Category Archives: Evolution

It seems the political hyper-partisanship engulfing the United States has found yet another victim: science. New research shows that political and religious orientations are strongly associated with polarized views of scientific consensus.

Theres a twist, however: the more scientific education and literacy a person has, the more their views are likely to be polarized. These puzzling findings are outlined in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences authored by Caitlin Drummond and Baruch Fischoff of Carnegie Mellon University.

The pair studied data from the General Social Survey about Americans views on six controversial topics: human evolution, the Big Bang, stem cell research, anthropogenic climate change, genetically modified foods and nanotechnology. For the first four issues there was significant polarization among respondents, while the last two showed little evidence of it.

Respondents who identified themselves as politically and religiously conservative were far more likely to reject scientific consensus on the polarised issues, while those who identified as liberal were more likely to accept it.

Both for other subjects, such as genetically modified food, that are controversial but have not become part of these larger social conflicts in America, Drummond and Fischoff found no connection between education and polarisation.

So how to explain this? One model the authors suggest is known as motivated reasoning which suggests that more knowledgeable individuals are more adept at interpreting evidence in support of their preferred conclusions. The authors also speculate that better educated people are more likely to know when political and religious communities have chosen sides on an issue, and hence what they should think (or say) in keeping with their identity.

This, of course, will have a substantial effect on science communications efforts. Drummond suggests that science communication on polarized topics should take into account not just science itself, but also its context and its implications for things people care about, such as their political and religious identities. While pragmatic, this may be a bitter pill to swallow for those who think that science should stand or fall on its epistemic merits.

There was one positive finding: greater trust in the scientific community meant greater agreement with the scientific consensus. Perhaps, then, scientists and sciences advocates need to work on building such trust, on both sides of the aisle.

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The more people know about climate change and evolution, the more they disagree - Cosmos

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Are Turkey's schools dropping evolution and teaching jihad? - BBC ... BBC News From next month Turkish schools have a new curriculum and it is dividing parents. and more »

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Are Turkey's schools dropping evolution and teaching jihad? - BBC ... - BBC News

Justin Chon may have made it in Hollywood through a key role in the "Twilight" franchise, but he appreciates the "renegade" approach of YouTube. (Aug. 24)

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Justin Chon on YouTube's evolution - Olean Times Herald

I am a staunch believer in the Book of Genesis and what it teaches us about how we arrived at where we are today.

However, when it comes to shotgun ammunition, evolution is the key to successful hunting.

Thirty years ago, in 1987, the Federal government began phasing in its ban on toxic lead shot for waterfowl/migratory bird hunting. This ban spread nationwide in 1991.

The reasoning behind this ban was the thought that crippled birds that flew off, died and were then ingested by birds of prey such as our national symbol, the Bald Eagle. There was evidence to support this theory, with several instances of birds of prey found dead or dying from lead poisoning.

I know hunters that carry nothing but steel even when hunting upland/non-migratory birds just to avoid having to switch loads in the field.

Waterfowl hunters were sent scrambling for alternative ammunition. Even upland (pheasant/quail) hunters needed options if they were hunting on federal waterfowl production areas and national wildlife refuges.

The initial and often-used option to lead shot was steel shot. The results were not good. Unprepared for this new law, ammo manufacturers simply switched out steel for lead without changing much of anything else in the shell.

Steel shot is not nearly as heavy as lead shot and does not pack the wallop or shock when it contacts the target. Steel shot also patterns more tightly which reduces the "kill zone". Hunters crippled more birds but didn't kill them.

I can vividly remember hunting geese with my brother Jack in the cornfields north of Greeley back in the late 80s. The first morning flock of Canadian honkers were locked up, feet down and settling into our decoys. We emptied our shotguns on them.

It literally rained feathers on us as we watched that flock hurry into the sky and safety. Not one pellet penetrated enough to be lethal.

Ammo manufacturers tried alternative shot such as bismuth and tungsten, which were comparable to lead in weight and shocking power but not in price.

Manufacturers began to concentrate on making a better steel-shot shotgun shell. Evolution, trial and error, and test markets were used well, and finally, we have a better product.

It began with the guts of the shotshell. The wad that cradles the tiny pellets was re-tooled. It became a bit shorter to accommodate more pellets.

