The Fourth Amendment says that warrants must state where the government will search and what evidence the government will seize. In recent years, some federal magistrate judges, when asked to sign warrants for computer searches, have began imposing a new third requirement: limits on how computers can be searched. As I wrote in this 2010 article, I dont think such limits are permissible. In my view, questions about how a computer is searched must be reviewed after the search in adversarial litigation challenging its reasonableness, rather than guessed at beforehand and written into the warrant by an individual magistrate judge.
At present, however, there isnt much in the way of caselaw on which side is right. Theres a ton of circuit precedent saying that search protocols are not required. But theres only one appellate case on whether they are permitted, a Vermont Supreme Court case which concluded that that some restrictions are permitted but others arent. No Article III court has yet ruled on the question.
In light of that ongoing debate, I thought I would flag a recent opinion by Magistrate Judge David Waxse in Kansas, In the Matter of the Search of Cellular Telephones within Evidence Facility Drug Enforcement Administration, Kansas City District Office. The opinion rejects an application for a warrant to search cell phones in DEA custody because the investigators refused to provide the court with a search protocol. If the government seeks review, it may generate the first Article III precedent that grapples with whether such restrictions are permitted. (The case happens to involve cell phones, but there is no Fourth Amendment difference between a cell phone search and any other computer search.)
Waxses opinion is pretty unusual. It includes a long section titled Applying Constitutional Protections in the Digital Era that offers an interesting theoretical account of the role of precedent. According to Waxse, magistrate judges should not be overly beholden to Supreme Court precedent when technology changes:
With technological developments moving at such a rapid pace, Supreme Court precedent is and will inevitably continue to be absent with regard to many issues district courts encounter. As a result, an observable gap has arisen between the well-established rules lower courts have and the ones they need in the realm of technology. Courts cannot, however, allow the existence of that gap to infiltrate their decisions in a way that compromises the integrity and objectives of the Fourth Amendment. . . . The danger, of course, is that courts will rely on inapt analogical reasoning and outdated precedent to reach their decisions. To avoid this potential pitfall, courts must be aware of the danger and strive to avoid it by resisting the temptation to rationalize the application of ill-fitting precedent to circumstances.
Judge Waxse then concludes, relying heavily on the reasoning of the Vermont Supreme Court, that he has the authority to deny applications for computer warrants unless they detail how the search will be executed. Although the Supreme Court has indicated that the reasonableness of a warrant execution should be reviewed ex post, not ex ante, Waxse concludes that its more efficient to have the review occur ex ante:
The fact of the matter is that a court is attempting to avoid entirely the harm that ex post remedies are meant to assuage. By only deciding reasonableness of the governments actions ex post, the government not only possesses a substantial portion of an individuals private life, but it also fails to prevent a person from having to defend against subsequent unreasonable searches stemming from the initial search and seizure. Requiring search protocol in a warrant allows the court to more effectively fulfill its duty to render, as the Supreme Court put it, a deliberate, impartial judgment as to the constitutionality of the proposed search, thus avoiding the need for ex post remedies resulting from an unconstitutional search.
He concludes:
If the Court were to authorize this warrant, it would be contradicting the manifest purpose of the Fourth Amendment particularity requirement, which is to prevent general searches. Given the substantial amount of data collected by the government upon searching or seizing a cell phone, as discussed in Riley, requesting an unrestricted search is tantamount to requesting disclosure of a vast array of intimate details of an individuals private life. For the reasons discussed in this opinion, to issue this warrant would swing the balance between an individuals right to privacy and the governments ability to effectively investigate and prosecute crimes too far in favor of the government.
Accordingly, the Court again finds that an explanation of the governments search techniques is being required in order to determine whether the government is executing its search in both good faith and in compliance with the Fourth Amendment. The Court does not believe that this request will overburden the government. In fact, in Riley, the government advocated and it can be concluded that the Supreme Court endorsed the implementation of search protocols: Alternatively, the Government proposes that law enforcement agencies develop protocols to address concerns raised by cloud computing. Probably a good idea, but the Founders did not fight a revolution to gain the right to government agency protocols.
