Category Archives: Evolution

Camper frames that come to mind are often in a teardrop or rectangle shape. But Aliner opts for a non-conventional A-frame, which is a practical approach if you want more interior space. Now they are set to debut their most advanced model yet, the Aliner Evolution. This one comes with high-end materials to make your outdoor adventures fun.

Designed for the whole family and made for the long haul, it measures 15 ft. long with an 18 ft. frame. It has pop-up panels on each side of the roof to create more living space. Aliner makes the most of its interior footprint with a rear sofa that folds out into a 60 x 80 queen-sized bed. The dinette benches also convert into a queen-sized mattress or dual 22 x 60 bunk beds.

Moreover, the Aliner Evolution comes equipped with modern machines to make your home away from home comfortable. It has a stove, refrigerator, a sink, and a cabinet concealed swivel cassette toilet. Storage options include one 13 x 16 and two large 13 x 36 bag doors.Best of all, it boasts a deployable 32 x 32 shower that stows away unto the floor.

Likewise, this camper can withstand harsh weather conditions and off-road use. Its interior comes with a high-strength, durable aluminum tube framework throughout. Meanwhile, commercial grade, raised coin 100% Polyvinyl flooring provides waterproof protection and excellent traction and slip resistance.

Moreover, the Aliner Evolution is off-grid ready. It comes standard with a 185-watt Sunflare Flex 60 solar panel and four stabilizer jacks to keep it steady while camping. Other handy amenities include a porch light, an electrical outlet, and a water hookup. All these modern features come in a small vehicle with a gross weight of 3, 500 pounds.

Images courtesy of Aliner

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The Aliner Evolution Camper Packs A Stow-Away Shower In Its Small Frame - Men's Gear

Around 400 million years ago, the ancestor of all four-limbed creatures took its first steps onto dry land. Fast-forward about 350 million years, and a descendant of these early landlubbers did an about-face: It waded back into the water. With time, the back-to-the-sea creatures would give rise to animals vastly different from their land-trotting kin: They became the magnificent whales, dolphins, and porpoises that glide through the oceans today.

Going back to being aquatic was a drastic move that would change the animals inside and out, in the space of about 10 million years an eyeblink in evolutionary terms. Members of this group, now called cetaceans, dropped their hind limbs for powerful flukes and lost nearly all their hair. For decades, their bizarre body plans perplexed paleontologists, who speculated they might have arisen from creatures as varied as marine reptiles, seals, marsupials like kangaroos, and even a now-extinct group of wolf-like carnivores.

The cetaceans are on the whole the most peculiar and aberrant of mammals, one scientist wrote in 1945.

Then, in the late 1990s, genetic data confirmed that whales were part of the same evolutionary line that spawned cows, pigs, and camels a branch called artiodactyla. Fossils from modern-day India and Pakistan later fleshed out that family tree, identifying the closest ancient relatives of cetaceans as small, wading deer-like creatures.

But their body plans are just the start of cetaceans weirdness. To survive in the sea, they also had to make internal modifications, altering their blood, saliva, lungs, and skin. Many of those changes arent obvious in fossils, and cetaceans arent easily studied in the lab. Instead, it was, once again, genetics that brought them to light.

With the increasing availability of cetacean genomes, geneticists can now look for the molecular changes that accompanied the back-to-water transition. While its impossible to be certain about the influence of any particular mutation, scientists suspect that many of the ones they see correspond to adaptations that allow cetaceans to dive and thrive in the deep blue sea.

Convergent evolution left whales and dolphins with fish-like features at least superficially. Ron Sanford/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images

The first cetaceans lost a lot more than legs when they went back to the water: Entire genes became nonfunctional. In the vast book of genetic letters that make up a genome, these defunct genes are among the easiest changes to detect. They stand out like garbled or fragmented sentences and no longer encode a full protein.