The primers that ignite the powder were redesigned to burn slower and reduce chamber pressure. The steel shot remained spherical but some manufacturers experimented with different shapes of the tiny BB's. I likened this to the dimples on a golf ball. Ball manufacturers claim their dimple pattern is the best for straight flight or longer flight. The same claims were made by the shotshell makers. The results of this evolutionary period are shotgun shells that contain steel pellets that perform virtually as well as lead ammo.

My favorite lead ammo continues to be a Federal shotshell that contains 1 oz. of no. 4 lead pellets pushed by 3 drams of gunpowder at 1330 feet per second. I prefer this load for upland hunting because it has been my most consistently lethal load at all ranges and in any wind and weather conditions.

Federal, Remington, Fiocchi all make loads similar to what I have just described.

I know hunters that carry nothing but steel even when hunting upland/non-migratory birds just to avoid having to switch loads in the field.

A good example of an effective modern steel load is Federal's Prairie Storm Steel. It comes in a 3-inch shell (requiring at least a 3-inch chamber in your shotgun) and launches number 3 or 4 steel shot at 1600 feet per second. Sixteen hundred feet per second is fast and should have enough wallop out at 40 yards or in the killing zone.

There are also two shapes of pellets or BB's in the Prairie Storm shell. About half of the 170 pellets are spherical while the remaining pellets are spherical with a band (called Flitestoppers). They resemble the planet Saturn and help deliver a lethal punch.

I don't hunt waterfowl much any more. I don't like to kill something that I don't like to eat. However, I do carry a box of steel shot along with me in my F-150 just in case I get the urge.

When you stop to think about it, steel shotgun shell evolution had to have a genesis, too.

Jim Vanek is a longtime hunter who lived in Greeley for many years. He can be reached at kimosabe14@msn.com.

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Gone Hunting: Shotgun shells have undergone an evolution for a resolution on lead shot issue - Greeley Tribune

Richard Prum has written a provocative book supporting the theory that beauty drives much of evolution. Most scientists have argued that natural selection (i. e. the survival of the fittest) is the only evolutionary apparatus at work in nature.

Prum, however, encourages readers to consider Darwins mostly ignored idea of aesthetic evolution as a new model for mate choice. He contends that beauty and desire are dynamic forces in natural selection. He purports that each species develops its own characteristic norms of beauty by which it chooses mates.

After a brief exposition on scientists historic resistance to Darwins aesthetic evolution theory, ornithologist Prum illustrates his point by citing the role of beauty in bird mating. He describes the courting rituals of the Great Argus Pheasant of Borneo, one of the most aesthetically extreme animals on the planet.

According to Darwins aesthetic theory, Prum says, male plumage evolves primarily not as a sexual signaling device but in order to meet a value for beauty determined solely by the females of a species.

He then transports the reader to Suriname to view Club-winged Manikins. Males sing with their wings as they seek to appear most beautiful to potential female mates. These sparrow- sized males perform mate-attracting gymnastics in the branches of trees in the understory of Central and South American forests.

After years of watching the males carry on until they nearly collapse, Prum is convinced that much of the mate selection is linked to nothing except the female love of beauty itself. The male calisthenics have nothing to do with perceived physical usefulness: females choose a mate for purely aesthetic reasons. Prum offers this as evidence of Darwins assertion that beauty for the sake of beauty is an engine of evolutionary change.

The author not only tries to prove Darwins aesthetic theory with avian creatures. Later in the book he explores female mate choice based on the taste for the beautiful (as Darwin called it) in primates. Prum states that a proper reading of sexual selection indicates that it is a means for females to develop sexual autonomy. By controlling various aspects of male behavior through their choice of mates, females of many species have reduced the prevalence of rape and improved male social skills.

Prums thought-provoking first book traverses many boundaries. The author also proposes that aesthetic evolution theory accounts for the development of the female orgasm and homosexuality and places feminism firmly within a biological framework.

Doubleday is the publisher of this beautifully illustrated and well-researched 428-page book.

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Review: "The Evolution of Beauty" - The Missourian (blog)

Zeynep Terzi, left, 23, a medical student in Istanbul, and Betul Vargi, 22, a college student studying English literature, are part of what Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoan calls a new "pious generation" of Turks. They wear headscarves and attend mosque, but they also believe in a separation of religion and state. Gokce Saracoglu/NPR hide caption

Zeynep Terzi, left, 23, a medical student in Istanbul, and Betul Vargi, 22, a college student studying English literature, are part of what Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoan calls a new "pious generation" of Turks. They wear headscarves and attend mosque, but they also believe in a separation of religion and state.

