Category Archives: Cloning

Cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Cloning happens often in naturefor example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration or recombination. Prokaryotic organisms (organisms lacking a cell nucleus) such as bacteria create genetically identical duplicates of themselves using binary fission or budding. In eukaryotic organisms (organisms possessing a cell nucleus) such as humans, all the cells that undergo mitosis, such as skin cells and cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, are clones; the only exceptions are gametes (eggs and sperm), which undergo meiosis and genetic recombination.

Top Questions

Cloning is the process of generating a genetically identical copy of acellor an organism.Cloning happens all the time in nature. In biomedical research, cloning is broadly defined to mean the duplication of any kind of biological material for scientific study, such as a piece ofDNAor an individual cell.

Therapeutic cloning enables the cultivation of stem cells that are genetically identical to a patient. This approach, by avoiding risk of rejection by theimmune system, has the potential to benefit many patients,including those affected byAlzheimer disease,diabetes, andspinal cordinjury.

The cloning of humans remains universally condemned, primarily for the associated psychological, social, and physiological risks. There are also concerns that cloning promoteseugenics, the idea that humanity could be improved through the selection of individuals possessing desired traits. There also exists controversy over theethicsof therapeutic and research cloning, which makes use of embryos that are otherwise discarded.

In biomedical research, cloning is broadly defined to mean the duplication of any kind of biological material for scientific study, such as a piece of DNA or an individual cell. For example, segments of DNA are replicated exponentially by a process known as polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, a technique that is used widely in basic biological research. The type of cloning that is the focus of much ethical controversy involves the generation of cloned embryos, particularly those of humans, which are genetically identical to the organisms from which they are derived, and the subsequent use of these embryos for research, therapeutic, or reproductive purposes.

Reproductive cloning was originally carried out by artificial twinning, or embryo splitting, which was first performed on a salamander embryo in the early 1900s by German embryologist Hans Spemann. Later, Spemann, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1935) for his research on embryonic development, theorized about another cloning procedure known as nuclear transfer. This procedure was performed in 1952 by American scientists Robert W. Briggs and Thomas J. King, who used DNA from embryonic cells of the frog Rana pipiens to generate cloned tadpoles. In 1958 British biologist John Bertrand Gurdon successfully carried out nuclear transfer using DNA from adult intestinal cells of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Gurdon was awarded a share of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this breakthrough.

Advancements in the field of molecular biology led to the development of techniques that allowed scientists to manipulate cells and to detect chemical markers that signal changes within cells. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, it became possible for scientists to create transgenic clonesclones with genomes containing pieces of DNA from other organisms. Beginning in the 1980s mammals such as sheep were cloned from early and partially differentiated embryonic cells. In 1996 British developmental biologist Ian Wilmut generated a cloned sheep, named Dolly, by means of nuclear transfer involving an enucleated embryo and a differentiated cell nucleus. This technique, which was later refined and became known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), represented an extraordinary advance in the science of cloning, because it resulted in the creation of a genetically identical clone of an already grown sheep. It also indicated that it was possible for the DNA in differentiated somatic (body) cells to revert to an undifferentiated embryonic stage, thereby reestablishing pluripotencythe potential of an embryonic cell to grow into any one of the numerous different types of mature body cells that make up a complete organism. The realization that the DNA of somatic cells could be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state significantly impacted research into therapeutic cloning and the development of stem cell therapies.

Soon after the generation of Dolly, a number of other animals were cloned by SCNT, including pigs, goats, rats, mice, dogs, horses, and mules. Despite those successes, the birth of a viable SCNT primate clone would not come to fruition until 2018, and scientists used other cloning processes in the meantime. In 2001 a team of scientists cloned a rhesus monkey through a process called embryonic cell nuclear transfer, which is similar to SCNT except that it uses DNA from an undifferentiated embryo. In 2007 macaque monkey embryos were cloned by SCNT, but those clones lived only to the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. It was more than 10 years later, after improvements to SCNT had been made, that scientists announced the live birth of two clones of the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), the first primate clones using the SCNT process. (SCNT has been carried out with very limited success in humans, in part because of problems with human egg cells resulting from the mothers age and environmental factors.)

Read this article:

cloning | Definition, Process, & Types | Britannica

Reproductive cloning may enable researchers to make copies of animals with the potential benefits for the fields of medicine and agriculture.