Such a loss could happen in two ways. Perhaps having a particular gene was somehow detrimental for cetaceans, so animals that lost it gained a survival edge. Or it could be a use it or lose it situation, says genomicist Michael Hiller of the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt, Germany. If the gene had no purpose in the water, it would randomly accumulate mutations and the animals would be no worse off when it didnt function anymore.

Hiller and colleagues dove into the back-to-water transition by comparing the genomes of four cetaceans dolphin, orca, sperm whale, and minke whale with those of 55 terrestrial mammals plus a manatee, a walrus, and the Weddell seal. Some 85 genes became nonfunctional when cetaceans ancestors adapted to the sea, the team reported in Science Advances in 2019. In many cases, Hiller says, they could guess why those genes became defunct.

For example, cetaceans no longer possess a particular gene SLC4A9 involved in making saliva. That makes sense: What good is spit when your mouth is already full of water?

Cetaceans also lost four genes involved in the synthesis of and response to melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. The ancestors of whales probably discovered pretty quickly that they couldnt surface to breathe if they shut off their brains for hours at a time. Modern cetaceans sleep one brain hemisphere at a time, with the other hemisphere staying alert. If you dont have the regular sleep as we know it anymore, then you probably do not need melatonin, says Hiller.

The long periods of time that whales must hold their breath to dive and hunt also seem to have spurred genetic changes. Diving deep, as scuba divers know, means little bubbles of nitrogen can form in the blood and seed clots something that was probably detrimental to early cetaceans. As it happens, two genes (F12 and KLKB1) that normally help kick off blood clotting are no longer functional in cetaceans, presumably lowering this risk. The rest of the clotting machinery remains intact so whales and dolphins can still seal up injuries.

Another lost gene and this one surprised Hiller encodes an enzyme that repairs damaged DNA. He thinks this change has to do with deep dives as well. When cetaceans come up for a breath, oxygen suddenly floods their bloodstreams, and as a result, so do reactive oxygen molecules that can break DNA apart. The missing enzyme DNA polymerase mu normally repairs this kind of damage, but it does so sloppily, often leaving mutations in its wake. Other enzymes are more accurate. Perhaps, Hiller thinks, mu was just too sloppy for the cetacean lifestyle, unable to handle the volume of reactive oxygen molecules produced by the constant diving and resurfacing. Dropping the inaccurate enzyme and leaving the repair job to more accurate ones that cetaceans also possess may have boosted the chances that oxygen damage was repaired correctly.

Cetaceans arent the only mammals that returned to the water, and the genetic losses in other aquatic mammals often parallel those in whales and dolphins. For example, both cetaceans and manatees have deactivated a gene called MMP12, which normally degrades the stretchy lung protein called elastin. Maybe that deactivation helped both groups of animals develop highly elastic lungs, allowing them to quickly exhale and inhale some 90 percent of their lungs volume when they surface.

Deep-diving adaptations arent all about loss, though. One conspicuous gain is in the gene that carries instructions for myoglobin, a protein that supplies oxygen to muscles. Scientists have examined myoglobin genes in diving animals from tiny water shrews all the way up to giant whales, and discovered a pattern: In many divers, the surface of the protein has a more positive charge. That would make the myoglobin molecules repel each other like two north magnets. This, researchers suspect, allows diving mammals to maintain high concentrations of myoglobin without the proteins glomming together, and thus high concentrations of muscle oxygen when they dive.

Conveergent evolution left many animals across classes with similar features despite only distant relations. Heraldo Mussolini/Stocktrek Images/Stocktrek Images/Getty Images

Early cetaceans faced another challenge when they started swimming: billions of tiny germs. Compared with air, aquatic habitats are a funky stew of viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that try to sneak into whales bodies through their skin and lungs. Its a living environment, says Nathan Clark, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. Everything facing the external environment is getting hit harder by pathogens. He thinks those sea germs spurred genetic changes affecting the skin and lungs of mammals that returned to the sea.

