Category Archives: Fake News

One high-profile theory of why people share fake news says that they arent paying sufficient attention. The proposed solution is therefore to nudge people in the right direction. For example, accuracy primes short reminders intended to shift peoples attention towards the accuracy of the news content they come across online can be built into social media sites.

But does this work? Accuracy primes do not teach people any new skills to help them determine whether a post is real or fake. And there could be other reasons, beyond just a lack of attention, that leads people to share fake news, such as political motivations. Our new research, published in Psychological Science, suggests primes arent likely to reduce misinformation by much, in isolation. Our findings offer important insights into how to best combat fake news and misinformation online.

The concept of priming is a more or less unconscious process that works by exposing people to a stimulus (such as asking people to think about money), which then impacts their responses to subsequent stimuli (such as their willingness to endorse free-market capitalism). Over the years, failure to reproduce many types of priming effects has led Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman to conclude that priming is now the posterchild for doubts about the integrity of psychological research.

The idea of using it to counter misinformation sharing on social media is therefore a good test case to learn more about the robustness of priming research.

We were asked by the Center for Open Science to replicate the results of a recent study to counter COVID-19 misinformation. In this study, two groups of participants were shown 15 real and 15 false headlines about the coronavirus and asked to rate how likely they were to share each headline on social media on a scale from one to six.

Before this task, half of the participants (the treatment group) were shown an unrelated headline, and asked to indicate whether they thought this headline was accurate (the prime). Compared to the control group (which was not shown such a prime), the treatment group had significantly higher truth discernment defined as the willingness to share real headlines rather than false ones. This indicated that the prime worked.

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To maximise the chance of a successful replication, we collaborated with the authors on the original study. We first collected a sample large enough to reproduce the original studys findings. If we didnt find a significant effect in this first round of data collection, we had to collect another round of data and pool it together with the first round.

Our first replication test was unsuccessful, with no effect of the accuracy prime on subsequent news sharing intentions. This is in line with replication results of other priming research.

For the pooled dataset, which consisted of almost 1,600 participants, we did find a significant effect of the accuracy prime on subsequent news sharing intentions. But this was at about 50% of the original studys intervention effect. That means that if we picked a person at random from the treatment group, the likelihood that they would have improved news sharing decisions compared to a person from the control group is about 54% barely above chance. This indicates that the overall effect of accuracy nudges may be small, consistent with previous findings on priming. Of course, if scaled across millions of people on social media, this effect could still be meaningful.

We also found some indication that the prime may work better for US Democrats than for Republicans, with the latter appearing to barely benefit from the intervention. There could be a variety of reasons for this. Given the highly politicised nature of COVID-19, political motivations may have a large effect. Conservatism is associated with lower trust in mainstream media, which may lead some Republicans to evaluate credible news outlets as biased.

Priming effects are also known to disappear rapidly, usually after a few seconds. We explored whether this is also the case for accuracy primes by looking at whether the treatment effect occurs disproportionately in the first few headlines that study participants were shown. It appears that the treatment effect was no longer present after participants rated a handful of headlines, which would take most people no more than a few seconds.

So whats the best way forward? Our own work has focused on leveraging a different branch of psychology, known as inoculation theory. This involves pre-emptively warning people of an impending attack on their beliefs and refuting the persuasive argument (or exposing the manipulation techniques) before they encounter the misinformation. This process specifically helps confer psychological resistance against future attempts to mislead people with fake news, an approach also known as prebunking.

In our research, we show that inoculating people against the manipulation techniques commonly used by fake news producers indeed makes people less susceptible to misinformation on social media, and less likely to report to share it. These inoculations can come in the form of free online games, of which weve so far designed three: Bad News, Harmony Square and Go Viral!. In collaboration with Google Jigsaw, we also designed a series of short videos about common manipulation techniques, which can be run as ads on social media platforms.

Other researchers have replicated these ideas with a related approach known as boosting. This involves strengthening peoples resilience to micro-targeting ads that target people based on aspects of their personality by getting them to reflect on their own personality first.