For instance, the same Scottish researchers who cloned Dolly have cloned other sheep that have been genetically modified to produce milk that contains a human protein essential for blood clotting. The hope is that someday this protein can be purified from the milk and given to humans whose blood does not clot properly. Another possible use of cloned animals is for testing new drugs and treatment strategies. The great advantage of using cloned animals for drug testing is that they are all genetically identical, which means their responses to the drugs should be uniform rather than variable as seen in animals with different genetic make-ups.

After consulting with many independent scientists and experts in cloning, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided in January 2008 that meat and milk from cloned animals, such as cattle, pigs and goats, are as safe as those from non-cloned animals. The FDA action means that researchers are now free to using cloning methods to make copies of animals with desirable agricultural traits, such as high milk production or lean meat. However, because cloning is still very expensive, it will likely take many years until food products from cloned animals actually appear in supermarkets.

Another application is to create clones to build populations of endangered, or possibly even extinct, species of animals. In 2001, researchers produced the first clone of an endangered species: a type of Asian ox known as a guar. Sadly, the baby guar, which had developed inside a surrogate cow mother, died just a few days after its birth. In 2003, another endangered type of ox, called the Banteg, was successfully cloned. Soon after, three African wildcats were cloned using frozen embryos as a source of DNA. Although some experts think cloning can save many species that would otherwise disappear, others argue that cloning produces a population of genetically identical individuals that lack the genetic variability necessary for species survival.

Some people also have expressed interest in having their deceased pets cloned in the hope of getting a similar animal to replace the dead one. But as shown by Cc the cloned cat, a clone may not turn out exactly like the original pet whose DNA was used to make the clone.

See the article here:

Cloning Fact Sheet | NHGRI - Genome.gov

You may have had a question or two (or fifty) after watching Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker. The significance of lightsaber colors, where Babu Frik ranked on a cuteness scale from one to Baby Yoda, and oh, yeahhow the hell Emperor Palpatine came back from the dead to torment Rey, who was his granddaughter, apparently.

Star Wars gave a very Westworld answer: He was a clone! Makes total sense. And Reys father, too, was a Palpatine clone, only the job was botched. There are some Star Wars novelizations that give some more details on this, but what about the movies? This week, a Reddit user went on a deep dive of the Skywalker Saga, hunting for any kind of precedence the films couldve set for a Palpatine clone.

Turns out there are a handful of easter eggs buried throughout the series, dating all the way back to Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. Check out the full breakdown if you want to see every nod the films make, but here are some highlights.

Remember those creepy baby Snokes that were bred on the Sith planet Exegol? The Reddit user says that proves that the Sith had cloning technology:

Theres a generous reading of Palpatines Look what you have made quip in The Rise of Skywalker:

The user even found a line in Episode III that could be interpreted as a prophecy for Palpatines eventual cloning:

Feeling good with those explanations? Cool. We have another Palp-related investigation for you.

Read this article:

A 'Star Wars' Fan Explained How the Palpatine Clone Was Teased Long Before 'The Rise of Skywalker' - Esquire

Virology and veterinary bacteriology researchers at the Swiss University of Bern have succeeded in cloning the novel SARS CoV-2 coronavirus. The scientists were able to recreate the coronavirus from synthetic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the high-security laboratory of the Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) of the Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) in Mittelhusern and at the Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Bern. Corona samples can now be tested worldwide with these clones. This will also help discover drugs that will combat the viral disease and in the development of vaccines.

Viruses, like parasites, depend on a host cell in order to reproduce. The viruses invade the bodys cells and reprogram them so that they produce new viruses. These are then spread further, for instance through infection from droplets. The scientists in Bern have now reproduced segments of the coronavirus genome from synthetic DNA. These were then introduced into yeast cells. There they were reassembled by means of what is referred to as transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning.

This resulted in a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) on which the genetic information of the virus was stored. In the next step, infectious RNA was reproduced in vitro without yeast cells. This was done with the help of T7 RNA polymerase. This RNA was introduced into animal cells, where new, synthetic coronaviruses were then replicated. As in clones. And all this was accomplished in record time. We replicated the virus within the space of a week,, notes Professor Volker Thiel from the Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI).

The scientists report that the system of yeast cells was developed in Bern and has now proved its worth for the first time during an epidemic. We have optimized this system to allow us to clone coronaviruses and other viruses quickly, explains Prof. Jrg Jores from the Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology at the University of Bern. This method enables a rapid response to novel and fast-spreading viruses and their properties in real-time. In other words, during an outbreak.

