Dear Reader (Including members of the Bailey Beach Club Diversity Committee who may suddenly be too busy to read this newsletter),
I want to talk to you about everything going on right now.
Unfortunately, according to Brandeis Universitys Prevention, Advocacy and Resource Centers Oppressive Language List, I just oppressed you.
See if you can figure out why. Ill wait. Give up?
Ill forgive you for not knowing this, but apparently the phrase everything going on right nowdamn, I did it to you againis oppressive. Why? Because, I defecate you negatory, Being vague about important issues risks miscommunication and can also avoid accountability. So, if I say, everything going on right now in reference to police brutality, or the pandemic, I might be letting our oppressors off the hook.
So let me be more specific. When I say everything going on right now, Im referring to garbage like this. And the last thing I want to do is let the people responsible for this linguistic oppression off the hook.
Some more examples:
Brandeis also wants you to stop using the term trigger warning because the word 'trigger' has connections to guns for many people; We can give the same heads-up using language less connected to violence.
The Federal Aviation Administration issued a report on how to deal with drones. Thats a legitimately important subject. Fortunately, they did such a bang up job solving all that, they had time left over to fix the oppressive language of aviation. The FAA Gender-Free Style Guide Recommendations appended to the report call for replacing he and she with they and them, airmen with air crew etc. They also want to do away with cockpit because on occasion masculine crew members have wielded the term cockpit to exclude or undermine femme coworkers.
The Biden White Houses budget proposal refersin one section at leastto people who have babies as birthing persons.
In a similar vein, in an essaynone dare call them op-eds anymorein todays New York Times, a transgender man writes:
We are, all of us, in a constant stage of negotiation with the political and cultural forces attempting to shape us into simple, translatable packages. Trans people, by necessity, are more aware of these forces; that fluency is a strength, and it has afforded us an opportunity to question the stories about the biology of gender that are so foundational to American culture: Do we all really want to co-sign the notion that a uterus, and thus reproductive potential, is how we define womanhood? When a nonbinary person births a child, why must the birth certificate dictate that the person who gave birth is a mother, and what does being a mother even mean, exactly? What might it mean for all parents if mother and father were not such distinct categories in child-rearing? Who benefits from their continuing separation?
Now, I just ranted about the above essay on TheRemnant (out tomorrow), so I dont want to recycle all that here. So let me start with this trigger warning thing to get me to my point.
I have no problem doing away with the phrase trigger warning. Im not a fan of the term or the idea behind it. But let me concede in the spirit of generosity and humility that one doesnt have to be categorical about this. Advising people in advance about disturbing content is perfectly fine with me. Movies have ratings and TV shows have parental advisories, and I find that not just defensible but helpful. Lots of shows depicting suicide these days come with a warning and help-line for those feeling suicidal. That seems like a better social compromise than banning depictions of suicide.
No, my main problem with the way trigger warnings have been deployed is the broadness and nature of what theyre warning about. My second biggest problem is that the science behind trigger warnings is garbage.
The systematic violence of the English language.
But thats not why Brandeis wants to get rid of the term. It thinks trigger is associated with violence. Okay, if were going to take that seriously, lets note that the word trigger derives from the Dutch word trekker, from which we get trek. Today, trek means a journey, but it originally meant to pull, like a wagon pulled by oxen (hence the evolution of the word). Trigger means something you pull; it may indeed be associated with violence, but only in the minds of people who make that association.
But if words associated with violence have to goMuadDib!there are far deadlier killing words out there. For instance, our political discourse is drenched in military language: battleground states, ad blitzes, taking flak, over the target, scorched earth, political crusade, pyrrhic victories, skirmish, belligerents, political ambushes, nuclear options, war on poverty, etc.
In fact, our entire language is littered with the corpses of dead metaphorswords and phrases that no longer mean what they once did because we forgot where they came from.
Hotshot is derived from heated ordnance used to set fire to enemy ships. When football players go over the top, its an homage to trench warfare from World War I. So are phrases like in the trenches and no mans land. If I tell my daughter to get moving on the double, Im using the language of war preparation.
Now, because Im a logophile, I dig this stuff.