Additional tools include fact-checking and debunking, algorithmic solutions that downrank unreliable content and more political measures such as efforts to reduce polarisation in society. Ultimately, these tools and interventions can create a multi-layered defence system against misinformation. In short: the fight against misinformation is going to need more than a nudge.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The Conversation

Sander van der Linden consults for and receives funding from Google Jigsaw, EU Commission, Facebook, Edelman, ESRC, and the UK Government.

Jon Roozenbeek receives funding from the ESRC, Google Jigsaw, and the UK Cabinet Office.

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Fake news: a simple nudge isnt enough to tackle it here's what to do instead - Yahoo Eurosport UK

With a new wave of COVID-19, a new surge of fake news also washed over India. A scientific study carried out by doctors from Rochester, New York, and Pune, India, and published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Medical Internet Research gives some insights into the behaviour of Indian internet users during the pandemic on one of the prime sources of COVID-19 misinformation in the country, WhatsApp.

The survey found that around 30% of Indians used WhatsApp for COVID-19 information, and just about as many fact-checked less than 50% of messages before forwarding them. 13% of respondents even said that they never fact-checked messages before forwarding on WhatsApp. According to the report, a minority of users were responsible for the bulk of forwarding, however. Only 14% forwarded three or more messages a day, and only 5% forwarded nine or more.

Also Read: Social Media Companies Fail to Deal With Rampant COVID-19 Misinformation in Hindi

The survey also looked at age groups and found that those over the age of 65 were more likely to receive misinformation and were also more likely to believe and act on it, while this was least likely for those under the age of 25. As a result, between 24 and 27% of respondents said they had considered using herbal, ayurvedic or homeopathic COVID-19 remedies. Between 7-8% said they had actually tried them, while 12% had experimented with home remedies.

Three-quarters of Indians found that an attached link or mention of a source made a message more trustworthy even though this does not necessarily make a claim legitimate. Only a third of Indians said that they trusted messages from a known sender more than from an unknown one.

This article was first published on Statista.

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COVID-19 and WhatsApp Fuel Surge of Fake News in India - The Wire

Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwon has instructed the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society (DES) and security agencies to take tough action against those who spread fake news.

Gen Prawit ordered state agencies, including the Anti-Fake News Centre, the Royal Thai Police, the Justice Ministry and the DES, to work together to respond swiftly to the spread of fake news on social media platforms, and take legal action accordingly.

Fake news and false information had caused confusion among the public, affecting the government's disease control operations during the Covid-19 pandemic, said Maj Gen Patchasak Patirupanont, assistant spokesman to the deputy prime minister.

The Public Relations Department had also been told to issue accurate information to the public, he said.

Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha has also instructed the Council of State, the government's legal advisory body, to study the laws and regulations, including those in foreign countries, dealing with the spread of fake news.

The council's findings will be presented to the cabinet and will be used to improve current laws, said government spokesman Anucha Burapachaisri, adding the existing legal process was slow to respond to fake news.

Fake news by contrast, spreads quickly and causes widespread damage. It is unclear which particular example of fake news has prompted the latest orders.

Asked if the Computer Crime Act was sufficient to deal with fake news on social media, Mr Anucha said legal proceedings under the law could not curb the damage speedily enough.

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Prawit tells officials to clamp down on fake news - Bangkok Post This link opens in a - Bangkok Post

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Opinion: Leger survey 24per centof British Columbiansindicatethey can't tell the difference between real and fake COVID-19 news.

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This pandemic is a health crisis, an economic crisis and a social crisis and we are all seeking assurance on what we should do to protect ourselves, as well as anticipating what we can expect in future.

Every online search that includes the phrase COVID-19 delivers mountains of information, including credible information and misinformation. At first blush, they look largely the same. A recent Leger survey showed that 76 per cent of British Columbians feel they can differentiate between real and fake COVID news.

Fake news generally circulated via social-media channels is misleading claims deliberately designed to feel like legitimate news. Almost more confusing, the phrase fake news is also used to delegitimize credible news stories that individuals like Donald Trump disagree with. Both flavours of fake news can increase anxiety.

