The New York Times
Its been a long, strange trip in the four decades since Rick Doblin, a pioneering psychedelics researcher, dropped his first hit of acid in college and decided to dedicate his life to the healing powers of mind-altering compounds. Even as anti-drug campaigns led to the criminalization of Ecstasy, LSD and magic mushrooms, and drove most researchers from the field, Doblin continued his quixotic crusade with financial help from his parents. Doblins quest to win mainstream acceptance of psychedelics will take a significant leap forward Monday when the journal Nature Medicine is expected to publish the results of his labs study on MDMA, the club drug popularly known as Ecstasy and Molly. The study, the first Phase 3 clinical trial conducted with psychedelic-assisted therapy, found that MDMA paired with counseling brought marked relief to patients with severe post-traumatic stress disorder. The results, coming weeks after a New England Journal of Medicine study that highlighted the benefits of treating depression with psilocybin, the psychoactive ingredient in magic mushrooms, have excited scientists, psychotherapists and entrepreneurs in the rapidly expanding field of psychedelic medicine. They say it is only a matter of time before the Food and Drug Administration grants approval for psychoactive compounds to be used therapeutically for MDMA as soon as 2023, followed by psilocybin a year or two later. Sign up for The Morning newsletter from the New York Times After decades of demonization and criminalization, psychedelic drugs are on the cusp of entering mainstream psychiatry, with profound implications for a field that in recent decades has seen few pharmacological advancements for the treatment of mental disorders and addiction. The need for new therapeutics has gained greater urgency amid a national epidemic of opioid abuse and suicides. Some days I wake up and cant believe how far weve come, said Doblin, 67, who now oversees the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, a multimillion-dollar research and advocacy empire that employs 130 neuroscientists, pharmacologists and regulatory specialists working to lay the groundwork for the coming psychedelics revolution. The nations top universities are racing to set up psychedelic research centers, and investors are pouring millions of dollars into a pack of startups. States and cities across the country are beginning to loosen restrictions on the drugs, the first steps in what some hope will lead to the federal decriminalization of psychedelics for therapeutic and even recreational use. Theres been a sea change in attitudes about what not long ago was considered fringe science, said Michael Pollan, whose bestselling book on psychedelics, How to Change Your Mind, has helped destigmatize the drugs in the three years since it was published. Given the mental health crisis in this country, theres great curiosity and hope about psychedelics and a recognition that we need new therapeutic tools. The question for many is how far and how fast the pendulum should swing, and even researchers who champion psychedelic-assisted therapy say the drive to commercialize the drugs combined with a growing movement to liberalize existing prohibitions could prove risky, especially for those with severe psychiatric disorders, and derail the fields slow, methodical return to mainstream acceptance. Doblins organization, MAPS, is largely focused on winning approval for drug-assisted therapies and promoting them around the globe, but it is also pushing for the legalization of psychedelics at the federal level, though with strict licensing requirements for adult recreational use. Numerous studies have shown that classic psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin are not addictive and cause no organ damage in even high doses. And contrary to popular lore, Ecstasy does not leave holes in users brains, studies say, nor will a bad acid trip lead to chromosome damage. But most scientists agree that more research is needed on other possible side effects like how the drugs might affect those with cardiac problems. And while the steady accumulation of encouraging data has softened the skepticism of prominent scientists, some researchers warn against the headlong embrace of psychedelics without stringent oversight. Although bad trips are rare, a handful of anecdotal reports suggest that psychedelics can induce psychosis in those with underlying mental disorders. Dr. Michael P. Bogenschutz, a professor of psychiatry who runs the 4-month-old Center for Psychedelic Medicine at NYU Langone Health, said most of the clinical studies to date had been conducted with relatively small numbers of people who were carefully vetted to screen out those with schizophrenia