Category Archives: History

Margaret M. McGowan, a British cultural historian who created a new international area of academic study, now known as early dance, and received national honors in both Britain and France, died on March 16 in Brighton, England. She was 90.

Her death, in a hospital, was confirmed by her husband, Sydney Anglo, a fellow Renaissance historian. He said the cause was bladder cancer.

Professor McGowan, who was bilingual, exposed the collision of politics, ballet, design and music at the French court of the late Renaissance and early Baroque era in her first book, published in French in 1963, LArt du Ballet de Cour en France, 1581-1643. In that book, she analyzed the spectacular mixed-media genre in which kings and members of royal and aristocratic families performed in public. Her interdisciplinary approach, hailed by her fellow dance historian Richard Ralph as precociously modern, enlarged the field of dance history. Her devotion to research was lifelong and diverse.

Her scholarly work reached beyond Europe. Linda Tomko, a dance historian at the University of California, Riverside, wrote in an email, Margaret McGowans research on dance and spectacle in France, of the early to mid-17th century, vividly explored dancings connection to operations of power, modeling a research question that has since gained wide adoption in U.S. scholarly dance studies, and abroad.

In 1998, Professor McGowan was honored in Britain with the title Commander of the Order of the British Empire; in 2020, she was made a Chevalier de lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres in France.

Margaret Mary McGowan was born on Dec. 21, 1931, in Deeping St. James, Lincolnshire, England. Although she could have studied French at the prestigious University of Oxford, she chose instead to do so at the University of Reading because Reading, unlike Oxford, would give her a year in France.

She remained in France to teach at the University of Strasbourg from 1955 to 1957, after which she took a position at the University of Glasgow, where she taught until 1964. She undertook postgraduate studies at the prestigious Warburg Institute, which is globally renowned as a center for the study of the interaction of ideas, images and society across international history.

Her topic was the ballet de cour at the courts of the French kings Henri III, Henri IV and Louis XIII; her adviser was the eminent Renaissance historian Frances Yates. The inspiration she derived from both the Warburg and Ms. Yates became a source of lifelong loyalty.

Speaking in 2020, Professor McGowan recalled Ms. Yatess guidance in her work on the ballet de cour. Ms. Yates realized that the material on which I was working had not before been considered in an interdisciplinary way, she said. Musicologists had explored the vocal music, art historians had begun to find drawings belonging to festivals, and literary scholars had recognized the importance of the court context for understanding lyric poems. Ms. Yates, the pioneering French scholar Jean Jacquot and Mr. Jacquots colleagues at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique all guided Professor McGowan in her endeavor to join those artistic elements in a larger European context.

The importance of Professor McGowans 1963 book on the ballet de cour was recognized by scholars in France, Britain, the United States and elsewhere. She joined the staff of the University of Sussex in 1964 and rose to deputy vice chancellor in 1992. She held that position until 1998, a year after retiring as a professor.

In 1964 she married Professor Anglo, who specialized in the parallel area of Tudor tournaments, and whom she had met while they were both students of Ms. Yatess at Warburg.

In an interview, Professor Anglo spoke of his wife with intense, affectionate and wry admiration: She was 75 percent of our marriage. I was 25 percent. (Writing two days later, he gave himself a lower percentage than that.)

Professor McGowan edited several books that brought together the latest work of a range of colleagues. One of those colleagues, Margaret Shewring of the University of Warwick, observed in an email that Professor McGowans retirement from university duties had brought new riches by allowing her to pursue many new lines of investigation.

Some of her books were primarily concerned with the literature of the French Renaissance: the poet Pierre de Ronsard, the essayist Michel de Montaigne. But she remained true to the interdisciplinary nature of the Renaissance itself.

Introducing her Ideal Forms in the Age of Ronsard (1985), she observed the pervasive importance of praise to Renaissance thought, as the dominant mode in public life, in literature and in art. She went on to put Ronsards verse into the complex context of the mid-16th-century reigns of the Valois monarchs. With The Vision of Rome in the French Renaissance (2000), she examined the vital significance of classical ruins to Renaissance Rome and, in turn, the importance of Rome to French culture.

Her Dance in the Renaissance: European Fashion, French Obsession (2008) won the Wolfson History Prize, given annually to a British subject for excellence in the writing of history; four years later, she published a companion volume in French, concentrating on source materials.

Catherine Turocy, artistic director of the New York Baroque Dance Company, wrote in an email that Dance in the Renaissance was a detailed analysis of 16th-century society and how dance was at the center of philosophical and aesthetic thought feeding current politics, and that she had been inspired and guided by Professor McGowans insights, passionate views and new research.