Legitimate news can be identified based on the presence of a few key elements: media outlets with a balanced editorial staff, credible sources and/or empirical data such as public opinion polls. Our survey asked 1,002 British Columbians to look at several COVID-19 statements and tell us if they were true or false.

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Looking at the results, we noted that two groups are significantly more likely to believe the false statements: people with children in their household and men between ages 18 and 34.

Of all the statements we shared, not one was so obviously fake that no respondents called it true in fact, three per cent of British Columbians told us they believe that injecting bleach can kill COVID-19. Other examples of false statements B.C.ers identified as true include: COVID-19 death rates are inflated (19 per cent); if youre fully vaccinated, you can travel anywhere you want (13 per cent); the increased cost of lumber is a result of toilet-paper hoarding (10 per cent); and COVID-19 isnt real (four per cent).

As for the true statements we tested: 92 per cent of us know that COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria; 84 per cent know that all British Columbians 12-years-and-older can book a vaccine appointment and 65 per cent of us know that most people who die of COVID-19 are older.

This pandemic story is one that is still unfolding and what we know to be true today may change as our governments and respected health groups share new information. This shifting landscape means we all must think critically about when we can and should accept something as fact.

A constant dynamic during the pandemic is that what we knew to be true yesterday isnt necessarily still true today. In recent weeks, the previous fake COVID lab leak theory was shared as a possible truth by credible sources, including the WHO. When we asked respondents about the statement COVID-19 was started in a lab, 25 per cent said its true. Thats a fair answer, given that we didnt have a maybe option.

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Thirty per cent of people also checked the true box for the statement: Facebook is monitoring all posts to ensure that COVID-19 news is real. While the larger social-media platforms are doing a lot to remove false information, they cant do it all for us. As individuals, its our responsibility to seek relevant information to navigate this complex time. One of the best things we can do to is make efforts to ensure that the information we trust is true today.

Heather Owen and Jason Allsopp are both vice-presidents in Legers Vancouver office. The survey data is from Legers B.C. Omnibus Study, conducted from May 21-23 among 1,002 British Columbians. For more information, visit leger360.com.

Leger invites you to participate in future public opinion surveys herehttps://special.legeropinion.com/index.asp?L=EN&AffCode=SDIOHB&AffSub=june2021&utm_campaign=postmedia_june2021

Letters to the editor shouldbe sent tosunletters@vancouversun.com.The editorial pages editor is Hardip Johal, who can be reached athjohal@postmedia.com.

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Heather Owen and Jason Allsopp: Fake news clouds an already cloudy time - Vancouver Sun

In the past few years, people have witnessed how deceiving and harmful fake news can be. With the rise in the number of online news portals and a race to be on top of everyone, fake news finds a way to get inside the minds of people. By the time people start to analyze whether news being reported is factual or based on lies, fake news makes it across the globe. American author Mark Twain had therefore rightly said, "A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes." Many online portals today often deliver fake news and cause a ruckus among the masses. However, there are a few online portals such as The UBJ & Casey Weekly that believe in delivering nothing but straight-up facts.

The UBJ and Casey Weekly are online news and media portals that have gained significant popularity among the masses. Started about two years ago, the portals have maintained their pace to deliver factual news daily. The portals strictly follow one rule set by their founder - No Propaganda, Straight Up Facts. In a digital era, when people are surrounded by clouds of fake and agenda-driven news, The UBJ and Casey Weekly are providing a ray of hope with their transparent and fact-based news.

Since they were set up, the two portals have garnered thousands of viewers and have demonstrated what is meant by top-notch journalism. They began as local news portals initially, however, as the number of viewers increased, the two morphed into global news websites in a short time. The fields that they provide news about include business, politics, science and technology, Hollywood, sports, and entertainment.

The main objective of setting up the two portals to deliver facts and nothing else became widely appreciated by the people. The reason probably was the fact that too much fake news had caused them to be in a state of distress and disbelief. They were tired to see iterations of single news on multiple online portals. The UBJ and Casey Weekly made things much simpler for them because of which the popularity charts started to show an upward trend.