But in this context, Im perfectly willing to ask, So frickn what? If youre working freelance you dont mean youre a medieval mercenary willing to fight for whichever side pays you enough. Im writing this on deadline, which means I have to deliver it by a specific time. But deadline was born as a Civil War term for the border around a military prison that you could be shot without warning if you crossed. Nobody tell the folks at MSNBC that their show Deadline: White House is steeped in the language of incarceration and total war.
Words change versus changing words.
Now, if youre a clever sort, you might argue that Im making the same point as the folks playing word games. After all, you could say, Sure, trigger used to mean X, but now some people think it means Y, and the new meaning is trigger I mean, disturbing.
But is it? Ive never met anyone who felt aggressed against when I said something like, Lets pull the trigger on this. Are we going out for Mexican or Chinese?
Ill happily concede that such people must exist, but who died and made them the bosses of everybody? Moreover, assuming these people exist, how many of them are looking to find a reason to be offended? If there are 10,000 people in America who feel oppressed by the term trigger, Id guess 9,950 of them are the kind of people who walk the earth looking for reasons to be a pain in the ass. Indeed, thats one of the problems with trigger warning culture: It trains people to be pains in the ass because it incentivizes the practice of taking offense by rewarding people with power and attention. Victimhood is powerful these days.
This is why newsrooms and universities are infestedsorry if that word offends youwith little linguistic Maoists searching out reasons to take offense. And its why every day we get manufactured outrages. The Pharisees at the Brandeis Prevention, Advocacy and Resource Center have a business model designed around the idea of constantly scouring the language for reasons to take offense. And that Orwellian model requires constantly changing acceptable language to catch people for being offensive.
The Mother of All Asininities
And thats the real problem: This war on oppressive language is itself oppressive. The organic evolution of language from below is inherently small-d democratic. Its undirected, emergent, and unavoidable.
Using the commanding heights of the culture, never mind the power of the federal government, to bully and shame people out of using the term mother is oppressive. Its an imposition from above. Its also staggeringly, awe-inspiringly stupid.
Lets start with oppression. Cultural erasure is a hot topic these days. And you know whats a deeply embedded concept in many culturesincluding our own? Mothers. (Its also a pretty deeply embedded concept in medicine, biology, and science generally, which is something to keep in mind when you hear these people say, I believe in science.)
Im honestly offended that I have to explain this. Ask any black, Hispanic, Irish, Italian, Catholic, Muslim, Jew, or literally any other normal person, and theyll tell you what mother means to them, both personally and as a concept. Even for people who hate their mothers, motherhood is a powerful thing (if it werent, they probably wouldnt hate their mothers). In my experience, the people who invest the most meaning in motherhood are colloquially known as mothers. But its really not limited to them.
The phrase, as American as apple pie allegedly gained widespread popularity as as American as motherhood and apple pie during World War II. Reporters would ask American soldiers what they were fighting for, and a common response was, For mom and apple pie.
Then theres Mother Nature, and oh, forget it. I refuse to keep going. Putting me in the position of having to explain that motherhood is central to vast oceans of culture, faith, literature, language, norms, laws, and other concepts in which virtually all human civilizations are rooted is infuriating.
We didnt get rid of the term mother to spare the feelings of orphans or homosexual couples. Why invest in transgender people and their sense of grievance and discomfortas sincere and real as it may bethe moral authority to erase all of that?
Im not advocating cruelty toward transgender people asking to get rid of the word mother. But I am saying that the answer should be an emphatic, albeit polite, No. Thats not going to happen.
The answer should be No on the merits: 99 percent of society should not be held hostage to the feelings of 1 percent (a generous enumeration of their representation in the population, by the way). Motherhood is too important, too entrenched, and too meaningful to get rid of. Especially when you consider that the word and concept was here first and was never intended to give offense. If I move to a country that drives on the left side of the road, I dont get to scream that Im being oppressed by having to adjust accordingly. Admittedly, trans people arent literal immigrants. But they are essentially new arrivals culturally. Showing a little deference to the supermajority culture isnt too much to ask.
And, as I noted on TheRemnant, if youve spent the last 30 years hearing feminists and Handmaids Tale fans denounce conservatives for reducing women to mere breeders, Id like to know why calling them birthing persons is some great victory.