Her three final books showed the breadth of her understanding of the Renaissance. Festival and Violence: Princely Entries in the Content of War, 1480-1635 (2019) connected public performance to military politics. Charles V, Prince Philip, and the Politics of Succession (2020) addressed the dynastic politics of the Habsburg emperor Charles Vs use of spectacular festivities as propaganda in imposing the future king Philip II on the Low Countries. Her final book, completed just three weeks before her death, is yet to be published: Its title, Harmony in the Universe: Spectacle and the Quest for Peace in the Early Modern Period, indicates the characteristic scope of her historical vision.

Loyal to the Warburg Institute, Professor McGowan was chairwoman of its Review in 2006 and 2007. From 2011 to 2014, when she was in her 80s, she spearheaded the institutes case for independence from the University of London, taking it to the British high court with eventual success.

In addition to her husband, she is survived by a sister, Sheila.

Professor McGowan in 1993 was made a fellow of the British Academy, the national academy for the humanities and social sciences. In 2007 the British journal Dance Research, where she had been assistant editor for 25 years, honored her with a special Festschrift issue, hailing her as Pioneer of Academic Dance Research.

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Margaret M. McGowan, Who Expanded the Field of Dance History, Dies at 90 - The New York Times

It wasnt just an ordinary department visit for American Legion National Commander Paul E. Dillard April 1. The former petty officer and Vietnam War veteran toured the oldest commissioned ship in the U.S. Navy, the USS Constitution, during his visit to the Department of Massachusetts.

Its amazing, Dillard said. Ive read about the ship but going on board and seeing how the sailors lived back then, along with the gun power of the Constitution, is mindboggling.

Dillard and American Legion Auxiliary National President Kathy Daudistel led a delegation of prominent Massachusetts American Legion Family members during a morning visit to Old Ironsides, and the adjacent USS Constitution Museum, in Bostons Charlestown district.

Launched in 1797, the three-masted wooden-hulled frigate is the worlds oldest ship that is still afloat.

Shes still sea-worthy, said Lance Garrison, who guided the tour. Though the ship is towed when it makes about seven short trips each year to sea, the tugging is a cautionary measure to preserve the historical floating monument to early Navy history.

Navy Commander Billie J. Farrell added to the Constitutions illustrious history in January by becoming the first woman to captain the 225-year-old ship. Every sailor is interviewed and hand-selected to come here, she said of her 80-member crew. I can honestly say that I have the best sailors in the U.S. Navy today.

She was also recruited by Dillard as the newest member of American Legion J.W. Conway Bunker Hill Post 26 in Charlestown. She was complimented an additional American Legion Auxiliary membership courtesy of Daudistel.

Past National Commander Jake Comer pointed out that The American Legion supported an initiative for Massachusetts school children to donate their penny collections toward the refurbishment of the Constitution in the 1990s. The pennies added up to a significant amount, according to Comer.

If the national commander didnt visit the Constitution, it wouldnt have been worth having him to come to Massachusetts, Comer added. Were very proud of this ship. Hes a Navy veteran and to walk in to the Constitution is like walking in to history.

Originally posted here:

'Walking into history,' Dillard tours USS Constitution | The American Legion - The American Legion

GLOVERSVILLE When the Gloversville Public Library reopened in 2018 following a $9.1 million renovation, the contents of the Local History Room still sat in boxes.

To prepare for the construction phase of the renovation, the contents of the room had to be packed away, and once the library reopened, the staff had to get used to operating a facility with three times the public space, said Christine Pesses, a Gloversville Public Library Board Trustee.

We were understaffed and just trying to figure out this much larger facility. When you go from one floor with public access to three and a half floors, its a big change, Pesses said. The Local History Room really had to wait.

On Saturday, the wait is over. The new Local History Room is now open after volunteersguided by professional state archivistsspent the last six months organizing the extensive collection to get it ready once again for public use.

The opening of the Local History Room marks one of the final chapters in the decade-long renovation project, which was paid for through a combination of grants and private donations.

On Friday, library leaders, community members, politicians, state officials and others celebrated the opening of the Local History Room as well as the librarys prestigious 2021 New York State Preservation Award. One of just 10 recipients to be bestowed with the honor last year, the award recognizes the library for excellence in historic rehabilitation for the recently completed work transforming the 1904 Carnegie library.

One hundred and eighteen years after construction, this library and your diligent and long-serving efforts are being recognized for an excellence in historic rehabilitationwork that has rehabilitated, transformed and modernized this library with full respect for its historic character, said Daniel Mackay, New York State deputy commissioner for Historic Preservation.

The renovation included everything from the addition of an elevator, structural supports and air conditioning to finishing the once dank basement to outfitting the Carnegie Room with tools for those with hearing differences.

Thats a big task. You have honored this building. You have stewarded this building as well as the library mission so effectively, and I think the agency recognized the effort and the obligation that you felt to honor and recommit to the 1904 gift from Andrew Carnegie, Mackay said during Fridays ceremony.

