed the concept of the Frankfurt Kitchen inspired by the kitchens of German warships.

There, the built-in kitchen and the organization that seems most familiar to us today appeared. With the advent of the electrical network, kitchens were being equipped with objects and appliances that sought to save time and facilitate everyday life. In the following decades, structuring social changes impacted the way the kitchen is integrated into domestic life; it took up less space and was definitely brought into the house. It could still be run by cooks and maids, but it had become a domestic space, including design and decoration elements. During the Cold War, in the United States, kitchen appliances for the middle class were great symbols of the American Way of Life.

The last major change we are witnessing in kitchens is a revival of food processes as a social and collective activity. In the 21st century, the compact kitchen was integrated into social spaces from what people know today as open floor plan. It is important to point out, however, that most of the changes that have taken place in 19th century kitchens until today have focused on a specific social group, the upper middle class. Even today, we see unhealthy kitchens, without structure and sanitation and, mainly, entire groups that are in a situation of food insecurity. If, on the one hand, we seek to rescue the social and cultural function of food and meal preparation, on the other hand, the kitchen has become even more a luxurious space, far from the reality of many.

SMIA, Carolina Olsson Folino, 2008. Cozinha funcional: Anlise do Espao e do Usurio Idoso. Access here.VILELA, Juliana de Almeira, 2018. Do fogo aos banquetes medievais - Uma pequena fatia da histria das cozinhas profissionais. Access here.

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The History of Kitchens: From the Great Banquets to the Built-in Furniture - ArchDaily

Its a story of hard work and determination, often at the hands of new immigrants who took jobs, others would not.

WINDSOR LOCKS, Conn. Its a classic New England town, built along the water and beautiful from a birds eye view.

The story of Windsor Locks is the story of America, said Chris Kervick with the Irish Canal Laborer Celebration Committee.

Its a story of hard work and determination, often at the hands of new immigrants who took jobs, others would not.

Between 1827 and 1829, 400 Irish immigrant laborers came here to Windsor Locks to build the canal that bypasses the Enfield Rapids right here on the river, said Kervick.

The 4.5-mile canal was key to transporting essentials before cargo planes and Amazon trucks it also powered industry along the Connecticut River.

Their work here was significant because it led to the establishment of the section Windsor which became part of Windsor Locks, the mills that popped up here on the river and the waves of immigrants that came to (the) United States to work in those mills that were all possible by the water power that came from the canal, said Kervick.

Building the canal was no easy task. Kervick is part of an effort to honor the laborers and estimates some 50 people died here during construction.

It was brutal they worked dawn to dusk often working wet conditions, using really nothing more than shovels pics wheelbarrows, he said.

Teaming up with Hartfords Ancient Order of Hibernians those sacrifices are now being honored.

So few people know about this yet its so important, said Hibernians member, Michael Enright.

The group is focused on charity and service. It raised more than 6-thousand dollars to build a memorial to these lives lost. It will sit overlooking the canal and what is thought to be the site of their unmarked graves.

I think during the time of the pandemic it was actually kind of appropriate to reflect back to a time when people were hand digging canals and lives were lost and it became important is because obviously they were from Ireland and were an Irish group, said Enright.

Today the area is home to businesses, apartments and a revitalized Main Street, something those leading the effort to say thank you say would not have been possible without those who made this canal a reality.

I want the laborers to know is that we remember them and then at least one day a year were going to take the time to remember the work that they did hardships they suffered and the legacy that they left for the town of Windsor Locks, said Kervick.

The memorial dedication at the canal is taking place on Sunday, March 20 at 1 p.m. The canal park is open to the public.

Keith McGilvery is an anchor and reporter at FOX61 News. He can be reached at kmcgilvery@fox61.com. Follow him onFacebook,TwitterandInstagram.

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Irish history is part of the bedrock of Windsor Locks - FOX61 Hartford

Sure, everybody knows nowadays to Say WA, but the convoluted history of abbreviations for the Evergreen State demands a full accounting. Or at least an abbreviated one.

The name of our state Washington has a lot of letters (10, if Im counting correctly). So its not surprising that people have been abbreviating Washington for a long time on documents, envelopes, and signs.

Other than in old newspapers, one of the coolest examples of an early abbreviation for whats now Washington is visible along the foundation and near the cornerstone of a building in Port Townsend constructed on Water Street in the mid 1880s.

On a cast iron plate, down at sidewalk level, the plate reads: Washington Iron Works, Seattle, W.T.

The W.T. stands for pre-statehood Washington Territory, and the choice of those two letters couldnt be any simpler or clearer.

But once statehood came in 1889, that W.T. went away, and the Washington abbreviation wars devolved into two different camps. OK, that might be a bit of an exaggeration.

One of the two, somewhat surprisingly, was Wn. upper case W, small n, followed by a period the n making sense since its the last letter in Washington. For whatever reason, Wn. (or just Wn or WN) really stuck around. Searching online archives easily turns up examples of Wn.(and its variations) still being used in newspaper ads as recently as the early 1980s.