Clark and colleagues found these skin and lung alterations when they examined the DNA of cetaceans, sirens (manatees and dugongs), and pinnipeds (seals, walruses, and sea lions). They looked for cases where, in all the aquatic mammals, a certain gene seemed to have accumulated DNA changes more rapidly, or more slowly, than the same gene in terrestrial mammals. That pattern would tell them that a gene was under strong evolutionary pressure as the aquatic creatures adapted to the ocean.

The researchers reported in 2016 that they found hundreds of genes that showed just this pattern in members of these three different aquatic groups. Genes under such dialed-up evolutionary pressure included ones that code for proteins in the skin, and a gene encoding the liquid surfactant that coats the inside of the lungs. Its difficult to know exactly how those genetic changes altered the animals physiology for the better, but protection from germs is Clarks best guess.

Not surprisingly, then, genes of the immune system also changed when cetaceans went back underwater. In fact, thats a common evolutionary pattern, says Andrea Cabrera, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Copenhagen who coauthored a 2021 perspective on genetics and cetacean evolution in the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. Every time you change the environment, you have to adapt to the new composition of pathogens and microbes, Cabrera says. Scientists in China even discovered that the dolphin version of a particular sensor for bacteria is less efficient at responding to land-based germs than its counterpart protein from cows.

When Clark screened specifically for genes that were lost when cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds went back to the water, his No. 1 hit was a gene called PON1. The function of the protein it encodes isnt entirely understood, but Clark suspects that deactivating it protected cetaceans from inflammation that would otherwise occur when they held their breaths for a long time.

Deactivating the PON1 gene was all well and good when cetaceans first slipped back into the sea. But today, a functional PON1 gene might come in handy. In mammals, it encodes the primary enzyme that can degrade toxic organophosphate pesticides. Insects lack PON1, so theyre susceptible; we humans and other land mammals are somewhat protected. If these marine mammals are missing it, if theyre hanging out near agricultural runoff and canals like manatees do, it could be a concern, Clark says.

Blubber and skin from a bottlenose dolphin. Jason Edwards 972332/51C CrRM/The Image Bank Unreleased/Getty Images

Clark and other scientists have also observed a big reduction in functional cetacean genes for smell by nearly 80 percent among toothed whales, in one study and for taste. Terrestrial mammals have hundreds of olfactory receptors that allow them to distinguish a panoply of odors, but the receptors work in the air, not water. (Theyre different from the underwater sensory systems that fish such as sharks use.)

Presumably, cetaceans werent getting any benefit from the receptors, so they lost them. This squares with changes in anatomy. Baleen whales such as humpbacks have very reduced olfactory structures, and toothed whales such as orcas have none at all. And it seems that taste isnt so useful, either, if youre swallowing dinner whole. Cetaceans no longer possess the genes to sense sour, sweet, umami or most bitter tastes.

They arent the only ones with such a bland experience of seafood. Other marine mammals, and even non-mammals, that returned to water experienced similar genetic losses. Penguins have fewer intact olfactory receptor genes than other water birds, and their taste receptor genes suggest theyve lost the ability to sense sweet, bitter and umami, leaving them with nothing but sour and salty. Takushi Kishida, an evolutionary geneticist at the Museum of Natural and Environmental History in Shizuoka, Japan, has even found that sea snakes lost several olfactory receptor genes when they wriggled back into the water.

Not only is there no way to smell in the deep, but its dark. So its no surprise that cetaceans changed some genes for vision, too. Most mammal eyes have light sensors called rods for low-light, colorless vision, plus two kinds of cones, one for green light and one for blue light. (Humans have a bonus cone for red.) As cetaceans evolved, the gene for the rod sensors morphed to be more sensitive to blue light perfect for the inky blue deep. Then there were several instances when the animals lost one or both cones. Some cetaceans, like belugas and orcas, still retain the blue cones. Others, such as sperm whales, have neither cone and, thus, fully monochromatic vision.