Of the nearly 1,700 libraries that Carnegie funded in the U.S. between 1883 and 1929, 106 were in New York state, including the libraries in Gloversville and Johnstown, Mackay said.

The Gloversville librarys Local History Room, which can be visited on Saturdays and by appointment on Tuesdays and Thursdaysis a treasure trove of materials pertinent to the history of Gloversville, Fulton County, the Mohawk Valley and the Capital District. It contains documents ranging from Fulton County cemetery records, Gloversville High School yearbooks and local newspapers on microfilm to old atlases of the Mohawk Valley and genealogy resources.

The room is of personal importance to Thomas Ruller, State Archivist at the New York State Department of Education.

A Gloversville native, Ruller first visited the Gloversville library as a first grader in 1970. He still remembers the book he checked out Katy and the Big Snow.

Throughout his life, the library played a central role, with the former Local History Room taking on added significance. Even as a teenager looking at old documents in the room, it was not lost on him that if, say, the writing on a tombstone had eroded, the only records of someones life were in files he could find inside the Local History Room. He said his time spent in that room and in the library itself paved the way toward his career as an archivist.

So when he found out that members of the state archivist team that he now leads would be helping advise the reopening of Gloversvilles Local History Room, he was tickledeven after his team texted a photo of him that they found in his old high school yearbook.

Its making the connection from where you were to where you are, Ruller said.

The opening of the new Local History Room helps ensure the story continues, Ruller said.

Having the Local History Room reopened means that researchers will now be able to explore these resources, add to them and make sure that the story of Gloversville can continue to be told, Ruller said.

Several speakers and audience members spoke generally about the importance of libraries and specifically about the importance of the Gloversville library.

Gloversville Mayor Vincent DeSantis said hes been coming to the library since he was a kid, when the tradition was to spend Saturdays picking out books before heading to the YMCA.

But the mayor said its only been within the past few years that hes recognized the full scope of what the library means to other people. Thats because DeSantis said a lot of new faces have moved to Gloversville over that period, and part of the introductory process is that the mayor hand delivers welcome packets and chats with new residents.

I ask, What brought you to Gloversville? DeSantis said during Fridays ceremony. And a significant number say, I saw the beautiful library, and I knew this was a place where I wanted to live.

Andrew Waite can be reached at [emailprotected] and at 518-417-9338. Follow him on Twitter @UpstateWaite.

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Opening of Local History Room closes the book on Gloversville library's historic renovation - The Gloversville Leader Herald - Gloversville...

This week president Joe Biden signed the historic Emmit Till Anti-Lynching Act.

The legislation has failed multiple times throughout the past century. The bill now acknowledges lynching as a federal hate crime and is punishable for up to 30 years in prison.

Dr. Lynn Greenwood Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at Texas A&M Central Texas said, "Hate crime legislation, in general, has been relatively easy to pass but because we don't really think of lynching as a modern type of crime.

I think that's part of the reason it's been more difficult to pass anti-lynching laws because it's directed towards a very specific type of behavior versus just hate crimes in general."

Here at home one organization has been working to acknowledge one of Waco's darkest moments.

In 1916, Jesse Washington was accused of raping and killing a white woman, Lucy Fryer, in Robinson. She was the wife of a farmer he worked for.

Fryer was found bludgeoned to death inside her home.

Washington was arrested and put on trial. Harrison said the all-white jury deliberated for just four minutes before finding Washington guilty. Quickly after the verdict, an angry mob rushed into the courthouse, seized the man, and pushed him in front of city hall.

Nearly 15,000 people gathered around, watching and cheering as the mob burned Washington alive. They, then, dragged him through the streets of Waco and black neighborhoods.

Washington's story has resonated with many in the Waco community including Jo Welter the Chair of the Board of Directors with Community Race Relations Coalition Waco.

Welter said, "Were very much a heart-to-heart organization. We promote respect acceptance and inclusion for everyone in our community."

In alignment with their mission, Welter and several other community members have been working since 2016 to get a state historical plaque to acknowledge the lynching of Washington.

Greenwood said, "Traditionally, lynching is you know, sort of that illegal mob action people taking matters into their own hands and targeting people mainly on the basis of their race. The current bill is an anti-lynching bill and so it has a lot of history backing it up."

Welter said just a few weeks ago the plaque was finally on its way, but it was damaged in shipping. Now, they will have to wait once again. However, the is already a spot dedicated to the plaque.

"When we have the completed marker undamaged it will be installed at city hall," said Welter. "When we started this project the City of Waco gave us a place to put it right in front of city hall not too far from where Jesse was burned and tortured."