The final results of the study were published in the academic journal Nature. This was after the provisional results had already been posted on a preprint server where it underwent scientific discussion is. The researchers state that the synthetic viruses cloned in Bern have enabled a major step forward in the diagnosis of patient samples and the development of new active substances. Viruses are especially difficult to clone because they are smaller than the smallest bacteria and extremely mutable. Our model system that uses yeast cells shows that it is ideally suited for reconstructing coronaviruses and other viruses, Volker Thiel adds.

This method developed by the Swiss researchers will also be suitable in the future for combating other extremely infectious viruses. Moreover, the scientists have already received numerous requests from companies and other researchers to test potential active substances against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus at the high-security laboratory.

Continued here:

Coronavirus clone from Switzerland goes 'viral' - Innovation Origins

CHINESE scientists have been accused of being real-life Dr Frankensteins who play God by cloning apes and editing the genes of babies.

Some of their work has been dubbed monstrous while other cutting edge research could lead to cures for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

4

It's important to note that the US and the UK are not immune from conducting tests on animals and in fact carry out THOUSANDS of experiments on primates every year.

However, China has become the capital of research on apes and monkeys believing that our closest relatives hold the key to understanding brain disorders that destroy lives.

Incredibly, the Institute of Neuroscience (ION) in Shanghai, cloned five infant monkeys last year from an adult macaque who had been genetically-edited.

The result was baby primates intentionally born with a mutation that disrupts their wake-sleep cycle.

By giving the monkeys new drugs to treat their pre-existing brain disorders, the scientists hope to develop treatments for illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease.

It's no wonder the ION has been dubbed the "Cern of primate neurobiology".

The Institute successfully cloned two macaque monkeys in 2018 - a world first giving the experts confidence to push ahead with further experiments.

4

Heaping praise on the research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences said: "The achievement heralds a new era in which China can produce batches of standardised monkey clones, which will serve as animal models in the research of the brain's cognitive functions, early diagnoses and interventions of diseases, as well as research and development of drugs.

While China allows genetic manipulation on animals it has banned the use of gene-editing on humans but that hasn't stopped some of its scientists "playing God" with unborn children.

Scientist He Jiankui, 35, rocked the scientific world when he revealed he had altered the embryos of twin girls in 2018.

In December last year, it was revealed that a third child born to a different mum had also been gene-edited.

The rogue expert said he used a tool called Crispr to disable a gene that allows the AIDS virus to enter cells in a bid to make the children immune from the disease.

But why have such experiments been dubbed monstrous by others within the scientific community?

Experts claim gene-editing in people could "divide humans into subspecies" and can cause mutations, genetic problems and even cancer.

Dr Kiran Musunuru, an expert in this area from the University of Pennsylvania, called the experiment unconscionable an experiment on human beings that is not morally or ethically defensible.

4

Professor Julian Savulescu, of the University of Oxford, said: If true, this experiment is monstrous.

The embryos were healthy. No known diseases. Gene editing itself is experimental and is still associated with off-target mutations, capable of causing genetic problems early and later in life, including the development of cancer.

There are many effective ways to prevent HIV in healthy individuals: for example, protected sex.

Last December, Mr Jiankui was jailed for three years after news of the third child's birth was revealed.

He was convicted of practising medicine without a licence and fined 330,000 by a court in Shenzhen, the Xinhua news agency reported.

One of the most controversial experiments to date was the creation of embryos that were part human and part primate.

Last year, Spaniard Juan Carlos Izpisa Belmonte led a team of Chinese researchers with the end goal of creating monkeys which have entirely human organs such as kidneys or livers.

The organs will then be used for human transplants.

Based in China, the team made the chimeras a single organism with cells from more than one genotype - by injecting human stem cells into a fresh monkey embryo.

Biologist Belmonte previously tried adding human cells to embryos of pigs but the disturbing experiment was not successful.

However, because primates are genetically related to humans, the chances of the new research being successful is much greater.

The scientists also use gene-editing technology to disable certain cell formations in the animals to give the human cells a better chance of thriving.

4

In the US and other western democracies, such research is banned however in China, experts are allowed to push the boundaries of scientific ethics.

Importantly, no Frankenstein monster has been born as a result of this research... not yet anyway.