Scientists know they are only just beginning to plumb the genetic depths of cetacean evolution. Now, with dozens of cetacean genomes available to study, and with new analytic techniques under development, they are poised to further probe the aquatic transition, along with other exciting moments in cetacean evolutionary history. Dolphins alone offer a wealth of questions: How did they diversify into so many types? They make up nearly half of cetacean species today. How did they and other toothed whales pick up the skill of echolocation, navigating the ocean via sound? And how did dolphin brains get so large, with a brain-to-body-size ratio to rival that of great apes?

Most of the important problems, says Kishida, are still unsolved.

This article originally appeared in Knowable Magazine, an independent journalistic endeavor from Annual Reviews. Sign up for the newsletter.

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Whale evolution isnt completely understood but genes reveal part of the story - Inverse

Kevin OConnell was frustrated with himself following the Minnesota Vikings loss to the Philadelphia Eagles.

Several times in the lead up to the Vikings win over the Detroit Lions on Sunday he admitted feeling like he had tried to make up the teams Monday Night Football deficit on one drive rather than sticking to the plan. Against the Lions sticking more to his gameplan paid off (with some help from a defensive stop or two and a highly questionable Dan Campbell decision).

Despite trailing for the majority of the game, the 2022 Vikings offense had some shades of the 2019-2021, leaning on the run game with Dalvin Cook and Alexander Mattison and dialing up play-action passes for quarterback Kirk Cousins.

The Vikings still finished with a run-pass ratio that was slanted toward the passing game (25 runs to 41 passes) but they gained nearly five yards per carry on the ground and used play-action on 40.5% of dropbacks, a big jump over last weeks 12.0% versus Philadelphia (per PFF).

Where it deviated from the the old Kubiak run-and-bootleg offense was taking play-action shots down the field. On Sunday the Vikings threw the ball only four times in the air more than 20 yards and the lone completion was KJ Osborns game-winning touchdown. Intermediate passes were more effective with Cousins going 7-for-11 for 99 yards and one touchdown on passes that traveled between 10-19 yards and the remainder of throws went underneath.

Were just continuing to evolve and we are still just three games into our guys running this system and this offense, so theres going to be some times where weve got to try to have that learning curve happen on the fly, OConnell said on Monday.

It seems unlikely that the Vikings view the evolution of their offense as turning back the clock to what they had in Minnesota previously. The offense was built to run through superstar receiver Justin Jefferson, who has been locked down the last two weeks by the Eagles and Lions, who often played man coverage against him with their shutdown corners and extra help over the top. The evolution has to start there.

I think he had about eight or nine total snaps in the game where he didnt have some variation of a double, OConnell said.

Of course, doubles arent an excuse considering all of the leagues best receivers are given extra attention. But the explanation on Monday for why the Vikings couldnt get Jefferson open against their last two opponents was a little perplexing.

I think the most important thing for Justin is just to continue the evolution of understanding hes had a ton of success in this league Hes gonna see different variations of defenses that hes gonna have to have a plan for, were gonna have to have a plan for him that allows him to kind of move within our offense but still stay true to who we want to be, OConnell said.

Is it Jefferson who needs to better understand the attention hes going to get from defenses and how to counteract that or if the coaching staff has to better move him around to get him away from those coverages?

Against Detroit he played 71 snaps and lined up as an outside receiver on 56 of them. He was covered by former top draft pick Jeff Okudah on three quarters of his routes, per ESPN. Interestingly he lined up 34 times in the slot against Philly with largely similar results with Darius Slay in coverage.

Early on, we missed some chances to get Justin some chances that might have gotten him going a little bit and I have to do a good job preparing him and equipping him with the things he needs to help him have an impact no matter how hes being defended, OConnell said.

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Hm. Does that mean the quarterback didnt find Jefferson with early opportunities?

It might be a combination of everything at the moment. Or it might just be two games where things didnt work out and an explosion of receptions is right around the corner.

OConnell acknowledged that there were clearly times when things seemed amiss with players being on the same page.