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Jesse Washington historical marker in the works on the heels of history - 25 News KXXV and KRHD

I am a historian of the Soviet Union, a country that does not exist any more. I study the history of Soviet hippies, a phenomenon that also belongs in the past. During the Perestroika period in the 1980s, political and economic reforms led to greater freedoms of the press, speech and assembly. Irredentist national feeling swelled in the Soviet republics, including Ukraine, leading ultimately to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Putins war in Ukraine is also a war on this history: he is determined to reverse the entire Perestroika project, reestablishing the primacy and ideology of the Russian state.

At the heart of the crisis in Russia, both then and now, is a profound generational conflict. An older elite, with values rooted in the past, has been pitched against a younger demographic keen to advance a different national identity. Putins regime will not be toppled by the young, just as the Soviet Union did not collapse because of Beatlemania. But young Russians are already hollowing out the very ground on which he stands.

The Soviet Unions ideological project was in trouble long before it broke apart in 1991. Perestroika could only happen because people were fed up with the inefficiency, corruption, pomposity, empty slogans and leadership of a gerontocracy. No one exemplified this tension better than Soviet hippies young people who unashamedly loved western music, western clothing and western ideas. Hippies ran their own summer camps, created their own information channels and hitchhiked up and down the country. Their existence was itself an act of rebellion. For Soviet hippies, Perestroika meant the little corner of freedom they had carved out in their private lives grew to encompass the entire Soviet Union.

I am often asked these days what my hippy friends and correspondents make of Russias war against Ukraine. Implicit is an expectation that they must be horrified and among the most fervent of protesters. The reality is more complicated, just as the reality of Soviet hippies was in the 70s and 80s. Hippies loved and still love peace. But loving peace is different from opposing war, just as loving western music is different from opposing the Soviet Union. Soviet hippies adopted the peace sign as their symbol. But Soviet hippies, unlike their American counterparts, were not born from an anti-war movement. They were pacifists without a war. And when the Soviet Union waged war in Afghanistan in 1979, their reaction was muted.

Politics was dirty. War not always so. Had the Soviet Union not defeated fascism in 1945 and liberated the people of Europe? Were Soviet soldiers not heroes rather than aggressors? It is no coincidence that Putin, who is a contemporary of the Soviet hippies and even grew up in the same housing complex as some of their leaders, constantly invokes Nazis in his speeches. He, too, is a child of the Brezhnev-era cult of the great fatherland war, as the second world war is called in Russia. The victory of fascism is at the heart of his identity as a Russian. The opponents of Russia are Nazis by virtue of their opposition alone.

Soviet hippies were ambivalent about pacifism. They preferred to talk about music and life and spiritualism. Their silence helped gloss over their differences: it helped Russian hippies ignore the fact that the anti-Soviet feelings of their Lithuanian and Latvian counterparts were different to those of their Moscow friends. While the former were rooted in a desire for political independence, the latter expressed disdain for the Soviet system, but not a critique of its imperial nature.

Youth movements played a role in bringing down the Soviet system. But they played this role at the rearguard, not on the frontlines. They were masters at creating parallel universes without directly confronting the political order. This skill made them excellent survivors but bad revolutionaries. It allowed them to accommodate a wide variety of opinions but prevented them from adopting a unified political position. The former Soviet hippy community is now home to views from across the spectrum, ranging from opposition to the war to full support.

Most of them engage in the same escapism that characterised their existence 40 years earlier. They have migrated from Facebook, which has been banned in Russia but can be accessed with a VPN, to platforms such as VKontakte and Telegram almost without complaint. They worry more how Russians are treated abroad than about their hippy peers in Ukraine. After Putins rally on 18 March, something else crept in: Soviet-style stiob. Stiob denotes the fun people make of pompous rulers through imitation. In the late Soviet Union, stiob was one of the main ways of communicating. Russias former Soviet hippies did not initially mock Putin until the rally, where his jacket was mocked relentlessly; as were the rallys international guests, all of whom hailed from Russia.

This detached, apolitical stance became the hallmark of an entire generation. After 1991, it ultimately translated into apathy. But new generations of Russian youth have grown up since the 1970s and 1980s. During the first decade of the 2000s, young people flocked to Putin, the Orthodox Church and regime-conformist youth organisations such as Nashi in an attempt to find an alternative to the dominance of western commercial culture. Since 2011, young people have made up the backbone of protest movements that follow the strategies of Soviet dissent, relying on performances and happenings (most famous among them Pussy Riots anti-Putin prayer), art, music and media creations, and the carving out of personal pockets of freedom.

Right now, the states repressive pressure is so high that mass demonstrations have virtually ceased to take place. In official opinion polls, about half of under-30s in Russia are opposed to the war, with many others avoiding the question. The escapism of the late Soviet period has translated into an exodus of many young Russian intellectuals to the west and neighbouring countries.