The news portals have managed to hit the sweet spot of one special group of readers which is the Corporates. The UBJ and Casey Weekly regularly provide business and information technology-related news due to which such readers feel connected with them. Through impartial journalism and fact-based news, The UBJ and Casey Weekly have been constantly proving The courage in journalism is sticking up for the unpopular and not for the popular.

Business Standard has always strived hard to provide up-to-date information and commentary on developments that are of interest to you and have wider political and economic implications for the country and the world. Your encouragement and constant feedback on how to improve our offering have only made our resolve and commitment to these ideals stronger. Even during these difficult times arising out of Covid-19, we continue to remain committed to keeping you informed and updated with credible news, authoritative views and incisive commentary on topical issues of relevance.We, however, have a request.

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The UBJ and Casey Weekly Are Emerging As A Popular Face Of Fact-Based Journalism Globally - Business Standard

When Times of Malta cartoonist Professor or Mallia sat down to compose his latest in a series of cartoons about COVID-19, he decided to take aim at the spread of false news online.

His tongue-in-cheek offering depicted an agitated man musing on whether COVID-19 was a scam and questioning his own reality as a comic strip character.

But when he posted it on Facebook on Wednesday, the journalism lecturer was surprised that the cartoon was removed from his page for spreading "false information about COVID-19 that could contribute to physical harm".

Mallia, whose epp cartoons are published twice-weekly on Times of Malta,has been focusing on the pandemic in his 'new normal' series.

He said it was the first time that he had ever had a post banned by Facebook.

My epp strip from today satirises fake news about COVID-19... as it has done in all its 119 strips, but according to Facebook I am the one spreading fake news about COVID-19," he said.If you want to see today's strip you'll need to go to the Times' website to do so."

He said Facebook's fake news algorithm was "ridiculously hopeless" to claim it safeguards the well being of its users, "and yet all the actual fake news gets through!"

After saying he might no longer post his cartoon strip on Facebook, one commenter suggested he post on Twitter instead.

Other satirists have previously fallen foul of the social media giant's community standards, which are supposed to clamp down on misinformation.

The company's artificial intelligence systems and its human moderators have difficulty separating false news from satire and irony.

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Facebook doesn't get the joke: satirical cartoon censored as 'fake news' - Times of Malta

Media criticism sometimes involves reading between the lines, assessing the layered meanings of journalistic rhetoric, or considering whats left unsaid in a given conversation. But we shouldnt be numb to all the times media problems hit you like a sock in the jaw.

That was the case when readers opened the Washington Post online recently to find a full page native adthats the kind designed to look like newsfrom Amazon (Jacobin, 5/27/21). Whose owner Jeff Bezos owns the Post and soon MGM (Washington Post, 5/26/21), among much else.

Blended in with the Posts banner and Democracy Dies in Darkness tagline, readers got text about how Amazon supports a raise in the federal minimum wage and has been paying its workers $15 an hour since 2018. A big picture showed an African-American employee and her child talking about how Amazons generosity is allowing them to move to a bigger home.

Never mind that, as many could tell you, the company was dragged kicking and screaming to that wage increase (Jacobin, 10/2/18); that they continue to fund groups that strenuously oppose a $15 minimum wage (Jacobin, 5/27/21), like the US Chamber of Commerce; that they have vigorously and vehemently opposed union organizing (New York Times, 3/16/21)and that no wage can justify the dangerous and degrading conditions Amazon is reported to subject many of its workers to (Intercept, 3/25/21).

Just as it was selling Post readers on the notion that its lifting folks to a better life, Amazon was being cited by OSHA for a rate of serious workplace injuries nearly double that at other employers (CNBC, 6/1/21). A front-page, truthy-looking ad about corporate benevolence is surely designed to deflect from such troubling realities.

It didnt prevent the paper (6/1/21) from reporting on the OSHA findings, though that story contained another kind of weirdness weve come to take for granted: a summary statement that Amazon declined to make any executives available for interviews on its workplace injury data.