Theres just some indecisiveness somewhere across the board of guys doing their jobs depending on the look, OConnell said. Were seeing some things that maybe some other teams have done previously, just with our personnel and how they want to defend us, things that they want to feature against us. I think just the inventory of snaps as you go throughout the seasontheres some things that youll start being able to [adjust], in real time, maybe not always need sideline discussions.

So is the evolution of the offense simply the players fully understanding the offense?

Weve got such talented players that we feel strongly about that when they feel comfortable completely, the execution will be a bit more consistent across the board and well be at our best, OConnell said.

Whatever the case, the Vikingsrank 16th in scoring, 18th in yards and 21st in percentage of drives in which they have produced points.

There is one particular small sample size trend that stands out: Cousins has a 61.1 QB rating when throwing out of the shotgun and 110.5 when under center (per Pro-Football Reference). Hes taken about an equal amount of passing snaps in both situations. It stands to reason that Cousins is asked to do more out of the shotgun as it pertains to getting players lined up, setting protections and making reads. Does that number indicate that they should lean more toward an under-center offense or that they will become more comfortable in the complete offense, rooted largely in shotgun, with time?

Were still getting there, its not where I want it to be, Cousins said of the offense after the game. There was so much that wasnt good enough.

OConnells first big challenge as a head coach will be trying to figure out how much to change and when to change it. The lines between which parts need to evolve and which parts need time is blurry at the moment and the Vikings face a New Orleans club that has given up only 6.3 yards per pass attempt so far this year and features an elite shutdown corner.

Theres a lot of things we can correct, a lot of things that jump out that we can continue our evolution as a football team, OConnell said.

What that evolution ends up being may determine whether the Vikings offense continues its ups and downs or takes off.

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How does the Vikings' offense need to evolve? - Sports Illustrated

Contrary to what the naysayers and pessimists argue, weve made huge strides toward a better world. In fact, across many of the most important indicators that define our well-being, humanity is faring much better than ever before.

Child mortality, famine and poverty are at all-time lows, life expectancy is at an all-time high, work-life balance is much better than it used to be, literacy rates have dramatically improved and the internet has played a major role in global education.

Another important measure of progress is transport. And this week, the Good News round-up is back with a historical review of the evolution of the transport industry.

The history of mobility is a story of the evolution of technology, from walking to riding and being pulled by animals, then to cable cars, steam-powered trains, electric trams, motor buses, underground systems, bullet trains, electric vehicles, self-driving electric vehicles and drones to the transport of the near future: flying ferries, supersonic planes and hyperloop trains.

The future looks clean, with cars powered by the sun; fast, with maglevs, powered by electricity, probably nuclear; green, with supersonic and carbon-free planes, and noiseless, with hyperloop pods that will one day silently whisk you from Berlin to Paris in an hour.

And remember, it can be hard to find among the headlines, some news can be Good News.

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Good News | From carts to maglevs: the dramatic evolution of transport - Euronews

The world of cricket has changed dramatically since the first T20 World Cup in 2007. Back then, it was called the World T20 and the Indian Premier League was not a thing yet.

Fifteen years ago, T20 was seen as nothing more than a distraction from the 'real' cricket of Test matches and ODIs. But a dramatic final between India and Pakistan in 2007, and the subsequent birth of the IPL, spawned a new era in the game where 20-over cricket, franchise tournaments, and multi-million dollar contracts became the staple.

The 2022 T20 World Cup will be held in Australia from October 16, less than a year after Aussies lifted the world crown in Dubai. Among the various aspects that pique the interest of fans, the kits of players always garners attention.

In the picture gallery above, we take a look at the jerseys worn by Pakistan players in each of the T20 World Cup. To view the next image, click on the arrows or swipe if on a mobile device.

Updated: September 29, 2022, 4:33 AM

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Evolution of Pakistan's T20 World Cup jersey from 2007 to 2022 - in pictures - The National

Mareanie and Toxapex, its evolution, are two Gen 7 which debuted in Pokmon Go during the Season of Light.