More:
Volokh Conspiracy: No cell phone warrants without search protocols, magistrate judge rules
- Protections for e-data clear Senate committee [Last Updated On: April 26th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 26th, 2014]
- Quinn: Supreme Court should clarify Fourth Amendment rights in the digital age [Last Updated On: April 26th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 26th, 2014]
- Fourth amendment | Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia ... [Last Updated On: April 26th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 26th, 2014]
- Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ... [Last Updated On: April 26th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 26th, 2014]
- The Fourth Amendment is destroyed by the Roberts led Supreme Court. - Video [Last Updated On: April 26th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 26th, 2014]
- Court may let cops search smartphones [Last Updated On: April 28th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 28th, 2014]
- Supreme Court to hear case on police searches of cellphones [Last Updated On: April 28th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 28th, 2014]
- Fourth Amendment in the digital age: Supreme Court to decide if police can search cellphones without a warrant [Last Updated On: April 30th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 30th, 2014]
- What Scalia knows about illegal searches [Last Updated On: April 30th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 30th, 2014]
- Should police be allowed to search your smartphone - Video [Last Updated On: April 30th, 2014] [Originally Added On: April 30th, 2014]
- Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Video [Last Updated On: May 1st, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 1st, 2014]
- Rand Paul Third Party Records Should Get Fourth Amendment Protection O'Reilly Factor 6 11 2013 - Video [Last Updated On: May 1st, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 1st, 2014]
- The Shaky Legal Foundation of NSA Surveillance on Americans [Last Updated On: May 2nd, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 2nd, 2014]
- Pennsylvania Supreme Court rules police don't need warrants to search cars [Last Updated On: May 3rd, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 3rd, 2014]
- Local police: Updated vehicle-search law still requires probable cause [Last Updated On: May 3rd, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 3rd, 2014]
- Liberal Supreme Court Justice Comes To The Defense Of Scalia [Last Updated On: May 3rd, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 3rd, 2014]
- Gerald Celente - Trends In The News - America's Spiritual Death - (1/20/14) - Video [Last Updated On: May 4th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 4th, 2014]
- Smartphones and the Fourth Amendment - Video [Last Updated On: May 4th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 4th, 2014]
- Fourth Amendment Searches And Seizures - Video [Last Updated On: May 5th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 5th, 2014]
- Fourth Amendment Defined & Explained - Law [Last Updated On: May 6th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 6th, 2014]
- Enforcement Techniques For Violations Of The Fourth Amendment - Video [Last Updated On: May 6th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 6th, 2014]
- I-Team: Do police seek search warrant friendly judges? [Last Updated On: May 7th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 7th, 2014]
- Is Big Brother Listening? Applying the Fourth Amendment in an Electronic Age - Video [Last Updated On: May 9th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 9th, 2014]
- It Costs Less to Care [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2014]
- The Fourth Amendment - Video [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2014]
- Magistrate waxes poetic while rejecting Gmail search request [Last Updated On: May 11th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 11th, 2014]
- License reader lawsuit can be heard, appeals court rules [Last Updated On: May 15th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 15th, 2014]
- Seize the Rojo - Video [Last Updated On: May 16th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 16th, 2014]
- NSA Spying Has a Disproportionate Effect on Immigrants [Last Updated On: May 17th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 17th, 2014]
- Motorists sue Aurora, police in 2012 traffic stop after bank robbery [Last Updated On: May 17th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 17th, 2014]
- Judge Says NSA Phone Surveillance Likely Unconstitutional - Video [Last Updated On: May 21st, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 21st, 2014]
- New York Attorney Heath D. Harte Releases a Statement on Fourth Amendment Rights [Last Updated On: May 22nd, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 22nd, 2014]
- Bangor Area School District teachers vote no to random drug [Last Updated On: May 24th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 24th, 2014]
- The Fourth Amendment Rights - Video [Last Updated On: May 24th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 24th, 2014]
- I Don't Care About The Contitution, Take Your Fourth Amendment And Shove It The Hills Hotel - Video [Last Updated On: May 27th, 2014] [Originally Added On: May 27th, 2014]
- Lonestar1776 at Illegal Checkpoint 80 Miles Inside Border - Standing UP & Pushing Back! pt 2/2 - Video [Last Updated On: September 1st, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 1st, 2014]
- Suit charges Daytona Beach's rental inspection program violates civil rights [Last Updated On: September 2nd, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 2nd, 2014]
- 4th Amendment - Laws.com [Last Updated On: September 6th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 6th, 2014]
- YOU CAN ARREST ME NOW (cops refuse) - Video [Last Updated On: September 6th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 6th, 2014]
- The Feds Explain How They Seized The Silk Road Servers [Last Updated On: September 8th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 8th, 2014]
- Defence asks judge in NYC to toss out bulk of evidence in Silk Road case as illegally obtained [Last Updated On: September 9th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 9th, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: Does obtaining leaked data from a misconfigured website violate the CFAA? [Last Updated On: September 9th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 9th, 2014]