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Jeff Bezos' Fake News in the Newspaper He Really Owns - Common Dreams

Lee Jin-ah, 43 and the mother of a 13-year-old son, has been following the updates of the death of Sohn Jung-min, a medical student who died in the Han River, every day, through news articles and YouTube videos.

Because I have a son, I am emotionally attached to Jung-mins father. I feel so sorry for him. It is so terrible to think that my child could be dead like that, she said.

Lee does not know why Jung-min died, but does not trust the police investigation.

I trust what Jung-mins father says and I trust what YouTubers say. They provide more detailed information than the police.

Lee is one of many in Korea who continue to harbor suspicions and demand the truth from the police, although the police investigation into the incident is coming to an end.

Following more than a month of investigation, police said they have done all they could. Police have analyzed evidence and statements obtained, including security and dashcam footage, smartphone information and witness statements. Police also conducted a hypnotic and forensic investigation into the friend who was with Sohn at the Han River, the friends father, mother and other witnesses. Police have so far found no incriminating evidence against Sohns friend.

However, thousands of online comments are still being posted that question the probe results and physical protests are being held to demand the truth from the police.

Experts say multiple factors have played a role in the prolonged public outcry over the incident: public distrust of the police, the delayed release of the probe results, rampant fake news and a lack of media gatekeeping.

Lee Woong-hyuk, a professor of policing at Konkuk University, said, The first thing is that the trust of public institutions has been destroyed in the wake of several incidents involving police collusion in the past.

Most recently, police faced backlash after not applying a special law to former Vice Justice Minister Lee Yong-gu, who assaulted a taxi driver in November last year, before quickly ending the internal investigation.

In 2019, the Burning Sun scandal rocked the nation with its involvement of several celebrities and police officials, raising suspicions of police collusion and corruption.

In addition to the distrust, the failure of police to provide information quickly compared to peoples fast-growing doubts made the incident bigger, said Kwak Geum-joo, a professor of psychology at Seoul National University.

As uncertainties continued over the case, fake news flooded in and people began to believe conspiracy theories and even led to confirmation bias so that people no longer believe what the police say, she said.

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for information in a way that supports ones prior beliefs.

A conspiracy theory is something of a nature that only a few people know. It feels like they have something powerful that others dont know but they believe they know. By believing in conspiracy theories, people feel in control of something, professor Kwak said.

Some YouTubers fully took advantage of the situation, creating dozens of videos under the theme of digging into Jung-mins case.

According to NoxInfluencer, a statistics website tool, six YouTubers that consistently produced videos and live broadcasts of Sohns case generated up to 30 million won ($27,000) a month.

Last week, a YouTuber who spread fake news was sued by a law firm that represents Sohns friend. The YouTuber produced content arguing Sohns friend had asked a SBS reporter to make program Unanswered Questions, which aired on May 29, in favor of him.

Shin Ho-chang, a professor at Sogang Universitys communication college, said the media is also to blame.

YouTubers were able to grow so much because media outlets didnt play a gatekeeper role and they danced to their tune, he said.

The most important principle of journalism is verification. They should report only verified news. But many of them have reported what was not verified. Many articles subtly hinted as if the friend were a murderer.

As tens of thousands online spread false information and posted malicious comments, attorney Chung Byung-won, representing Sohns friend, announced last week a legal response to the defamation online. On Monday, Chung said he received about 500 emails over the weekend to ask for forgiveness.

By Shin Ji-hye (shinjh@heraldcorp.com)

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[Newsmaker] Distrust of police and media, and fake news fuel outcry in medical students death - The Korea Herald

After weeks of clashes with Israeli forces, Palestine has seen relative calm over the past few days. Sentiments, however, are still high over the clashes at Al-Aqsa mosque last month that left scores injured. The mosque in Jerusalem is of much significance in Islam.

Now, a picture of a woman in uniform is circulating on social media with the claim that she was part of the attack on worshippers at Al-Aqsa mosque. The claim further says that upon realising her mistake, she has converted to Islam.