Released as part of the 2022 Fashion Week in Pokmon Go, alongside four new costume Pokmon, both Mareanie and Toxapex are poison and water-type Pokmon.

Below youll learn how to get Mareanie and evolve it into Toxapex in Pokmon Go.

On this page:

Mareanie first appeared in Pokmon Go during the 2022 Fashion Week event on Tuesday, 27th September.

Throughout this event, you can obtain Mareanie through a variety of means:

As the methods listed above show, the easiest way to catch Mareanie is by finding it in the wild, so keep an eye on your Pokmon radar! Remember, you can use Incense - including the Daily Adventure Incense - and Lure Modules to bring Pokmon to your location.

For battling Mareanie in three-star raids, check out our advice on Mareanies weaknesses and counters further along in this guide.

If you want to catch Mareanie via its Fashion Week field research task, its important to remember that the tasks given by PokStops change on a day-to-day basis. Due to this you may find this specific task difficult to find, especially since you can receive field research tasks from the monthly pool alongside the event-exclusive tasks.

At the time of writing, we dont know what Mareanies spawn rate will be once the Fashion Week event has ended in 2022. Theres a chance, however, that, like other recently released Pokmon, it will be hard to find.

To evolve Mareanie into Toxapex in Pokmon, you need to collect 50 Mareanie Candy.

You should be able to easily collect this required amount of candy throughout the Fashion Week event by using Pinap Berries to double your catch candy. Having a Mareanie as your buddy Pokmon will also allow you to gather some extra candy as you explore the world with Pokmon Go.

Currently live is the Fashion Week event, and along with it the debut of Mareanie and Toxapex.Recently, we've seen the arrival of Season of Light and special research quest A Cosmic Companion.Elsewhere, be sure to use Daily Adventure Incense for the chance of encountering Galarian Articuno, Galarian Zapdos and Galarian Moltres. There's also a new special research quest - A Mysterious Incense.Finally - don't forget about the new Prime Gaming rewards every fortnight.

If youd like to defeat Mareanie in three-star raids, here are its weaknesses and counters in Pokmon Go:

Below you find the CP levels for battling and attempting to catch Mareanie in Pokmon Go:

Good luck adding Toxapex to your Pokdex!

Originally posted here:

How to get Mareanie and evolution Toxapex in Pokmon Go - Eurogamer.net

Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks says data is the core of warfighting and back-office functions for the Department of Defense. At DefenseTalks, Rob Carey, president at Cloudera Government Solutions and former Navy chief information officer, explains how data has evolved in the Pentagon.

The Navy is finishing up its cybersecurity strategy, including three tenets at its core. Chris Cleary, principal cyber advisor at the Dept. of the Navy and Juliana Vida, group vice president and chief strategy advisor at Splunk and former Navy deputy chief information officer, discuss what the departments cybersecurity strategy looks like and how it will be implemented.

The Daily Scoop Podcast is available every weekday afternoon. Listen more here.

If you want to hear more of the latest from Washington, subscribe to The Daily Scoop Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify and Stitcher. And if you like what you hear, please let us know in the comments.

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Data evolution in DOD; New cybersecurity strategy coming to the Navy - FedScoop

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Dynamic application security testing (DAST) tools have been widely used for more than a decade, but there still exist misconceptions of what they can and can't do. The good news is that modern DAST tools far outstrip the abilities of their legacy forbears, making them essential components of any modern software development life cycle (SDLC).

The fundamental ability of a DAST tool is to conduct an automated pen-test of a web application -- essentially, to test application security by attacking a web application as a hacker would, probing for flaws. That's still the case, although modern DAST tools now go much further.

Legacy DAST tools, which include many of the free and open-source versions, give you strictly black-box insight into the workings of a web app. They can only tell you what's going in and coming out.