Instead, the hybrid embryos are allowed to develop for around two weeks so their progress can be studied.

Mr Belmonte defended his work with the Chinese, saying: History shows us time and time again that, over time, our ethical and moral standards change and mutate, like our DNA, and what yesterday was ethically unacceptable, if this really represents an advance for the progress of humanity, today it is already an essential part of our lives."

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A similar experiment involved two piglets who were born with monkey cells in December at the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology in Beijing.

The so-called 'pig-monkey chimeras' died a week later.

Away from China, one of the most sinister experiments took place at the University of Munich where two monkeys were given transplanted pig hearts.

The poor creatures died after six months in a study which was deemed a success.

See the rest here:

Chinas scientists accused of playing God by creating monstrous cloned apes and primates with human organs - The Sun

Market Research Report on Hard Drive Cloning Software Market size | Industry Segment by Applications (Large Enterprises and SMEs), by Type (Cloud-based and Web-based), Regional Outlook, Market Demand, Latest Trends, Hard Drive Cloning Software Industry Growth & Revenue by Manufacturers, Company Profiles, Growth Forecasts 2025. Analyzes current market size and upcoming 5 years growth of this industry.

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On the basis of Application, the global Hard Drive Cloning Software market is classified into:

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Hard Drive Cloning Software Market Research Growth by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast Analysis to 2025 - Express Journal

The report on the Disk Cloning Imaging Software market provides a birds eye view of the current proceeding within the Disk Cloning Imaging Software market. Further, the report also takes into account the impact of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on the Disk Cloning Imaging Software market and offers a clear assessment of the projected market fluctuations during the forecast period. The different factors that are likely to impact the overall dynamics of the Disk Cloning Imaging Software market over the forecast period (2019-2029) including the current trends, growth opportunities, restraining factors, and more are discussed in detail in the market study.

As per the presented market report, the global Disk Cloning Imaging Software market is projected to attain a CAGR growth of ~XX% during the assessment period and surpass a value of ~US$XX by the end of 20XX. Further, the report suggests that the growth of the Disk Cloning Imaging Software market hinges its hope on a range of factors including, emphasis on innovation by market players, surge in the investments pertaining to R&D activities, and favorable regulatory policies among others.

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The key players covered in this studyManageEngineSmartDeployCHENGDU Yiwo Tech DevelopmentSymantecParamount SoftwareNovosoftAOMEI TechnologySourceForgeSircksParagon Software GroupLSoft TechnologiesR-Tools TechnologyTom Ehlert SoftwarePrimeExpert SoftwareMiniToolDeepSpar Data Recovery

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Market segment by Regions/Countries, this report coversNorth AmericaEuropeChinaJapanSoutheast AsiaIndiaCentral & South America

The study objectives of this report are:To analyze global Disk Cloning Imaging Software status, future forecast, growth opportunity, key market and key players.To present the Disk Cloning Imaging Software development in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India and Central & South America.To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their development plan and strategies.To define, describe and forecast the market by type, market and key regions.

In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Disk Cloning Imaging Software are as follows:History Year: 2015-2019Base Year: 2019Estimated Year: 2020Forecast Year 2020 to 2026For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2019 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.

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Measuring the Impact: Demand for Disk Cloning Imaging Software Product Augmented by Global Outbreak of COVID-330 - 3rd Watch News

It's not unusual to spot a trout species in a Calgary riverbut you might not expect to find a lobster-like crustacean.

In the last 10 to 20 years however, the marbled crayfish a crustacean not native to the Bow River has begun spreading to rivers and lakes throughout Alberta.

It's a problem that Nicole Kimmel, aquatic invasive species specialist for Alberta Environment and Parks, is trying to tackle.

Historically, the crustaceans are normally found in betweenWainwright andRyley in the Beaver River watershed south of Edmonton, Kimmel told The Calgary Eyeopener.

But now they've been showing up in water bodies anywhere from the Edmonton area, down to Calgary and Medicine Hat, as well as in the Milk River region.

It's not likely that the critters are crawling between rivers and lakes, though they can move on land for short periods, Kimmel said.

Instead, the provincesuspects the movements of the crayfish might be aided by humans either for bait use or they are potentially being brought back home and discarded in local waters.

"Once they're introduced to a breeding pair, they can breed pretty fast," Kimmel said the creatures can produce 200 to 400 eggs in a reproduction cycle.