Breaking News: This Israeli soldier attacked worshippers inside Al-Aqsa mosque along with her comrades. Today, this brave has suddenly converted to Islam. This is the top news in Palestine. Alhamdulillah! Islam shall win! says the caption in Hindi.

The archived version can be seen here.

India Today Anti Fake News War Room (AFWA) reached out to the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) regarding the viral claim. Responding to our email, an IDF spokesperson said the girl in the picture is serving in the force as a field observer. She is a Jew and claims of her conversion are totally baseless.

A reverse search of the viral picture led us to the IDFs Instagram page. Here, the picture was shared on April 29, 2021, with the caption, All the way from the Golan Heights in northern Israel, Sgt. Adi is a field observer who serves right near her hometown.

My birthplace has become the operational area that Im responsible for guarding. To identify anything that poses a threat to Israel makes me proud to be an IDF soldier, the post quotes her.

The same picture and quote were posted on the IDFs official Facebook page too. This confirms that the girl is indeed an Israeli soldier.

An IDF representative told AFWA that the girl in the viral picture is Sergeant Adi Azulai, a field observer with the forces 595th battalion. Rubbishing claims of her conversion, the spokesperson added that she is still a Jew, and second, she wasnt part of the clashes at Al-Aqsa.

According to the official website of IDF, field observers mostly monitor or track enemy movements through the use of technology and surveillance equipment. They work in liaison with intelligence services and on-field security forces to detect and neutralise threats.

Nowhere is it mentioned on the website that field observers are deployed during firefights.

The viral claim says that news of Sgt. Adi converting to Islam was trending at the number one spot in Palestine. But contrary to the claim, we did not find any credible report on the same.

We even attempted searching the viral claim in Arabic, the primary language of Palestinians, but still didnt get any result. Nor did we get any related media report in Hebrew, Israels official language.

Hence, it is evident that neither did Sergeant Adi Azulai of IDF attack people inside Al-Aqsa mosque nor did she convert to Islam.

ClaimThis female Israeli soldier was part of the attack on worshippers at Al-Aqsa mosque, Jerusalem. Now, she has converted to Islam. ConclusionThe woman is Sergeant Adi Azulai, a field observer with the IDF. She was neither part of the Al-Aqsa clashes nor did she convert to Islam.

The number of crows determines the intensity of the lie.

Excerpt from:

Fact Check: Gripping story of Israeli soldiers conversion to Islam goes viral, but its fake - India Today

The news of the Twitter ban in Nigeria dominated conversations over the weekend, and for good reason too. Twitter has been the leading source for reporting Nigerias insecurity in real-time, as poor emergency services means Nigerians use the platform not just for social networking, but for alerting security forces to cases of insecurity, especially with rising incidents of armed banditry and herdsmen attacks in various parts of the country. It has also been used severally to facilitate fundraising and draw the attention of leaders and citizens to pressing national issues.

Twitter is by far the most useful social media platform for Nairametrics, accounting for more than 90% of page views and visits, Emmanuel Dan-Awoh, SEO Analyst at Nairametrics, said last year on the impact of Twitter on news reporting in Nigeria.

READ: Twitter CEO, Jack Dorsey is considering hard wallet production

He added that Twitter only commanded 21% usage of Nigerias 82 million internet subscribers. Facebook led with 55.94%, while Instagram and YouTube were at 5.02% and 3.72% respectively.

The exclusive report also revealed that Twitter was not only the main medium for receiving and filtering news, but also had added advantages to the Nigerian Government, stating that: Official communication still leans more towards traditional media, but the use of social media by government agencies is growing while the use of traditional media is stagnating.

Although more Nigerians are on Facebook than Twitter, the open nature of the latters app features makes it easier for the government to interact and communicate with citizens, and also for citizens to spread information rapidly and debunk fake news.

READ: What Canada, Sweden, Britain are saying about Nigerias Twitter ban

With the heightened insecurity situation in the country, it is counterproductive for the government to remove an important tool for disseminating emergency information and communicating with citizens.

Excerpt from:

Why Twitter Ban is negative in the fight against insecurity and fake news - Nairametrics