Some young Russians are busy carving out alternative practices, alternative heroes, alternative channels of information, alternative topics of conversation, ways of seeing the world and relating to the west. Young feminist women have emerged as one of the driving forces of organised resistance. Young IT workers are building up new businesses in former Soviet republics. Young journalists are writing out of Riga, Tallinn and Berlin. When Putins regime eventually does end, a small alternative Russian world will already exist. And then historians will write about the kernels of change that were first detected at the height of Putins rule.

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A youthquake against Putin is unlikely. The history of Soviet hippies shows why - The Guardian

A map of the known world in the time of Herodotus, the Greek writer who is known as The Father of History. Credit: User:Bibi Saint-Pol Own work (based on the GIF by Marco Prins and Jona Lendering from http://www.livius.org, from http://www.mediterranees.net/geographie/herodote/cartes.html, http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ancientimages/109A.GIF)

Herodotus, the Greek historian known as The Father of History, passed on detailed knowledge of the world, or at least as much as was known by ancient Greeks, allowing for the creation of a map containing peoples, lands and geographical features which he himself had written about so long ago.

With Greece at the center of this universe, as per Herodotus perspective, we gain a deeper understanding of how the Ancient Greeks viewed the world and their position within it. This applies especially to the Golden Age of Athens when Athens was at the peak of its power.

Born into a family in Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, at a time when the Persian Empire ruled the land, Herodotus had connections to the East that enabled him to travel to the borders of the contemporary Greek world.

Calling it the Oikoumene, or the inhabited world, we can see details of parts of the world well-known to Greeks of the time in contrast to shadowy lands and peoples known only as a result of travelers stories. Still, one gains a clear understanding of how Greeks viewed their civilization and others lack of civilization, as well.

Herodotus place in history and his significance is best understood by studying his creation of the methodology of history writing; not only is his work the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact but also contains popular legends of times that were far removed from experience.

These popular legends, which were sometimes melodramatic and nave, were often charming. At times, they were, in fact, complete fabrications of peoples who were seen as living beyond the boundaries of the civilized world.

These can also can be found in the work of Herodotus himself. However, a layer of reason, or gnome was added to the mix in an effort to explain the intricacies of events. This set Herodotus apart from his predecessors.

Herodotus used several different techniques in presenting history as it played out, as embodied in the concept called autopsy, or seeing for oneself. He was the first to examine the past by combining the different types of evidence collected. The first element of that technique was relating eyewitness accounts of events, or opsis. Next, he would use akoe, or hearsay, added to talegomena, legends and traditions. These would then all be synthesized with the use of Herodotus own gnome, or reason.

Sadly, Herodotus did not create any maps from his personal travels, but as far as we know, his efforts built upon the histories that had been compiled earlier by Anaximander and Hecataeus. Through his seminal work, known as The Histories, the world was given the most comprehensive understanding of all the known events, peoples, and places of the world at the time.

Beginning in more advanced parts of the world as was known at the time, Herodotus devoted much of his Histories to the recording of the cataclysmic events of the Greco-Persian Wars, which in the end granted power to Athens thus causing the center of the world to shift westward.

King Darius I of Persia founded the ceremonial city of Persepolis in about 515 BC, turning the focus of antique civilization toward Persia for some time.

The stability he fostered in his Empire would be shattered in the year 499 BC, as the Ionian Greeks revolted against his rule. Eventually, the great fighting forces of Persia defeated the Greeks, but that wasnt the end of their troubles.

Remembering how the Athenians had supported the revolt, he ordered an invasion of the Greek mainland to punish the upstart city. After the Persian Army was vanquished at the battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the emperors son Xerxes took over the campaign against the Greeks, invading Greece in 479 BC when Herodotus was only six years old.

Many believe that the great historian saw the assembled armies and naval forces as they embarked on their campaign in his native city of Halicarnassus, causing him to remember the numbers of men as perhaps even larger than they actually were. This would account for Herodotus claim that there were six million men in Xerxes invasion force.

Eventually, after successfully repulsing the Persians,Athens would emerge as one of the greatest of all Greek cities, becoming the nexus of a great naval empire of its own.

In chronicling the events and peoples of the world after the Wars concluded, Herodotus appears to have traveled to Egypt first along with the Athenians. He may have come with an Athenian force to help out in revolts against the Persians in 454 BC.

Herodotus then proceeded to the great city of Tyre and down the Euphrates River to the historic city of Babylon. These were, of course, parts of the civilized world of the time, but what about those parts and peoples who were on the periphery and whose stories were yet to be told by any historian?

Herodotus was careful to record as much information as possible on those peoples, as well, despite an inability to travel to those areas to verify accuracy.