and other serious mental problems. That makes it hard to know whether there will be potential adverse reactions if the drugs are taken by millions of people without any guidance or supervision. I know it sounds silly but, Kids, dont take these at home, Bogenschutz said. I would just encourage everyone to not get ahead of the data. The Rush to Invest Psychedelics are suddenly awash in money. Doblin can remember when research funding was nearly impossible to come by. But MAPS is flush now, having raised $44 million over the past two years. I spend a lot of my time saying no to investors, said Doblin, whose work has been funded by an unlikely collection of philanthropists, among them Rebekah Mercer, the Republican political donor, and David Bronner, a liberal heir to the liquid soap company Dr. Bronners. Johns Hopkins, Yale, the University of California, Berkeley, and Mount Sinai Hospital in New York are among the institutions that have recently established psychedelic research divisions or are planning to do so, with financing from private donors. And scientists are conducting studies on whether psychedelics can be effective in treating everything from depression, autism and opioid addiction to anorexia and the anxieties experienced by the terminally ill. More than a dozen startups have jumped into the fray, and the handful of companies that have gone public are collectively valued at more than $2 billion. Field Trip Health, a 2-year-old Canadian company that trades on the New York Stock Exchange, has raised $150 million to finance dozens of high-end ketamine cl inics in Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and other cities across North America. Compass Pathways, a health care company that has raised $240 million and is listed on the Nasdaq, is conducting 22 clinical trials across 10 countries of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Investors have been encouraged by the changing politics, a shift inspired in part by the nations accelerating embrace of recreational marijuana and by public weariness over Americas endless war on drugs. Last year, Oregon became the first state to legalize the therapeutic use of psilocybin. Denver, Oakland, California, and Washington, D.C. have decriminalized the drug, and several states, including California, are mulling similar legislation. Though the drugs remain illegal under federal law, the Justice Department has so far taken a hands-off approach to enforcement, similar to how it has handled recreational marijuana. Even some Republicans, a group that has traditionally opposed the liberalization of drug laws, are starting to come around. Last month, former Texas Gov. Rick Perry, citing the high rates of suicide among war veterans, called on his states legislators to support a Democratic-sponsored bill that would establish a psilocybin study for patients with PTSD. Weve had 50 years of government propaganda around these substances, and thanks to the research and a grassroots movement, that narrative is changing, said Kevin Matthews, a psilocybin advocate who led Denvers successful ballot measure. Decades in the Wilderness Long before Nancy Reagan warned the nation to just say no to drugs and President Richard Nixon supposedly pronounced Timothy Leary the most dangerous man in America, researchers like William A. Richards were using psychedelics to help alcoholics go dry and cancer patients cope with end-of-life anxiety. The drugs were legal, and Richards, then a psychologist at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, was among scores of scientists studying the therapeutic prowess of entheogens, the class of psychoactive substances that humans have used for millenniums. Even years later, Richards and other researchers say, many early volunteers called the psychedelic sessions the most important and meaningful experiences of their lives. But as the drugs left the lab in the 1960s and were embraced by the counterculture movement, the countrys political establishment reacted with alarm. By the time the Drug Enforcement Administration issued its emergency ban on MDMA in 1985, funding for psychedelic research had largely disappeared. We were learning so much, and then it all came to an end, said Richards, 80, now a researcher at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. These days, the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research at Johns Hopkins, created two years ago with $17 million in private funding, is studying, among other things, psilocybin for smoking cessation and the treatment of depression associated with Alzheimers as well as more spiritual explorations involving religious clergy. We have to be careful not to overpromise, but these are fantastically interesting compounds with numerous possible uses, said