Kimmel calls themarbled crayfisha kind of "freak accident" of two crayfish species that may have beenimported from Florida into Germany in the '90s and were able to mate. Through that mating, the crayfish kept an additional set of chromosomes that allowed them to reproduce asexually, meaningall the females could lay unfertilized eggs which develop into genetically identical offspring.

In essence, a self-cloning crayfish was born.

To attempt to control their spread, Alberta has banned the crayfish province-wide unless it'skept as a pet. Most pet stores have stopped carrying the specimens, but it's still possible to find them sold online by individuals.

Ducks have been munching on them, along withsome humans, but Kimmel says its important to make sure the ones used for consumption are coming from clean water sources.

Kimmel saysthe province has partnered with Mark Poesch, associate professor in Agricultural Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Alberta, to understand what the effects are on the habitats the creatures are invading.

"We highly suspect that they're probably impacting food webs where they're being moved around," she said.

The marbled crayfish aren't the only species of their kind causing concerns there's an extensivelist of crayfish-type creatures being foundin Canadian waters,Kimmel explained.

For example, B.C. is worried about red swamp crayfish and in Manitoba there are concerns about crusty crayfish.

Meanwhile Saskatchewan, along with Alberta, has ramped up its legislation around marbled crayfish.

If you spot a crayfish, Kimmel says to report it to the provincealong with the location it was found.

"We're very much interested in knowing the location that you're finding them as well as if you can snap a picture of what they look like," Kimmel said.

"We don't want any of those other invasive ones that other jurisdictions are worried about."

The province isn't actively getting rid of the crayfish right nowuntil there's a better understanding of where the crayfishare located and what can be done for eradication.

See more here:

This self-cloning crayfish is scuttling into rivers and streams throughout Alberta - CBC.ca

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IBMGoogleLyrebirdNuance CommunicationsBaiduMicrosoftAWSAT&TNeoSpeechSmartbox Assistive TechnologyexCloneLumenVoxKata.AiAlt.AiCereProcAcapela GroupVocaliDVoiceryAristechCepstralIspeechVivoTextVoctro LabsrSpeakCandyVoice

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Global Voice Cloning Market Professional Survey 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Types and Applications, Forecast to 2024 - Latest Herald

on April 10, 2020 at 3:00 pm

The COVID-19 pandemic means a lot more video meetings than usual, often using Zoom. Bored with having to be on so many Zoom calls, creative technologist Matt Reed decided to build an AI-powered clone named Zoombot to handle the meetings for him

[M]y number of Zoom meetings have gone through the mesosphere and is currently on Mars, Reed wrote in a blog post about the project. Theres barely even time for bio-breaks, Reddit, or actually getting work done. Its as if Zoom has turned into the Oasis from Ready Player One where everyone spends every waking hour of their day inside.

To help take up the duty of sitting in on so many conference calls, Reed designed Zoombot to use speech recognition and text-to-speech to respond to his colleagues. The digital clone responds with, Im doing great thank you for asking, when asked, How are you? for instance, along with several other questions and statements. The video rotates through several images of Reed in front of his computer, making it seem like he has a bad connection. Reed didnt think it would fool anyone for long, but he didnt tell his coworkers about Zoombot ahead of time, and you can see their reactions in the video at the top.

To create the speech recognition and response system, Reed used Artyom.js, a library of tools for that purpose. Artyom can detect key terms and match them to responses in its program. Unlike a standard voice assistant, it doesnt require a wake word to activate, just the key phrases it will respond to. Reed is sharing Zoombot with the world for free on GitHub, so the next time you have a Zoom conference call, if someone seems more robotic than usual, it may be only their digital clone that theyve sent to the meeting in their place.

As it turns out, cloning oneself is actually much easier than Westworld would lead you to believe, Reed wrote. Now just crank up those speakers, fire up Zoombot, and freely go forth and enjoy all those other things youd rather be doing than sitting on video conferences all day. Just think, you could go play with the birds in your backyard, stare at your dog, make a fun smoothie, the possibilities are [in]finite.

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Eric Hal Schwartz is a Staff Writer and Podcast Producer for Voicebot.AI. Eric has been a professional writer and editor for more than a dozen years, specializing in the stories of how science and technology intersect with business and society. Eric is based in New York City.

Here is the original post:

Bored of Zoom Meetings? Build a Digital Clone to Attend for You - Voicebot.ai