As seen in the map above, Herodotus recorded the existence of known peoples including Ethiopians, Indians, and the far-flung Celts who lived in what is known today as France. He referred to those peoples as the Androphagi (Ancient Greek: , cannibals, literally man-eaters).

These apparently fearsome individuals lived some distance north of Scythia in an area later believed to be the forests between the upper waters of the Dnepr and the Don rivers in what is now Russia.

The historian noted that when King Darius the Great led a Persian invasion into Scythian territory in what is now Southern Russia, the Androphagi fled when the warring armies passed through their territory.

The manners of the Androphagi are more savage than those of other races. They neither observe justice nor are governed by any laws. They are nomads, and their dress is Scythian. Further, their language is specific to them. Unlike other nations in these parts, they are cannibals.

Histories, Book 4 (Melpomene)

Herodotus has much kinder words for the Agathyrsi (Greek: ) who lived north of Greece. These people were of Scythian, or mixed Dacian-Scythian origin. In the time of Herodotus, they occupied the plain of the Maris (Mure) in the mountainous part of ancient Dacia now known as Transylvania in present-day Romania.

Their ruling class, however, seems to have been of Scythian origin.

In his writing, produced in 450 BC, Herodotus claims the Agathyrsi lived in Transylvania and the outer parts of Scythia near the Neuri.

From the country of the Agathyrsoi comes down another river, the Maris (Mure), which empties itself into the same; and from the heights of Haemus descend with a northern course three mighty streams, the Atlas, the Auras, and the Tibisis, and pour their waters into it, he writes.

Herodotus also referenced a Pontic Greek myth claiming that the Agathyrsi were named after a legendary ancestor, Agathyrsus, the oldest son of Heracles and the monster Echidna. The Agathyrsi also appear in Herodotus description of the historical expedition, which occurred between 516 and 513 BC. Darius I of Persia reigned between 522and 486 BC against the Scythians in the North Pontic region.

Herodotus writes that the Scythians, meanwhile, having considered themselves that they were not able to repel the army of Dareios alone by a pitched battle, proceeded to send messengers to those who dwelt near them: and already the kings of these nations had come together and were taking counsel with one another, since so great an army was marching towards them. Now those who had come together were the kings of the Tauroi, Agathyrsoi, Neuroi, Androphagoi, Melanchlainoi, Gelonians, Budinoi and Sauromatai.

Others, referred to as the Massagetae, were a mighty nomadic tribe thought to be Scythians by Herodotus; they settled somewhere in the wide lowlands to the east of the Caspian Sea and the southeast of the Aral Sea.

Living on the Ust-Urt Plateau and the Kyzylkum Desert, most likely between the Oxus (m Dary) and Jaxartes (Syr Dary) Rivers, their existence was marked by the great historian as being on the bounds of the known world at the time.

The Argippaeans or Argippaei are another people mentioned by Herodotus in The Histories. Some scholars believe they were actually Mongolians, as they were said to be living north of the Scythians, and much of the scholarship points to them being a tribe near the Ural Mountains. There are scholars who believe that Herodotus could be referring to the Mongolians based on accounts of their physical description and culture.

Herodotus only relied on secondary sources for his account, drawing from descriptions of Greeks and Scythians. They were said to have settled in a land that is flat and deep-soiled. This was believed to be in the outliers of the Altai mountains with the Tien Shan on the other side just before an impenetrable barrier of mountains called the Eremos.

Herodotus notes, much like Mongolian nomads today, Each of them dwells under a tree, and they cover the tree in winter with a cloth of thick white felt. Of course, this brings to mind yurts with thick mats placed over frames that are used by such peoples even to this day.

The Issedones, likewise what we call Asia today, are thought to have lived in Western Siberia or Chinese Turkestan. Some scholars speculate that they are the people described in Chinese sources as the Wusun while others place them further northeast on the south-western slopes of the Altay mountains.

According to Herodotus, the Issedones practiced ritual cannibalism of their elderly males followed by a ritual feast at which the deceased patriarchs family ate his flesh, gilded his skull, and placed it in a position of honor much like a cult image.

Herodotus recorded what he knew of these various peoples however different their cultures may have been from that of the known world at the time. The ancient Greeks could then make sense of events they may in some way have been affected by and perhaps understand or predict potential external threats.

However, Herodotus also recorded river and mountain range locations with astounding accuracy considering his only sources were verbal accounts. He was undoubtedly responsible for creating a geographical map containing much greater detail and depth of the known world than had ever previously been available.

The later conquests of Alexander the Great and the great scientific discoveries of the Hellenistic Period, with Eratosthenes and others taking great pains to further geographical knowledge, would expand on contemporary knowledge of the world.

Herodotus efforts did not go unrewarded or unappreciated even by ancient peoples.In 445 B.C., he was awarded with the equivalent of approximately $200,000 in todays currency for his 10 talents. It was a way to honor him for contributions to Athens intellectual realm.