When children in Turkey head back to school this fall, something will be missing from their textbooks: any mention of evolution.

The Turkish government is phasing in what it calls a values-based curriculum. Critics accuse Turkey's president of pushing a more conservative, religious ideology at the expense of young people's education.

At a playground in an upscale, secular area of Istanbul, parents and grandparents express concern over the new policy.

"I'm worried, but I hope it changes by the time my grandchildren are in high school," says Emel Ishakoglu, a retired chemical engineer playing with her grandchildren, ages 5 and 2. "Otherwise our kids will be left behind compared to other countries when it comes to science education."

With a curriculum that omits evolution, Ishakoglu worries her grandchildren won't get the training they'll need if they want to grow up to be scientists like her.

Nearby, an American expat who's married to a Turk pushes her toddler on the swings and describes a book they've been reading at home.

"It's for 3- to 5-year-olds, and it teaches evolution," says Heather Demir. "It starts off, 'I used to be fish, but then I grew some legs.'"

The Demir family plans to leave Turkey before their son reaches grade school, in part because of this new curriculum.

Suat Keceli, left, a retired stockroom worker, and his barber Yasar Ayhan pose in Ayhan's barber shop in Kasimpasa, the Istanbul neighborhood where President Recep Tayyip Erdoan grew up. Keceli is a conservative Muslim who kept his daughter out of school when headscarves were banned in the classroom. Gokce Saracoglu/NPR hide caption

Suat Keceli, left, a retired stockroom worker, and his barber Yasar Ayhan pose in Ayhan's barber shop in Kasimpasa, the Istanbul neighborhood where President Recep Tayyip Erdoan grew up. Keceli is a conservative Muslim who kept his daughter out of school when headscarves were banned in the classroom.

"I just think it'd be too confusing for him, to teach him two opposing viewpoints," Demir says.

At a news conference last month, Turkey's education minister announced that new textbooks will be introduced in all primary and secondary schools, starting with grades 1, 5 and 9 this fall, and the rest next year. They will stop teaching evolution in grade 9, when it's usually taught.

"Evolutionary biology is best left to be taught at the university level," Education Minister Ismet Yilmaz told reporters. "It's a theory that requires a higher philosophical understanding than schoolchildren have."

That means students who don't go on to university may never learn who Charles Darwin was.

"Among scientists, of course, we feel very sorry and very, very worried for the country," says Ali Alpar, an astrophysicist and president of Turkey's Science Academy, an independent group that opposes the new curriculum. A Turkish association of biologists and teachers' unions have also expressed concern about the new textbooks.

"It is not only evolution. Evolution is a test case. It is about rationality about whether the curriculum should be built on whatever the government chooses to be the proper values," Alpar says. He also objects to how the government has converted many secular public schools into religious ones Turkey's publicly funded Imam Hatip schools in recent years.

Some Muslims, like some Christians, believe in creation, not natural selection. Turkey is majority Muslim, with a constitution that emphasizes its secular character.

But a battle has been underway between secular and religious Turks ever since President Recep Tayyip Erdogan came to power. He was elected prime minister in 2003, and president in 2014.

Erdogan does not support implementing sharia law. But he has repeatedly been elected by religious voters who felt their beliefs were neglected during decades of enforced secularism.

In a barber shop in the Istanbul neighborhood where Erdogan grew up, a bearded man in a traditional Muslim cap chats with the barber as he gets a shave. He explains how he kept his daughter out of school when Turkey didn't allow girls to wear headscarves in classrooms. The ban was lifted in middle schools and high schools in 2014.

"In school, they taught us humans evolved from monkeys. But that's not true," says Suat Keceli. "I support our government taking it out of biology textbooks. I think it's Satan's work."

In revising these textbooks, the government sought input from a small cadre of religious academics, including the president of Turkey's Uskudar University, a private institution that will host an academic conference on creationism this fall.

"Most Turks don't believe in evolution because it implies that God doesn't exist, and we're all here on earth just by chance! That's confusing," says the university's president, Nevzat Tarhan. "Turkey is a modern democracy, but we should not be afraid to embrace our Islamic culture as well."