Roland R. Griffiths, the centers founding director and a psychopharmacologist whose 2006 study, on which he is a co-author with Richards, administered psilocybin to healthy volunteers one of the first psychedelic studies to win FDA approval in a generation. Though researchers are still trying to understand the cognitive and therapeutic mechanics of psychedelics, they have concluded that psilocybin, DMT and other psychoactive chemicals can help people feel more tolerance, understanding and empathy. They also induce neuroplasticity, the brains ability to change and reorganize thought patterns, enabling people with psychological disorders to find new ways to process anxiety, depression or deeply embedded trauma. They can help people who have lost the plotline of their lives, Doblin said. The Trip Business The future of psychedelic medicine can already be glimpsed at a suite of plush, soothingly decorated journey rooms that occupy the top floor of an office building in Midtown Manhattan. The clinic, run by Field Trip Health, is a year-old venture where patients wear eyeshades and listen to electronic music and Tibetan chanting, as they are administered six ketamine injections over the course of several weeks. The 90-minute trips are interspersed with therapist-guided integration sessions to help participants process their experiences and work on achieving their mental health goals. A typical course of four sessions starts at $4,100, though some insurance companies reimburse patients for a portion of the cost. Ketamine is not a classic psychedelic; it is an anesthetic perhaps best known as both a club drug and a horse tranquilizer. But at higher doses, it can produce hallucinations, and it has shown promise treating major depression and severe PTSD, though the effects tend to be less enduring than therapies with psilocybin or MDMA. Ketamine, however, has a distinct advantage over those other drugs: It is the only one in the United States that is legally available to patients outside a clinical study. Emily Hackenburg, Field Trips clinical director, said the drug was only one component of a demanding therapeutic process. The drug is not a magic bullet, she said. Joe, a marketing executive in his mid-40s who has battled depression and anxiety for decades, said he decided to visit the companys Atlanta location after seeing one of its ads on Facebook. Antidepressants, he said, left him emotionally brittle, and his years of psychotherapy were of little use. (He asked that his full name be withheld, citing the stigmas surrounding both mental illness and mind-altering drugs.) In an interview one week after his final session, he described a newfound awareness of the factors that could drive him to despair: his alpha male obsession with success, the frustrations stoked by his 9-year-old daughters misbehavior and the poor eating and drinking habits that often leave him feeling unwell. In a follow-up conversation two weeks later, Joe said the therapys effects were beginning to fade. He said that he was eager to try psilocybin-assisted therapy. Im really looking forward to the day when that becomes legal, he said. So, too, is Field Trip. The company, which got its start opening cannabis clinics across Canada, is planning to test psilocybin therapy next month in Amsterdam, where magic mushroom truffles are legal. And its scientists are currently developing a new psychedelic that carries the therapeutic punch of psilocybin but works in about half the time about two to three hours. Creating a proprietary short-lived psychedelic would reduce the staffing costs of supervised sessions, but more important, it would give the company lucrative exclusivity over its new drug. Other biotech companies are also developing new psychedelic compounds. Ronan Levy, Field Trips executive chairman, said the company was hoping to grab a slice of the $240 billion that Americans spend each year on mental health services. We are riding the forefront of what I think is going to be a significant cultural and business wave, he said. To veteran scientists who lived through the nations earlier star-crossed love affair with psychedelics, such corporate boosterism is both thrilling and troubling. They are mindful about potential missteps that could undo the progress of recent years, and they question whether the coming commercialization could limit access to those with limited financial means. Dr. Charles S. Grob, a professor of psychiatry at UCLAs school of medicine who has spent decades researching hallucinogens, worries that commercialization and a rush toward recreational use could prompt a public backlash, especially if increased availability of the drugs leads to a wave of troubling psychotic reactions. What is needed, he said, are rigorous