Again, you dont have to be opposed to everything the language police are doing. I for one think removing the term niggardly from everyday parlance is no great loss, even if the word has nothing to do with the homonymic racial epithet. But intent does matter. The FAAs linguistic commissars want to get rid of cockpit because on occasion masculine crew members have wielded the term cockpit to exclude or undermine femme coworkers. Maybe they should just put more energy into disciplining people who use cockpit in an offensive way? I mean, the kind of person determined to harass women with the word cockpit will not be left powerless to continue doing so if you mandate the use of flight deck instead. If anything, taking away the word creates opportunities for fresh cockpit jokesLets call it the gelded pit! Also, that way, you wont have to use idiotic adjectives like masculine and femme to describe crew members. I mean, who knew Luca Brasi was so far ahead of his time?
Turning mother into an offensive or even simply antiquated term is unfair and unjustified cultural oppression, exploiting the admirable American desire to treat people decently. Simply put: Its asking too much.
Which brings us to the stupidity of all this. The answer should be No for another reason: Its never going to happen. People arent going to stop using the term. And because its never going to happen, good and decent progressives, sympathetic to the struggles of trans people, should pull them aside and tell them, Look, that dog wont hunt. Pick your battles.
And they should say this to trans allies for their own sake. Nobody is going to go nuts if individual trans people refer to their own utero-American spawning vessels as birthing persons. But if you want to invite a backlash against trans people, start hectoring and bullying people to refer to their own mothers as birthing people. Start correcting old ladies who gush about how much they love being a grandmother, Excuse me, thats offensive! You are a grandbirthingperson!
See how that goes for your cause.
Lets concede the whole of the argument: Enlightened people should abandon the word mother entirely. Well, if Joe Biden and the Democrats energetically campaigned on eliminating the concept of motherhood in 2020, Donald Trump would be president today and Republicans would have comfortable majorities in Congress. What Im saying here isnt merely criticism, its constructive criticism.
By all means, youre free to fall back on the time-honored progressive practice of rolling your eyes at conservatives making too big a deal out of some PC tempest in a teapot. But this smug, hand-waving response misses how politics works. These stories arent isolated, theyre cumulative. The backlash against critical race theory may seem sudden, but it built up over decades. Standing against political correctness has gotten many a Republican elected because all of these dots in the cultural landscape form a picture a lot of people dont likeand for good reason.
Youre free to describe yourself however you like. Thats freedom. But relentless language policing is culturally oppressive, and its no less so even if, in an unwitting homage to Herbert Marcuse, you claim youre doing it to fight oppression.
Various & Sundry
Canine update: All is well with the beasties. But I dont have too much to report because I was gone for most of the week. I even had to post reruns on my Twitter account. I did get to chase the Dingo on Monday, which is always fun. The only big news development this weekand its big according to canine journalistic standardsis that the Fair Jessica has issued a fatwa that the girls dinner be boring for a while. Normally, we chop up some protein, leftover chicken or steak and put it on top of the kibble. The girls were getting blas about it, so Jess has put them on a straight kibble dinner regimen until their sense of entitlement abates. Theyre not happy about it. Theyve talked to their union rep, theyve filed formal grievances etc. The only glimmer of hope is that TFJ leaves for a drive to Utah tomorrow, leaving me in charge of their menu. No word on how I will deal with this issue.
ICYMI
Last Fridays G-File
Last weekends drive-time Ruminant, featuring a farewell to Mr. Nick Pompella
The weeks first Remnant, with poverty expert (and Brookings sympathizer) Scott Winship
The war over CRT continues to irritate
The members-only midweek G-File on progressive kookery surrounding In the Heights, written from the Oklahoma wilds
The weeks second Remnant, a supplemental episode on separation of church and state
The case for humility in politics
And now, the weird stuff
How deep is your love?
Fishy dealings at Subway
Relationship goals
Not quite what William Peter Blatty had in mind, but
The Midwestern sensibility
California, rest in peace
Love, Ukranian style
Correction, June 26: Yes, we know the headline should have asked, Whos Oppressing Whom,? not Whos Oppressing Who? Wed like to say it was a tribute to Aretha Franklin, but it had more to do with Friday rush hour. Thank you to our Twitter copy editors.