Toward the very end of his incredible life, the great historian took part in a colonization effort of what is now southern Italy in an Athenian-sponsored colony called Thurium. This is the area later known as Magna Graecia. Although his days of recording historical events and stories of far-flung peoples were over, his sense of adventure had clearly not waned.

In the end, Herodotus had certainly contributed greatly to knowledge of the world by the simple act of putting information into writing. Indeed, not all his theories could withstand scientific scrutiny, but his significant role in the circulation of knowledge pertaining to ancient peoples, places, and customs, is highly indisputable.

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Map of the World as Herodotus, The Father of History, Knew It - Greek Reporter

Image: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1115423

Ill just focus on F1 tracks, the worst just based on historic tracks that look SUPER boring would be AVUS (Germany, 1959) and Zeltweg Airfield (Austria, 1964), looks like LONG straights and a couple of corners.

Indianapolis (USA) and Nurburging (original track, Germany) rank as the two deadliest (7 and 5 deaths, respectively).

For tracks on this years calendar, Ill go with Jeddah, Monaco and Zandvoort. Jeddah was kinda fun to watch this year, but with the high speed, close walls and limited visibility its just a matter of time before someone has a crash that makes Mick Schumachers wreck stand out as the warning it should be.

Zandvoort just looks like someone made a really big go-kart track in the sand and decided to put full size race cars on it, in certain sections of that circuit, the cars look almost comically out of place.

I love the Monaco GP, but lets be honest, its pretty much a really, really fast parade. So Monaco fits right in the middle of Jeddah and Zandvoort because it combines whats wrong with both tracks. F1 cars have grown to accommodate safety improvements but you cant just move parts of a city to make the street wider for better run off areas and to get more room for passing. This usually results in the race being a procession where no one can pass and cars are removed from various places in the procession due to driver error (clipping a wall, or pushing another driver into a barrier), equipment failure (blown motor, flat tire, etc.) or when a team decides to just throw away a win and calls their driver in for tires and everyone has their thumb firmly planted up their ass (like when Red Bull screwed Danny Ric quite hard without a nice kiss or even a little lube a few years ago).

AVUS claims four whole corners, three of which combine like Voltron to form a facsimile of Lime Rock Parks Big Bend. When plotting an ideal line, it ends up being two straights linked by two hairpins the exact track layout that NASCAR haters claim makes for boring racing. Ovals, by the way, are more interesting than this.

(Editors note from Elizabeth Blackstock: HAVE YALL SEEN AVUS BANKING??????????????????? BRO. BRO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

Submitted by: NegativeEd

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These Are The Worst Race Tracks In History - Jalopnik

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The saga of Nicaragua-Taiwan relations and their eventual end in December 2021 stretches back to the Cold War heyday of Taipeis anti-communist obsession.

Taiwans President Tsai Ing-wen (right) and Nicaraguas President Daniel Ortega engage in bilateral talks, Jan. 10, 2017.

We touched down in Managua, Nicaragua, shortly before 7:50 p.m. on July 18, 2014. The tickets were originally booked for a cheaper flight the following day, but Pablo Morales was having none of it.

Its Liberation Day, he said. You have to be here. It will be special.

He greeted me with a clasp befitting his ursine physique and insisted on carrying my luggage a solitary battered backpack to the car. Whispering in from the Pacific, the evening breeze had taken the heat down a notch from oppressive to somewhere just above sultry.

The previous afternoon, on a tour of Panama Citys old Chinatown with a local historian, I had mentioned my plans to attend the celebrations in Managua. My guide raised a startled eyebrow. Be careful with those Sandinistas, he said. Theyll try to convert you for sure.

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Perhaps Morales discerned a ripple of that warning in my furrowed brow as he navigated the downtown traffic enroute to his home in the suburbs. First thing to know, he said. Im a Sandinista, but I wont try to make you one.

Pablo Morales (a pseudonym) was as good as his word, but his word wasnt the problem.

Propaganda is everywhere in Nicaragua; the cult of President Daniel Ortega and his Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) is pervasive. Spray-painted images of El Comandante, fist clenched as he hollers a clarion call to the masses; constant updates from the presidents office running as banners at the bottom of the screen during daytime lifestyle programs on state TV channels; the utopian spin on almost every action or event in which the government plays a hand; and Stalinesque accusations of sabotage carried out by nebulous malefactors when things are not quite up to scratch.

The Liberation Day 2014 celebrations were a perfect example. Id been led to believe that it was Nicaraguas independence day, which its not, and that it was an event joyously celebrated by all Nicaraguans, which it isnt. The distinctly underwhelming attendance at Plaza de la Revolucin, formerly Plaza de la Repblica further demonstrating how the FSLN has bound the countrys identity to the party was explained away by the revelation that a bus from the Sandinista Youth wing had been attacked by right-wing terrorists.