protocols and a system to train and credential psychedelic medicine professionals. We have to be very attentive to safety parameters, because if conditions are not properly maintained, there is a risk for some people to go off the rails psychologically, he said. And if the primary motivator is extracting profit, I feel the field is more vulnerable to mishaps. Doblin shares some of those concerns, even if his institute stands to profit handsomely. Although MAPS is a nonprofit, it has recently created a corporate entity and hired management consultants to help plot the future of legalized MDMA therapy. Winning FDA approval would give MAPS at least six years of exclusivity to market its MDMA-guided treatments for PTSD, with a potential windfall of $750 million. Most of that money, he said, would help train a generation of psychedelic practitioners, fund lobbying efforts to require insurance coverage for such treatments and promote new therapies around the world. Our goal is mass mental health, he said, explaining the organizations rejection of private investment. Its not to amass a whole bunch of money. Despite his optimism, Doblin is not blind to the possibility that societys fascination with psychedelics could sour. Weve made so much progress so fast but there are so many challenges ahead, he said. I realize, he said, we could screw things up at the last minute so Im not planning to celebrate any time soon. This article originally appeared in The New York Times. 2021 The New York Times Company
Read more from the original source:
- Entheogens - Salvia Forum | Psychoactive Plants [Last Updated On: June 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 10th, 2016]
- Entheogens - Salvia Forum | Psychoactive Plants [Last Updated On: June 12th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 12th, 2016]
- Entheogens & Existential Intelligence: The Use of Plant ... [Last Updated On: June 16th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 16th, 2016]
- Entheogens & Existential Intelligence: The Use of Plant ... [Last Updated On: June 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 17th, 2016]
- Entheogens including Salvia, LSD, Peyote, and Mushrooms ... [Last Updated On: June 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 17th, 2016]
- Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: June 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 17th, 2016]
- Entheogens: Whats in a Name? The Untold History of ... [Last Updated On: June 19th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 19th, 2016]
- Entheogens - The SpiritWiki [Last Updated On: June 21st, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 21st, 2016]
- CSP: Entheogens - Council on Spiritual Practices [Last Updated On: June 21st, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 21st, 2016]
- Entheogens: mescaline, LSD, LSA, ALD, psilocybin, DMT ... [Last Updated On: June 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 22nd, 2016]
- Watch: Entering Godmode How Entheogens Tap ... - Reset.me [Last Updated On: June 27th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 27th, 2016]
- Q&A: On David Icke, Expectations, Unconditional Love, Deja ... [Last Updated On: July 3rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 3rd, 2016]
- Q&A: On David Icke, Expectations, Unconditional Love, Deja ... [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2016]
- Entheogens - reddit [Last Updated On: July 29th, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 29th, 2016]
- Entheogens - Imprint [Last Updated On: August 10th, 2016] [Originally Added On: August 10th, 2016]
- In A Perfect World | Free Podcasts | PodOmatic [Last Updated On: September 29th, 2016] [Originally Added On: September 29th, 2016]
- Entheogen - New World Encyclopedia [Last Updated On: October 3rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: October 3rd, 2016]
- Urban Dictionary: entheogen [Last Updated On: October 8th, 2016] [Originally Added On: October 8th, 2016]
- Homepage of Martin W Ball [Last Updated On: November 30th, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 30th, 2016]
- What are endeogens entheogens? - 5-MeO- DMT [Last Updated On: November 30th, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 30th, 2016]
- Entheogens and Spirituality | Kava | Kratom | Teacher Plants [Last Updated On: December 25th, 2016] [Originally Added On: December 25th, 2016]
- Entheogens - Reality Sandwich [Last Updated On: February 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 4th, 2017]
- Entheogen | Psychology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia [Last Updated On: February 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 4th, 2017]