Outside an Istanbul flower shop, two college students, Zeynep Terzi and Betul Vargi, are part of what Erdogan calls the new "pious generation." They wear headscarves. But they also support the separation of religion and state and accuse the president of chipping away at it.

"You can't learn religion in school, I think. It's about you and God. You should learn maybe in your home," Terzi says.

"They can send their kids to mosques. Schools are for science, I think," says Vargi.

Terzi is in medical school. Her scientific training in Turkey makes her competitive for jobs here and abroad. But she fears that might not be the case for the next generation of pious Turks.

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In Turkey, Schools Will Stop Teaching Evolution This Fall - NPR

Frontier, the developer behind the sublime Elite Dangerous and Planet Coaster has new sim in the works. Jurassic World Evolution is a theme park sim, but instead of ferris wheels you have Triceratops, and instead of worrying about guests getting sick, you have to worry about guests getting eaten by a freaking T-Rex.

Jurassic World Evolution puts players in control of operations on the island of Isla Nublar, as featured in the original Jurassic Park. The goal is to build new attractions, bioengineer new dinosaur breeds, and figure out the best way to keep said dinosaurs away from paying punters. "Every choice leads to a different path and spectacular challenges will arise when 'life finds a way,'" says Microsoft.

Further details are thin on the ground, but there is a release date of "Summer 2018," which just so happens to be when the next film,Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, is due to be released.

"As long-time fans of the entire Jurassic series we're thrilled to be putting players in charge of their own Jurassic World," Frontier exec Jonny Watts says. "We're excited to bring over 15 years of management, simulation, and creature development expertise to a destination and franchise that remains an inspiration to us."

This post originated on Ars Technica UK

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Jurassic World Evolution is a theme park sim from Planet Coaster dev Frontier - Ars Technica

U.S. study entitled 'A Psychological Profile of the Alt-Right' unveils the specifics of the race theory embraced by the movement

NEW YORK American researchers have published a working paper showing that people identifying with the alt-right consider Jews, Mexicans, blacks, Democrats, journalists, feminists and Muslims as subhumans, below homo sapiens on the evolutionary scale.

The study, entitled "A Psychological Profile of the Alt-Right," unveils the specifics of the race theory embraced by the movement. For example, unlike other far-right groups, members of the alt-right do not rank Jews at the bottom of the racial hierarchy.

In the study, Prof. Patrick Forscher of the University of Arkansas and Prof. Nour Kteily of Northwestern University questioned 447 people who identify with the alt-right and 382 members of a control group who do not.

The study is a working paper; it has not yet been published in a scholarly journal. The initial findings were released two days before the Unite the Right demonstration in Charlottesville, Virginia, where a man has been charged with murder for allegedly ramming his car into a crowd, killing a 32-year-old woman and injuring 19 people.

To study the dehumanization of various social groups by the alt-right, Forscher and Kteily showed their subjects the iconic March of Progress illustration describing the five phases of human evolution, from apes to homo sapiens, and asked them to mark where various population groups fell.

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On average, those identifying with the alt-right placed whites, Republicans, Americans, Swedes and Christians at evolutions highest level of development as homo sapiens. The other groups were ranked as belonging to earlier evolutionary stages. Among the inferior groups, in descending order reflecting an alleged lack of development, were Jews, Mexicans, blacks, Democrats, journalists, feminists and Muslims.

The members of the control group ranked all the groups as homo sapiens except for Donald Trump, whose name the researchers had offered for classification by the respondents. The control group put the president one stage lower than modern humans. Both groups were also asked to rank Hillary Clinton; alt-right adherents placed Clinton at the level of Muslims, two stages below modern humans.

The researchers also studied the extremism of members of the alt-right based on aggressiveness and so-called Dark Triad traits including narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy that are associated with callous, manipulative behavior. They determined that the alt-right respondents fell into two subcategories, one that the researchers dubbed supremacist, the less extreme one populists.

Members of the supremacist group showed traits of narcissism, psychopathy and aggression, and said they had engaged in violent behavior such as threats and harassment, both in social encounters and online.

The members of the second alt-right group were more moderate; they were less aggressive and more concerned with issues such as government corruption. But both alt-right groups viewed major media outlets such as CNN, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal with suspicion. They opposed Black Lives Matter and expressed concerns about discrimination against males and whites in the United States.