Original post:
Who's Oppressing Whom? - The Dispatch
- Jackboot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: June 16th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 16th, 2016]
- The US Government's Oppression of the Poor, Homeless [Last Updated On: June 16th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 16th, 2016]
- The US Government's Oppression of the Poor, Homeless [Last Updated On: June 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 17th, 2016]
- Protection, Oppression, and Liberty: How Much Government? [Last Updated On: June 19th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 19th, 2016]
- Oppression How Is it Defined in Women s History? [Last Updated On: June 21st, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 21st, 2016]
- Liberalism and Conservatism - Regis University [Last Updated On: June 21st, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 21st, 2016]
- American Patriot Friends Network APFN [Last Updated On: June 27th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 27th, 2016]
- Government news, articles and information: [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Opinion: While true oppression exists, hypocrisy of some women is clear - Shelby Township Source Newspapers [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- A Modern Choice on Life - Harvard Political Review [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- FG yet to address our forefathers' fear of oppression NAIG ... - Vanguard [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Understanding Information Oppression in the Era of Trump - MediaFile [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Angolans Bravery Broke Down Chains of Colonial Oppression - Minister - AllAfrica.com [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Centrelink bogus debts: How far can the vulnerable be pushed before they break? - Independent Australia [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Joe's View: Privacy, where next? - Digital Health [Last Updated On: February 9th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 9th, 2017]
- Bill passage would rename Columbus Day, honor Native Americans in Nevada - Las Vegas Review-Journal [Last Updated On: February 9th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 9th, 2017]
- EFCC is an instrument for political oppression Ozekhome - Naija247news [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Collin Nji: The first African to win Google's CodeIn Challenge - Pulse ... - Pulse Nigeria [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Open Letter to NFL Players Traveling to Israel on a Trip Organized by Netanyahu's Government - The Nation. [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Turkey's HDP Women's Assembly issues feminist call-to-arms against 'one man rule' - Left Foot Forward [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Education Expert: Betsy DeVos Should Address Local Control Before School Choice - Breitbart News [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- Student leader says 'black-on-black crime is not a thing,' wants to censor those who say it is - The College Fix [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- LETTER: Evangelical Lutheran Church respond to political cartoon - The Dickinson Press [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2017]
- Israeli Knesset 'legalizes' robbery of Palestinian land - Liberation [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2017]
- Organize to defeat Trump's Muslim ban - Fight Back! Newspaper [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Do we have a legitimate government? - Altoona Mirror [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Anti-Trump Swedish Government Accused of Hypocrisy for Kowtowing to Iran - Heat Street [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Israeli government awards the Israel Prize to 96-year-old retired Olympic gymnast and Holocaust survivor gnes Keleti. - Jewish Chronicle [Last Updated On: February 14th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 14th, 2017]
- Russ Boehm: This year, it's tough being a Boulder County Democrat - Longmont Times-Call [Last Updated On: February 14th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 14th, 2017]
- Anti-Castro Cuban-American lawmakers see a champion in Trump - The Ledger [Last Updated On: February 14th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 14th, 2017]
- Sweden's 'Feminist' Government Defends Veiling in Iran After Attacking Trump - Breitbart News [Last Updated On: February 14th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 14th, 2017]
- Do we have a legitimate government? - Williamsport Sun-Gazette [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- U. Mass Students Plot Strike Against 'Oppression' of Migrants - Breitbart News [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- As I See It: The perils facing the Constitution - Corvallis Gazette Times [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Us & Them: Love, the Ayatollah & Revolution - West Virginia Public Broadcasting [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Ethiopian Athlete Who Made Anti-government Gesture in Rio Reunites With Family - Voice of America [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Mottley: Tax clearance certificate an 'instrument of oppression' - Loop Barbados [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Sweden's 'feminist' government criticized for wearing headscarves in Iran - Washington Post [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Christophobia: A Global Perspective - FrontPage Magazine [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2017]
- Fox News' Todd Starnes Redefines 'The Deplorables' - Forward [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2017]
- Turkey purge: dark cloud of oppression hangs over country's universities - Times Higher Education (THE) (blog) [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2017]
- The New Gambia: What's on and off the aid agenda - Devex [Last Updated On: February 18th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 18th, 2017]