- A conversation with Haroon Mirza - Ocula Magazine [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- So A Minister, A Rabbi And A Buddhist Took Drugs For Science... - Huffington Post [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- So A Minister, A Rabbi And A Buddhist Took Drugs For Science... - Huffington Post South Africa (blog) [Last Updated On: February 9th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 9th, 2017]
- Pro-Marijuana Alabama Church Promotes Psychoactive Drugs as Medicine - MERRY JANE [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2017]
- In Alabama church, marijuana is part of spiritual journey - Tuscaloosa News [Last Updated On: March 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 23rd, 2017]
- Dank Magic: How Witches Use Weed in Their Craft - Broadly [Last Updated On: April 21st, 2017] [Originally Added On: April 21st, 2017]
- Lamp & Labyrinth: Conceptualizing a Multitude of Spirits - Patheos (blog) [Last Updated On: May 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: May 2nd, 2017]
- 5 of the World's Most Mind-Bending Drug Cultures - National Geographic Australia [Last Updated On: May 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: May 6th, 2017]
- The Entheogenic Evolution | Free Podcasts | PodOmatic [Last Updated On: May 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: May 6th, 2017]
- OH to NY to AL: Claude Lawrence Cornett - Patheos (blog) [Last Updated On: May 8th, 2017] [Originally Added On: May 8th, 2017]
- What is the Difference Between Entheogens and Drugs? [Last Updated On: May 14th, 2017] [Originally Added On: May 14th, 2017]
- The Deep Mind in the Cave: Awakening Consciousness in the Spirit of AI - The Sociable [Last Updated On: May 20th, 2017] [Originally Added On: May 20th, 2017]
- Psychedelics touted as solution for society - Ashland Daily Tidings [Last Updated On: June 1st, 2017] [Originally Added On: June 1st, 2017]
- Entheogens | Drug War Facts [Last Updated On: June 5th, 2017] [Originally Added On: June 5th, 2017]
- Entheogen [Last Updated On: June 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: June 15th, 2017]
- Virtual Reality Takes Consciousness Research into Mystic Realms of the Divine Play - The Sociable [Last Updated On: June 26th, 2017] [Originally Added On: June 26th, 2017]
- Entheogens : Al-Kemi : spagyrics and alchemy [Last Updated On: June 27th, 2017] [Originally Added On: June 27th, 2017]
- The History and Possibilities of Putting Weed in Your Witchcraft - Seattle Weekly [Last Updated On: June 29th, 2017] [Originally Added On: June 29th, 2017]
- Entheogen - PsychonautWiki [Last Updated On: July 1st, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 1st, 2017]
- The Summer of Love was more than hippies and LSD it was the ... - The Conversation UK [Last Updated On: July 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 7th, 2017]
- The Summer of Love was more than hippies and LSD it was the start of modern individualism - Metro Newspaper UK [Last Updated On: July 8th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 8th, 2017]
- The Poisoner: Pharmakos and Veneficus-Poisoner's Apothecary - Patheos (blog) [Last Updated On: July 19th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 19th, 2017]
- How San Francisco's Summer of Love sparked today's religious movements - Religion News Service [Last Updated On: July 22nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 22nd, 2017]
- The Summer of Love was more than hippies and LSD it was the start of modern individualism - The Independent [Last Updated On: July 24th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 24th, 2017]
- 'Summer of Love' shaped American lives, spiritual expression - Houston Chronicle [Last Updated On: July 29th, 2017] [Originally Added On: July 29th, 2017]
- Outside the Box - HuffPost [Last Updated On: August 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 13th, 2017]
- How San Francisco's Summer of Love sparked religious movements - The Oakland Press [Last Updated On: August 25th, 2017] [Originally Added On: August 25th, 2017]
- The Return Trip: Psychedelics may come back from the abyss of illegality - Valley Advocate [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2019] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2019]
- Entheogen - Wikipedia [Last Updated On: May 4th, 2020] [Originally Added On: May 4th, 2020]
- Entheogens | Sacred Geometry [Last Updated On: June 15th, 2020] [Originally Added On: June 15th, 2020]
- There's More to the CHOP Than What the Media Will Have You Believe - Study Breaks [Last Updated On: July 21st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 21st, 2020]
- The Only Obstacle To A Healthy World Is Government Secrecy And Propaganda - Scoop.co.nz [Last Updated On: July 21st, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 21st, 2020]