In the paper, Forscher and Kteily said they found some of the findings surprising and contrary to the stereotype attributed to the alt-right. For example, in questions about the social relations of the extremists whom they examined, there were no significant differences between them and the control group.

Contrary to the image of the troll hiding in his parents basement, members of the alt-right reported having close social relationships at levels similar to the control group. Also, there were no significant differences in the level of concern that alt-right members and the general population had about the state of the U.S. economy.

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Evolution According to the 'Alt-right': Journalists, Blacks and Jews Among the Subhuman - Haaretz

Im currently deep in the world of turtles its because of the textbook. And long-time readers will know that I suffer from Turtle Guilt anyway and have long aimed to put things right. In view of both of these things combined with the fact that I feel the urge to produce a new Tet Zoo article here are some brief thoughts on turtles that I hope you find interesting. The world of turtle evolutionary history and phylogenetic research is rich and complex, so I thought it would be fun to throw out a small selection of interesting factoids, not to focus on one specialised area. Here we go

Whos on the stem, whos in the crown? If you know anything about the geological history of turtles, youll be aware that a few anatomically archaic Late Triassic and Early Jurassic turtles have been regarded as the oldest representatives of Cryptodira and Pleurodira, the two great turtle groups that exist today. Most notable among these are the Late Triassic Proterochersis (originally described as the oldest known pleurodire) and the Early Jurassic Kayentachelys (originally described as the oldest cryptodire). A Late Triassic pleurodire would mean that the common ancestor of crown turtles was in existence by this time.

But this has been challenged. In a study devoted to phylogenetic analysis of Mesozoic turtles, Joyce (2007) argued that these early turtles are outside the crown group (crown group = the clade that contains living species and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor), and that crown turtles did not, in fact, evolve until considerably later (the Late Jurassic). Joyce (2007) and, later, other authors (Sterli et al. 2013) went further, proposing that a large number of additional taxa among them the remarkable meiolaniids of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, the fabled Kallokibotion of the Late Cretaceous of Romania and the diverse and abundant baenids of the Cretaceous and Paleogene were stem-turtles too, not archaic cryptodires as long thought. Thisreallocation of taxa and revised view of turtle history has been accepted by some turtle specialists but not by others, and these two schools of thought currently appear to be at an impasse.

You might be thinking that none of this matters much, and perhaps youd be right. But the proposal that those archaic turtle lineages are outside the crown has some important implications: meiolaniids, you see, persisted to relatively recent times, their youngest geological occurrence being from the Holocene of Vanuatuwhere theyve been dated to just c 3000 years ago. We only just missed them, and by missed them I mean that ancient members of our species hunted them to extinction. Had they persisted to the present, we would according to the model proposed by Joyce have especially archaic, early-diverging turtles still with us today, members of a lineage that originated far earlier in the Mesozoic than the other turtle lineages still present. A complication here is that if meiolaniids were still alive our definition of the turtle crown would be far more inclusive, since all or virtually all of those lineages outside the cryptodire-pleurodire clade would now be inside the crown.

Side-necked turtles once lived just about everywhere. Today, pleurodires the side-necked turtles are southern animals of Africa, Madagascar, South America and Australasia. But the fossil record shows that this is absolutely not reflective of their distribution in the past: they were effectively cosmopolitan, with species across North America, Europe and Asia. Most of these animals belonged to groups that are now wholly extinct, like the bothremydids: these were around from the Late Cretaceous until eitherthe Oligocene or Miocene (Lapparent de Broin & Werner 1998, Gaffney et al. 2006). But others belonged to groups that now have a more restricted distribution: Neochelys known from around 8 species that inhabited Europe during the Eocene is a member of Podocnemididae, a group only present today in South America and Madagascar.

Archelon is not the biggest turtle. It has often been said, or at best implied, that certain of the Late Cretaceous marine protostegids in particular the famous Archelon (Archelon! Archelon!, quoth Raquel Welch, 1966) were the biggest turtles ever. This hasnt been true for a while, even though those particular turtles sure were big. Nope, the biggest turtles of all are pleurodires, the record-holder being Stupendemys of the Upper Miocene and Pliocene of northern South America. This giant reached 3.3 m in carapace length and thus must have exceeded 5 m in total length. Incidentally, if youve been to the AMNH in New York and seen the Stupendemys on display there, note that its skull is not actually that of Stupendemys, its an enlarged replica of the skull of another sort of pleurodire: the very deep-faced Miocene podocnemidid Caninemys, named on account of its bulldog-like appearance (Meylan et al. 2009).