If they discover any vulnerabilities, legacy DAST tools can't provide any proof that the vulnerabilities are actually exploitable. It's up to the developers using the legacy DAST tools to test the potential vulnerabilities, leading to a potentially huge amount of time chasing down false positives.

Furthermore, legacy DAST tools often can't be used until a piece of code approaches the production stage, as most DAST tools can test only stand-alone working binaries. The tests often need to be triggered manually.

With legacy DAST, "you could scan many assets to see what you're working with, but for detailed analysis, you had to rely on manual inspection," explained Invicti's Zbigniew Banach in a 2020 blog post.

Modern DAST tools go far beyond these rudimentary abilities. They can often provide proof-of-concept exploits for discovered vulnerabilities, saving developers a lot of time that might otherwise be spent chasing down false positives. (DAST software maker Invicti calls this "proof-based scanning.")

Modern tools also are less strict about where in the software development life cycle they can be deployed and are able to test bits of code that legacy DAST tools might not have been able to handle. This lets developers get an early start on finding and solving problems.

"You can scan for vulnerabilities as soon as you have runnable code, which means from the first commit for most modern frameworks and trigger incremental scans automatically as part of the pipeline," wrote Banach in a 2022 blog post.

These modern tools can also run in the background, constantly testing code during the seemingly endless cycle of update-test-deploy-repeat and letting developers focus on their core duties.

"DAST can run any time of day and night, as often as you need," wrote Banach. "This is vital for continuous integration pipelines, where you can't organize a penetration test for every single build."

Many modern DAST tools also have additional features that embed them deeper into an SDLC, enabling secure coding across the development process. For example, some DAST tools can now scan for and discover web assets, even those that developers may have forgotten about.

They can also be integrated with bug-tracking platforms like Jira or ServiceNow, continuous integration/continuous development (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins or GitLab, and interoffice messaging programs like Slack or Microsoft Teams. Some modern DAST tools even come with different compliance modules to make sure the software being tested conforms to PCI-DSS, HIPAA or ISO 27001.

Modern DAST tools have also learned to make up for the shortfalls of their legacy forbears. The first generation of DAST tools often had trouble with custom authentication and business logic, so their descendants have learned to adapt to those. Likewise, modern DAST tools can often connect to Amazon Web Services environments for off-premises testing.

Finally, some modern DAST tools, such as Invicti's, include an element of SAST (static application security testing) to get a look at the underlying code and thus provide a view of an app's security from both outside and inside. This is often called interactive application security testing (IAST), but like SAST, it's often tailored to specific programming languages and can't be run independently like DAST tools.

"Simply put, a modern DAST solution is the only way to get a complete picture of your web security posture and take action from day one," wrote Invicti's Zbigniew Banach in a 2020 blog post.

So what should you consider when you're shopping for a DAST tool? One of the most essential features is the ability to "prove" that discovered vulnerabilities are actually exploitable and worth fixing.

"Do not consider solutions that cannot provide confidence and evidence of identified vulnerabilities," states a Web Application Security Buyer's Guide provided by Invicti. "Every vulnerability that cannot be confirmed with 100% confidence by your software must be verified manually, breaking any development automation and consuming time and security team resources."

You should check to make sure that the DAST tool has a modern crawling engine (preferably based on Chromium), can scan the internet for websites and domains belonging to your organization, can import standard API definition formats, and can scan for "blind" vulnerabilities that might not yield immediate outputs but could cause trouble down the road.

"If your vendor or software maker mentions terms like misconfigurations, open databases, and vulnerable libraries, there is a good chance that they support the discovery of many different types of web application security issues, not only web vulnerabilities," state Invicti's buying guide.

You'll also want to make sure that the tool can get past any custom authentication or business logic that your software may throw in its path. You might have to hold the software's hand to get past these obstacles, but any DAST tool that can't work even in that scenario should not be considered.

Last, you'll want to see how well the tool integrates with software that already exists in your development environment.

"The more integration capabilities a [DAST] solution has, the more time you will save when setting it up and using it," says Invicti's buying guide.

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