- Oakland continues move to protect entheogen plants - The Leaf Online [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2020] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2020]
- The Potential (and Peril) of Legalizing Psychedelics - Progressive.org [Last Updated On: January 1st, 2021] [Originally Added On: January 1st, 2021]
- Following Local Successes, Cambridge State Rep. Puts Forward Bills on Controlled Substance Reform | News - Harvard Crimson [Last Updated On: March 29th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 29th, 2021]
- Opinion | Is it time for Seattle to decriminalize shrooms and psychedelics? - Crosscut [Last Updated On: April 15th, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 15th, 2021]
- Zide Door Oaklands Church of Entheogenic Plants [Last Updated On: April 15th, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 15th, 2021]
- Psychedelic Experience launches new website to help navigate the world of psychedelics - PRNewswire [Last Updated On: April 25th, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 25th, 2021]
- Jews, Christians, and Muslims Are Reclaiming Ancient Psychedelic Practices, And That Could Help With Legalization - Rolling Stone [Last Updated On: April 25th, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 25th, 2021]
- Red Light Holland and Headland West Indies Lead #SVGStrong, a Relief Effort in St. Vincent and the Grenadines - InvestorIntel [Last Updated On: April 29th, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 29th, 2021]
- Native Tribes Should Have More Say in the Psychedelic Movement - Green Entrepreneur [Last Updated On: April 29th, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 29th, 2021]
- The psychedelic revolution is coming. Psychiatry may never be the same - bdnews24.com [Last Updated On: May 11th, 2021] [Originally Added On: May 11th, 2021]
- Winners of Columbia@Roundabout's 2021 New Play Reading Series Announced - Broadway World [Last Updated On: June 24th, 2021] [Originally Added On: June 24th, 2021]
- Group Hopes to Decriminalize Entheogens (Psychoactive Plant Substances) Within Arcata City Limits Redheaded Blackbelt - Redheaded Blackbelt [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2021] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2021]
- With Push From New Nonprofit, Arcata City Council Will Soon Consider a Resolution That Would Decriminalize Psychedelic Plants and Fungi in Arcata -... [Last Updated On: July 7th, 2021] [Originally Added On: July 7th, 2021]
- Witch City Tarot & Divination Gathering | Coby Michael Ward - Patheos [Last Updated On: July 29th, 2021] [Originally Added On: July 29th, 2021]
- Psychedelics Decriminalization Advancing In Three More Cities, Spanning From Coast To Coast - Marijuana Moment [Last Updated On: August 4th, 2021] [Originally Added On: August 4th, 2021]
- Two Years After Oakland's Psychedelic Decrim, What's Been the Impact? - Filter [Last Updated On: August 4th, 2021] [Originally Added On: August 4th, 2021]
- University of Michigan police say safety will be top priority at psychedelic shroom festival - MLive.com [Last Updated On: August 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: August 22nd, 2021]
- Psychedelic Drug Therapy: Tips and Support for the Experience - Greatist [Last Updated On: August 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: August 28th, 2021]
- National Hemp Association Asks Congress To Budget $1 Billion To Support Industry Innovation - Marijuana Moment [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2021] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2021]
- Oregon Psilocybin Panel Teams Up With Harvard To Research Psychedelic History And Impacts Of Reform - Marijuana Moment [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2021] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2021]
- Jarvis Brookfield on his psychedelic paintings, dream-like states and what it means to be human - Creative Boom [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2021] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2021]
- From Cannabis MSO To Drug Development: Goodness Growth Wants To Understand Traditional Psychedelics Use - - Benzinga [Last Updated On: September 16th, 2021] [Originally Added On: September 16th, 2021]
- Congressman Says He'll Bring The Psychedelics Reform Movement To Capitol Hill 'This Year' - Marijuana Moment [Last Updated On: October 7th, 2021] [Originally Added On: October 7th, 2021]
- An upcoming election, pay requirement, and holiday, this week - KUOW News and Information [Last Updated On: October 30th, 2021] [Originally Added On: October 30th, 2021]
- Guide to Entheogens: Plants, Therapy, Medicine [Last Updated On: October 30th, 2021] [Originally Added On: October 30th, 2021]