Giant tortoises were formerly widespread, and not just on islands. Today we associate giant tortoises with oceanic islands, most famously the Galpagos but also the Seychelles. If youre up to speed on recently extinct animals youll also be aware of the recently extinct Cylindraspis tortoises of the Mascarenes, and perhaps of the big tortoises that also once occurred on the Caribbean islands. The impression you get from these animals is that giant size in tortoises was an island thing, and that tortoises are only able to achieve giant size when evolving in isolation from continental predators. But the fossil record paints a different picture.

Giant tortoises those with a carapace length exceeding 70 cm were a widespread presence in continental habitats too, and in fact have been since the Oligocene at least. Taraschelon an Oligocene form from France reached c 80 cm in carapace length. The biggest tortoise of all Megalochelys atlas (carapace length 2.1 m, mass c 1000 kg) inhabited southern Asia between the Miocene and Pleistocene and lived alongside a typical assortment of big continental mammals, and similarly big tortoises (they may be additional specimens of Megalochelys) also inhabited eastern Europe during the Pliocene (Boev 2008). Another giant Cheirogaster was present in Greece during the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene. Some Cheirogaster specimens exceed 1.5 m in carapace length; the skull alone can be 23 cm long. Europe was also home to several species of Titanochelon during the Miocene and Pliocene: this animal occurred from Portugal all the way to western Asia and seems to have had a carapace length of about 1.2 m. North America was home to Hesperotestudo during the Pleistocene, some species of which rivalled Galpagos giant tortoises in size. This brief listing is far from complete, but you get the point: there were really big, fully terrestrial tortoises in many continental environments during the Cenozoic.

Its also worth noting that giant continental tortoises still exist today: there are some big South American Chelonoidis species, and the very large Centrochelys and Stigmochelys species of Africa. Another assumption that these animals were limited to tropical, frost-free places is also challenged by the fossil record, since some of these very large tortoises (thinking here of the North American Hesperotestudo) appear to have been able to dig deep burrows and avoid the cold surface temperatures sometimes present in the places where they occurred (thanks to Mark Gelbart for this idea).

That will do for now. We will revisit turtles again soon. While on the subject of this group, my review of Olivier Rieppelnew book Turtles As Hopeful Monsters has recently been published (Naish 2017). For previous Tet Zoo turtle articles, see

Refs - -

Bakker, R. T. 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies. Penguin Books, London.

Boev, Z. 2008. First finds of giant land tortoises discovered in Bulgaria. Science News April 2008, 2-4.

Gaffney, E. S., Tong, H. & Meylan, P. A. 2006. Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the families Bothremydidae, Euraxemydidae, and Araripemydidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 300, 1-700.

Joyce, W. G. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48, 3-102.

Lapparent de Broin, F. de & Werner, C. 1998. New late Cretaceous turtles from the Western Desert, Egypt. Annales de Palontologie 84, 131-214.

Meylan, P. A., Gaffney, E. S. & Campos, D. de A. 2009. Caninemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides: Podocnemididae) from the Miocene of Brazil. American Museum Novitates 3639, 1-26.

Naish, D. 2017. Review of Turtles as Hopeful Monsters: Origins and Evolution. Palaeontologia ElectronicaVol. 20, Issue 2; 1R: 3p.

Sterli, J., de la Fuente, M. & Cerda, I. A. 2013. A new species of meiolaniform turtle and a revision of the Late Cretaceous Meiolaniformes of South America. Ameghiniana 50, 240-256.

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Letters From the World of Turtle Evolution - Scientific American (blog)

Barron's

Evolution Mining: Gold Miner Rallies 6% After Dividend Hike - Barron's Barron's Australian gold miner Evolution Mining (EVN.AU) is one of the best performers in the S&P/ASX200 Index after lifting its dividend payout. Illustration: Getty Images. Evolution Mining rises 5.5pc on $217m profit - The AustralianThe Australian Evolution Mining up on record profit, dividend | The West AustralianThe West Australian Evolution swings from loss to record profit - Mining WeeklyCreamer Media's Mining Weekly Motley Fool Australia all 5 news articles »

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Evolution Mining: Gold Miner Rallies 6% After Dividend Hike - Barron's - Barron's