With an Originalist Understanding of the First Amendment, the 303 … – The Federalist Society

On the last day of its recent term, the Supreme Court decided 303 Creative v. Elenis. In my view, the Courts disposition was correct. But it was rendered more difficult by confusion over how the Constitutions First Amendment uses the terms the freedom of speech and the freedom . . . of the press.

As explained below, 303 Creative should have been treated as a press case, not as a speech case. If it had been so treated, the discussion of 303 Creatives commercial nature would have been unnecessary.

Background of the Case

Lorie Smith owns 303 Creative, a Colorado company that sells custom designs for web sites. (303 was Colorados original telephone area code.) Ms. Smith wanted to expand her business into designing wedding sites. However, she is a Christian, and she holds the view traditional among Christians, Jews, and Muslims that same-sex marriages violate Gods law.

Ms. Smith knew that the Colorado Civil Rights Commission has been very aggressive in enforcing its version of the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act (CADA) against others of her faith. Readers may recall the Supreme Courts 2018 decision in the Masterpiece Cakeshop case, where the Court chastised the Commission for its anti-religious bias.

As a resident of Colorado, I am dismayed at the authoritarian turn this formerly libertarian state has taken on a wide range of issues. By way of illustration, in 303 Creative, both the Court of Appeals (which ruled for the state) and the majority opinion by Justice Neil Gorsuch (also a Coloradan) flagged the states official policy in this area: to crush all dissent from people like Ms. Smith. The CADAs purpose and history, Gorsuch wrote, also demonstrate how the statute is a content-based restriction . . . . . Eliminating such ideas is CADAs very purpose.

Moreover, as Gorsuch noted more obliquely, Colorado has expanded its expression-suppression mission far beyond traditional civil rights categories. CADA now privileges certain voluntary behaviors previously seen by most people as anti-social, including gender expression and outr hair styles.

The Commercial Problem

Much of the dispute in 303 Creative centered on the commercial nature of Ms. Smiths activity. The state argued (as paraphrased by Justice Gorsuch), this case involves only the sale of an ordinary commercial product and any burden on Ms. Smiths speech is purely incidental. Similarly, Justice Sonia Sotomayors dissent emphasized 303 Creatives commercial nature. She distinguished earlier rulings in favor of free speech by noting that the prior cases involved the rights of nonprofit expressive associations.

However, the Court held that the commercial nature of the firm was not dispositive because Ms. Smith does not seek to sell an ordinary commercial good but intends to create customized and tailored speech for each couple.

Modern First Amendment Law

Current free speech jurisprudence is mostly a product of the Courts 20th century First Amendment decisions. Those decisions relied very little on how the Founders understood the Amendments terms. Instead, 20th century Justices seem to have relied more on instinct and their own recent precedents. Where the First Amendment is concerned, that practice continues among most of the current Justices, as exemplified by this terms decision in Counterman v. Colorado.

Unfortunately, the lack of connection between modern jurisprudence and the original meaning of the First Amendment creates serious problems. I have written previously of the unnecessary confusion in modern anonymity/donor privacy cases. As explained below, another product of this lack of connection is the varying levels of protection afforded commercial and non-commercial writings.

Freedom of the Press

Of course, members of the founding generation were unfamiliar with electronic broadcastingthat is, radio, television, and the internet. But they were very familiar with the important distinction between (a) speaking directly and (b) speaking through a medium.

During the Founding-era, freedom of speech invariably referred to in-person communication. Protection for freedom of speech applied in legislative and other assemblies, in orations, and in verbal discourse between individuals.

By contrast, the law of freedom of the press (also commonly called liberty of the press) protected communication through media. The nature of the medium didnt matter: It could be a newspaper, an op-ed, a letter to the editor, a written circular, a poster (broadside), a sign, a leaflet, a book, or a pamphlet. The law of press freedom protected the publisher, editor, distributor, and author.

There were recognized legal limitations on both freedom of speech and of the press. However, the limitations applicable to one did not necessarily apply to the other. This was because of differences between speaking directly and speaking through a medium. For example, ones anonymity was protected when one spoke through a medium, but not when one spoke directly.

Additionally, it was more difficult to recover damages for spoken slander than for printed libel. The reason was explained this way: A defamatory statement made in person dissipated into air, but a defamatory statement communicated by a medium was preserved, often resulting in dissemination across distances of space and time.

Despite technological advance, these differences remain relevant today. An in-person insult is heard only by those present, and is not preserved in permanent form. Defamation on a website, written advertisement, or even a radio interview may be preserved indefinitely and be seen or heard by millions of people.

At one point, Justice Gorsuch seemed to acknowledge the continuity of principle: A hundred years ago, Ms. Smith might have furnished her services using pen and paper. Unfortunately, he did not recognize the implications of his comment. He added that Those services are no less protected speech today because they are conveyed with a voice that resonates farther than it could from any soapbox. Instead, he should have added that those services were, and are, protected as freedom of the press because, being communicated through a medium, they are conveyed with a voice that resonates farther than it could from any soapbox.

Commercial/Non-Commercial

During the Founding-era, freedom of the press was understood to protect for-profit activities and communications as much as any other activities and communications. Most newspapers were, after all, for-profit businesses. The protection extended to commercial messages. As Thomas Bradbury Chandler, a prominent American Tory, wrote in 1775, A free press is the channel of communication as to mercantile and public affairs (emphasis added). A March 28, 1788, article in a New Hampshire newspaper described the value of newspapers largely by referring to their business content:

In [newspapers] we find many interesting thoughts in . . . agriculture, and commerce . . . The merchant learns the general state of trade, hears the prices current . . . thus he and the insurer are mutually advantaged . . . . The artist hears of employ[ment] or presents an advertisement of the various things he has for sale . . . .

The First Continental Congress also officially emphasized the very broad sweep of liberty of the pressfar beyond mere politicsin its Letter to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec (1774).

Indeed, in three decades of Founding-era study, I have never come across any suggestion that commercial communication was entitled to less protection than other forms of expression.

Conclusion

Once we understand that Ms. Smith was exercising freedom of the press rather than freedom of speech, the for-profit status of her firm becomes irrelevant. Even today, we know that government may not compel a for-profit newspaper, for example, to publish unwelcome content. The Supreme Court so held in Miami Herald v. Tornillo.

By parity of reasoning, government may not compel Ms. Smith to create websites for same-sex weddingsor for any other kind of wedding she may object to.

Note from the Editor: The Federalist Society takes no positions on particular legal and public policy matters. Any expressions of opinion are those of the author. To join the debate, please email us atinfo@fedsoc.org.

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