- Christophobia: a Global Perspective - AINA (press release) [Last Updated On: February 18th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 18th, 2017]
- AzaadiFreedom from Indian Oppression - Economic and Political Weekly [Last Updated On: February 18th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 18th, 2017]
- Iraqi forces advance on Islamic State-held western Mosul - McClatchy Washington Bureau [Last Updated On: February 19th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 19th, 2017]
- UC San Diego Students Protest Visit by 'Oppressive and Offensive' Dalai Lama - Heat Street [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2017]
- We must all stand with Tibet The McGill Daily - The McGill Daily (blog) [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2017]
- Injustice anywhere is injustice everywhere - Royal Gazette [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2017]
- Elders share experiences with oppression from their youth - B.C. Catholic Newspaper [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2017]
- In Trump's America, Christian proselytizing is another form of oppression - LGBTQ Nation [Last Updated On: February 20th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 20th, 2017]
- Amnesty report reveals excessive oppression in Kashmir - Daily Times [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2017]
- Grass-roots leaders join call for 'disrupting' oppression that hurts many - Catholic News Service [Last Updated On: February 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 23rd, 2017]
- Governor Treen brought sunshine to Louisiana governmental conservatism - Bayoubuzz [Last Updated On: February 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 23rd, 2017]
- I want an international probe into failed Turkey coup Fethullah Glen - Citifmonline [Last Updated On: February 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 23rd, 2017]
- On finding freedom from oppression, fear - Davisclipper [Last Updated On: February 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 23rd, 2017]
- Lateral Oppression Hurts Us All - The Lakota Country Times [Last Updated On: February 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 23rd, 2017]
- Disobedience Checks Unjust Laws - The Oberlin Review [Last Updated On: February 25th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 25th, 2017]
- Cycles and Oppression - Patheos (blog) [Last Updated On: February 25th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 25th, 2017]
- Opinion: The Relevance of Orwell's 1984 - Emertainment Monthly (registration) (blog) [Last Updated On: February 25th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 25th, 2017]
- McAuliffe vetoes bill to disclose refugee records - WRIC [Last Updated On: February 26th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 26th, 2017]
- Another Jewish cemetery desecrated; what will the President say? Isn't the government supposed to help? - San Diego Jewish World [Last Updated On: February 26th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 26th, 2017]
- Transport groups hold nationwide transport strike to protest government's PUV modernization program - CNN Philippines [Last Updated On: February 26th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 26th, 2017]
- Monitoring group documents Turkey-backed profiling in Netherlands - Turkey Purge [Last Updated On: February 26th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 26th, 2017]
- The Sin of 'Just Doing Our Job' - Sojourners [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2017]
- What should we see in the ashes of the Standing Rock protest camp? - Liberation [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2017]
- Opinion: Focusing on religious oppression in China misses the big ... - CNN [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2017]
- Nepalese Student Suskihanna Gurung Portrays Chinese Oppression Through Photography - Study Breaks [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2017]
- ISIS Threatens China In New Video Showing Chinese Jihadists - Vocativ [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2017]
- Focusing on religious oppression in China misses the big picture - Gant Daily [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2017]
- Donegal Travellers Project welcomes government recognition of Traveller ethnicity - Donegal Now [Last Updated On: March 1st, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 1st, 2017]
- This Is Why The Youth Is Picking Up Arms In Kashmir - Youth Ki Awaaz [Last Updated On: March 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 2nd, 2017]
- Saudi Arabia: Music video and government initiatives split society - Freemuse [Last Updated On: March 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 4th, 2017]
- From Latin America to South Africa: it's time for effective solidarity towards Palestine - The Daily Vox (blog) [Last Updated On: March 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 4th, 2017]
- Articles: Islam, the Veil, and Oppression - American Thinker - American Thinker [Last Updated On: March 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 4th, 2017]
- Focusing on religious oppression in China misses the big picture - CNN [Last Updated On: March 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 4th, 2017]
- Public needs to help get government back on track - Fairfield Daily Republic [Last Updated On: March 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 4th, 2017]
- The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal Hearings On Myanmar Crimes Against Rohingya & Kachin - The Chicago Monitor [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2017]
- Oppression in the Land of the Free: A Muslim Leader Speaks Out ... - teleSUR English [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2017]
- The Readers' Forum: Monday letters - Winston-Salem Journal [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2017]
- How America Became a Colonial Ruler in Its Own Cities - Vanity Fair [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2017]