The other post-territorial abbreviation was Wash. capital W, everything else lower case, followed by a period. Like the similar use of Boston, Mass., this four-letter abbreviation is the easiest to use when speaking you can say Seattle, Wash. out loud and save two syllables (and, its not clear at all how to pronounce Wn. and not clear if anyone ever even tried in polite conversation).

As it turns out, Wash. is also the recommended abbreviation in the AP Style Manual (and the old UPI Style Manual) that many print and web journalists use, so you still see Wash. in print and online.

The real upstart abbreviation around here is WA. For this, the credit or the blame goes to the Post Office.

The Post Office began officially recognizing specific state abbreviations back in the late 19th century, but there wasnt much in the way of enforcement or even encouragement. Mail was sorted by hand, by people reading the address and deciphering what the addressor had written full state name or custom abbreviation, it didnt matter too much.

Fast-forward to 60 years ago, and the growing population and growing volumes of mail led to introduction of the ZIP CODE ZIP short for Zone Improvement Plan as part of increased automation of mail sorting. Numbered codes were first used for zones such as Seattle 4, Washington in urban areas during World War II, to make non-machine mail sorting (by humans) easier and more standardized in a time of labor shortages and substitute letter carriers taking over for those whod left to join the military.

Along with introduction of the ZIP CODE, on July 1, 1963, the Post Office Department (precursor to the U.S. Postal Service) issued a new list of official abbreviations for every state. This was meant to help save space on the last line of every address, as some mechanical addressing machines only had 23 spaces, and often needed that room for city name and for the new state abbreviations and ZIP CODE.

That first list wasnt very consistent. Some state abbreviations had two letters such as NJ for New Jersey. Some had three letters such as NEB for Nebraska. And some had four, including MASS for Massachusetts and, you guessed it, WASH for Washington.

And so that first list didnt last long. By October 1963, the Post Office Department regrouped, and put out a new, more consistent list with only two letters for every state. A WA was born!

But the Post Office didnt really start asking people to use those abbreviations until 1969, when wider adoption of automatic mail sorting machines was transforming how individual pieces of mail were routed to their final destinations.

That time around the end of the 1960s generates some confusion that, like a misaddressed letter, is not easily sorted out. From newspaper archives and old documents, its clear that many individuals and businesses kept using Wash and WN. One 1968 article in the Seattle Times even states that the National Zip Code Directory from the Post Office Department lists WN as the official abbreviation. A spokesperson from the U.S. Postal Service responded to KIRO Newsradios inquiry and refuted this 54-year-old article: WN was not an official postal abbreviation for Washington, the official wrote in an email.

Like so much about the 1960s free love, Woodstock, protests, etc. it seems like it was anything goes when it came to how people abbreviated Washington, and Wash, Wash., Wn., WN or WA were all in use. The officially sanctioned WA didnt really become ubiquitous until sometime in the early 1980s.

One more non-postal wrinkle in all of this is in the annual registration of pleasure boats.

That registration process was originally managed by the U.S. Coast Guard. Their abbreviation for Washington was WN, which a columnist for the Spokesman-Review once wrote made him think of beer, brats, and Wisconsin whenever he looked at the letters and the numbers on the bow of every Evergreen State powerboat.

According to spokesperson Christine Anthony, when the Washington State Department of Licensing took over the process from the Coast Guard in the early 1980s, they just left the abbreviation as is which is why you still see the bows of ski boats and fishing boats with the letters WN in their registration number.

WN was the U.S. Coast Guard designation for Washington, Anthony said. At one time, the boats had to be registered through the Coast Guard, and when the program transferred to DOL the WN configuration was in place, so we just kept it.

Anthony told KIRO Newsradio that this difference between how Washington is abbreviated on boats and postal correspondence has never created a problem. In fact, Anthony says, no one has ever asked about WN versus WA in the 17 years shes been on the job until KIRO Newsradio reached out this week.

One more twist when Washington license plates underwent a redesign in 1963 (coincidentally, the same year the ZIP CODE was introduced), it ruffled the feathers of some purists when, to make room for newly anticipated month tabs and to save manufacturing costs, the state went with WASH rather than the full name. Some special plates for public agencies even went a step further, reducing the name of the Great State of Washington to WN. Everyone survived the crisis, thankfully, and the month tabs and staggered registration, rather than everyone renewing their tabs on Jan. 1 were delayed for many years.

As with so many aspects of Evergreen State history, when it comes to abbreviations, its clearly best to just write and just say WA. Or, we could always switch back to calling our state Columbia and abbreviate it CA, CO, CL or CM.

You can hear Feliks every Wednesday and Friday morning on Seattles Morning News, read more from himhere, and subscribe to The Resident Historian Podcasthere. If you have a story idea or a question about Northwest history, please email Felikshere.

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All Over The Map: An abbreviated history of abbreviations for Washington - MyNorthwest