- Family of a mentally ill woman files lawsuit against San Mateo Co. after deadly shooting [Last Updated On: September 10th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 10th, 2014]
- Minnesota Supreme Court upholds airport drug case decision [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2014]
- Law Talk - Obamacare Rollout; Fourth Amendment, NSA Spying Stop & Frisk DUI Check Points lta041 - Video [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: The posse comitatus case and changing views of the exclusionary rule [Last Updated On: September 15th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 15th, 2014]
- Guest: Why the privacy of a public employees cellphone matters [Last Updated On: September 16th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 16th, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: Apples dangerous game [Last Updated On: September 19th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 19th, 2014]
- Judge expounds on privacy rights [Last Updated On: September 20th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 20th, 2014]
- Great privacy essay: Fourth Amendment Doctrine in the Era of Total Surveillance [Last Updated On: September 20th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 20th, 2014]
- The Fourth Amendment By Maison Erdman - Video [Last Updated On: September 20th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 20th, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: When administrative inspections of businesses turn into massive armed police raids [Last Updated On: September 22nd, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 22nd, 2014]
- The chilling loophole that lets police stop, question and search you for no good reason [Last Updated On: September 23rd, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 23rd, 2014]
- E.O. 12333: End-Running the Fourth Amendment | The Dissenter [Last Updated On: September 25th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 25th, 2014]
- Fourth Amendment: The History Behind "Unreasonable ... [Last Updated On: September 25th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 25th, 2014]
- Pet Owners Look to Muzzle Police Who Shoot Dogs [Last Updated On: September 27th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 27th, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: A few thoughts on Heien v. North Carolina [Last Updated On: September 29th, 2014] [Originally Added On: September 29th, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: Third Circuit on the mosaic theory and Smith v. Maryland [Last Updated On: October 1st, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 1st, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: Third Circuit gives narrow reading to exclusionary rule [Last Updated On: October 2nd, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 2nd, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: Supreme Court takes case on duration of traffic stops [Last Updated On: October 2nd, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 2nd, 2014]
- Search & Seizure, Racial Bias: The American Law Journal on the Philadelphia CNN-News Affiliate WFMZ Monday, October 6 ... [Last Updated On: October 4th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 4th, 2014]
- Argument preview: How many brake lights need to be working on your car? [Last Updated On: October 4th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 4th, 2014]
- The 'Barney Fife Loophole' to the Fourth Amendment [Last Updated On: October 4th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 4th, 2014]
- Search & Seizure: A New Fourth Amendment for a New Generation? - Promo - Video [Last Updated On: October 4th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 4th, 2014]
- Lubbock Liberty Workshop With Arnold Loewy On The Fourth Amendment - Video [Last Updated On: October 5th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 5th, 2014]
- Ap Government Fourth Amendment Project - Video [Last Updated On: October 5th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 5th, 2014]
- Volokh Conspiracy: Oral argument in Heien v. North Carolina [Last Updated On: October 6th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 6th, 2014]
- Feds Hacked Silk Road Without a Warrant? Perfectly Legal, Prosecutors Argue [Last Updated On: October 7th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 7th, 2014]
- Supreme Court Starts Term with Fourth Amendment Case [Last Updated On: October 7th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 7th, 2014]
- Feds Say That Even If FBI Hacked The Silk Road, Ulbricht's Rights Weren't Violated [Last Updated On: October 8th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 8th, 2014]
- Argument analysis: A simple answer to a deceptively simple Fourth Amendment question? [Last Updated On: October 8th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 8th, 2014]
- Mass Collection of U.S. Phone Records Violates the Fourth Amendment - Video [Last Updated On: October 8th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 8th, 2014]
- Leggett sides with civil liberties supporters [Last Updated On: October 10th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 10th, 2014]
- Search & Seizure / Car Stops: A 'New' Fourth Amendment for a New Generation? - Video [Last Updated On: October 10th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 10th, 2014]
- Broken Lights And The Fourth Amendment National Constitution Center - Video [Last Updated On: October 10th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 10th, 2014]
- The Fourth Amendment- The Maininator Period 4 - Video [Last Updated On: October 10th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 10th, 2014]
- Judge nukes Ulbricht's complaint about WARRANTLESS FBI Silk Road server raid [Last Updated On: October 11th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 11th, 2014]
- Montgomery County will not hold immigrants without probable cause -- Gazette.Net [Last Updated On: October 13th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 13th, 2014]
- Debate: Does Mass Phone Data Collection Violate The 4th Amendment? [Last Updated On: October 15th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 15th, 2014]
- Does the mass collection of phone records violate the Fourth Amendment? [Last Updated On: October 18th, 2014] [Originally Added On: October 18th, 2014]