Several Sandinistas insisted this was a regular occurrence, and indeed, there were two more reports of attacks against party supporters in the next few days. One of these I caught over breakfast in the Morales family home. Coincidentally considering I had come to Nicaragua to probe the countrys relations with Taiwan the banner announcing the news ran along the bottom of the screen during a segment about a Taiwanese woman who ran a KTV in Managua.

Elsewhere, other Nicaraguans poured scorn on the claims. Any time things dont turn out the way they want, its a right-wing plot, said a contact with ties to opposition groups.

Yet if Ortega and his followers saw enemies everywhere, it was not completely without reason. The causes of this paranoia lie at the heart of my decision to make that trip in 2014. I was not investigating the present-day claims of conspiracy, but skulduggery that dated back decades. Eventually, I found that the two coincided in the unlikeliest of manners.

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The Cold War History Behind Nicaragua's Break With Taiwan - The Diplomat

(WBNG) -- The Southern Tier has a rich history of paranormal activity that one local author and professor detailed in her book, Haunted Southern Tier.

Distinguished Service Professor of English at Binghamton University Elizabeth Tucker also teaches local folklore classes at the university.

This is important because its a very long tradition of belief and storytelling and it has been meaningful for people in many ways, Tucker told 12 News.

One of these locations is Christ Episcopal Church in Binghamton. Tucker said that the church welcomes the ghost stories as part of their spirituality.

One of the church historians Susan Sarzynsky told 12 News that the church sits on land sold by Joshua Whitney.

Sarzynsky said Whitney was charged by William Bingham to help develop the area of binghamton. Whitney was asked to start churches.

Some believe that Whitneys spirit still lingers within the church after a disagreement. It is believed that Whitney asked for larger pews due to his size and was denied.

Sarzynsky said stories like these are a gateway into local history.

I guess thats because it is an old church with an old history there are things that happened that are unexplained, she told 12 News.

Tucker welcomes anyone who would like to discuss their own stories with her. Her email is ltucker@binghamton.edu

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Binghamton University professor recounts haunted history in the Southern Tier - WBNG

SALT LAKE CITY The history of lynching in Utah came into focus after President Biden signed the Emmet Till Anti-Lynching Act into law this week.

Till was a 14-year-old Black teenager who was beaten and lynched by two white men in 1955, allegedly for flirting with a white woman days before he was killed.

A University of Utah historian says there are stories similar to Emmit Tills that took place when Utah was a territory. He said these are examples of violence against those who did not conform to the social standard.

The violence included forms of intimidation, including death by lynching.

I think we have three [examples of race-related violent deaths] in Utah that we can pinpoint, said Paul Reeve, a Simmons Chair of Mormon Studies at the University of Utah. Robert Marshall, Sam Joe Harvey and Thomas Coleman were all African-American men.

According to Reeve, Coleman was a former slave who was a member of The Church of Jesus of Christ of Latter-day Saints. An 1886 newspaper clipping from The Daily Union Vedette said Coleman was killed for courting a white woman. Somebody slit his throat.

His body was dumped on the ground of (the) current state capitol, Reeve said. A placard was placed on Coleman that read, NOTICE TO ALL N******! TAKE WARNING! LEAVE WHITE WOMEN ALONE!!!

Sam Joe Harvey was accused of killing Salt Lake City Marshal Andrew H. Burt. Officials arrested and then released Harvey. Later, a mob lynched him according to an article on the Utah Department of Heritage and Arts website. His skeletal remains were found outside a cemetery in Salt Lake City.

Officials accused coal worker Robert Marshall of killing a guard in Carbon County, Utah. A mob later hanged him, and eleven men were arrested. However, they were released after the grand jury said they found no evidence to convict them.

These were not the only acts of violence toward people who did not fit the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant ideal in Utah, according to Reeve.

The KKK burns a cross on the lawn of a Greek man who married a white woman, he said. Theyre enforcing white Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, right? Those from southern and eastern Europe are Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Jewish, and they dont fit the KKKs understanding of what it means to be an American.

Despite their violent nature, Reeve said reflecting on these instances can bring about a change of perspective for people today.

If we understand history, it can help us to stand in places of empathy, to perhaps take a step back [and] recognize the lessons that history has for us to learn that can inform the present, he said.

Reeve is part of a group that is commemorating the lynching of Sam Joe Harvey and Thomas Coleman through the Equal Justice Initiatives Soil Collection Project. The idea is to gather the soil from places where racial lynchings took place.

There is an ongoing effort at trying to make sure that Utah lynching victims are remembered in the National Lynching Memorial, Reeve said.

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Historian reflects on Utahs history with lynching and prejudice - KSL NewsRadio