Darwinism as the Root Problem of Modernity – Discovery Institute

Photo: G. K. Chesterton, via Wikimedia Commons.

Editors note: The following, second in a three-part series, is adapted from an essay inNational Reviewand is republished here with permission. ProfessorAeschlimanis the author ofThe Restoration of Man: C.S. Lewis and the Continuing Case Against Scientism(Discovery Institute Press). Find the full series here.

Oscar Wilde (18541900), a witty Dublin Protestant-atheist Irishman like GeorgeBernardShaw, but of a very different class, stamp, and implication, wrote that natural science, by revealing to us the absolute mechanism of all action, [frees] us from the self-imposed and trammeling burden of moral responsibility. Wildes resultant, post-Christian aesthetic immoralism shocked and mocked the earnestness of late Victorian Britain in witty prose and plays, including the satirical wit (and homosexual implication) ofThe Importance of Being Earnest(1895). Both Shaw and G. K. Chesterton had an intimation that Wildes witty persiflage actually disguised deep decadence, an argument made brilliantly several decades later by the American Jewish moralists Philip Rieff (The Impossible Culture: Wilde as a Modern Prophet, 198283, reprinted inThe Feeling Intellect, 1990) and Daniel Bell (The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, 1976; Beyond Modernism, Beyond Self, 1977). From Wilde came the Bloomsbury aesthetes and, we may say, nearly the whole world of the modern arts.

Yet both Shaw and Chesterton were themselves noted wits (both sometimes even accused of being paradox-mongering buffoons), and in fact Shaw shared much of the iconoclasm of his countryman Wilde, becoming a self-described feminist, Nietzschean, Ibsenite, and Wagnerite. But for Chesterton one of Shaws great achievements was his deep, abiding hatred of aestheticism Shaw even insisted that the Puritan evangelist John Bunyan (The Pilgrims Progress) was a greater writer than Shakespeare, and frequently, unaccountably, made orthodox statements, such as There is a soul hidden in every dogma and Conscience is the most powerful of the instincts, and the love of God the most powerful of all passions. Along with T. S. EliotsMurder in the Cathedral(1935) and Robert BoltsA Man for All Seasons(1960), Shaws playSt. Joan(1924) is one of the wisest, wittiest, and most sympathetic dramatic depictions of Christian religious belief in the last hundred years.

Both Shaw and Chesterton believed that the root problem of modernity was Darwinism, the acceptance of which made it impossible to resist its moral corollary, social Darwinism, and therefore plutocracy, amoral capitalism, imperialism, racialism, and militarism. Shaw wrote in the preface toMan and Superman(1903): If the wicked flourish and the fittest survive, Nature must be the god of rascals.

Though Shaw was a small-p protestant religious heretic (he argued that Joan of Arc was an early Protestant, like Hus and Wycliffe), Chesterton asserted that he was a true if eccentric Puritan moralist. Shaws critique of Darwinism was profound, especially in the long preface to his mammoth playBack to Methuselah(1921): The literary critic R. C. Churchill has called this preface the wittiest summary of the Darwinian controversy ever written (see especially the sections from Three Blind Mice onward). In his own 1944 postscript to the play, Shaw, while still insisting on the need to give up the Protestant creed (and all other Jewish and Christian creeds) of his youth in the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy in Dublin, held that Darwins exclusion of mind and purpose from nature was wrong and destructive: Unless we can reclaim mind, will, and purpose as realities in some kind of non-Darwinian, creative evolution, we fall into the bottomless pit of an utterly discouraging pessimism.

Shaws predecessor Samuel Butler (18351902), and his Franco-American successor and admirer Jacques Barzun (19072012), have made similar arguments, arguments given renewed strength more recently by the American philosopher Thomas Nagel (see my Rationality vs. Darwinism,National Review, 2012). Shaws resistance to determinism, and his insistence on the irreducible reality of human consciousness and will in nature and history, elicited Chestertons profound respect and admiration. In his final, 1935 chapter on Shaw, written in the last year of Chestertons own life, he said of the older mans achievements in drama over the previous 40 years: He has improved philosophic discussions by making them more popular. But he has also improved popular amusements by making them more philosophic. He added that Shaw was one of the most genial and generous men in the world.

Yet Chestertons admiration and approval were shadowed by a sense that Shaw had great deficiencies and that his influence was ambiguous and in some cases malignant. Born 18 years earlier than Chesterton, Shaw outlived him by another 16, his life encompassing both world wars, unprecedented destruction, and the fundamental disproof of his early progressivism and cosmopolitanism. His early Fabian socialism led him to become an influential communist fellow traveler. The famously exuberant, energetic Shaw told his biographer Hesketh Pearson, a close friend of Malcolm Muggeridge, that, in the postWorld War II world, he wished when he went to bed that he would never wake again.

Like H. G. Wells, he was threatened with an utterly discouraging pessimism when his political hopes came to seem almost completely vain. Commenting on the significance of Aldous Huxleys satirical dystopiaBrave New World(1932), even before George Orwells1984, an English writer quoted by Chesterton in his 1935 chapter said, Progress is dead; andBrave New Worldis its epitaph. Beyond the world of fiction, in the world of actual human tragedy, works such as Elie WieselsNightand SolzhenitsynsGulag Archipelagomay be said to have proved the point unanswerably: Human progress may be possible, based on willed choices, but there is certainly no mystical, progressive, propulsive purpose immanent within history.

Chestertons argument about Shaw from the beginning was that he was in three ways an outsider, ways that gave him a unique perspective and insight but that also prevented his understanding what Chesterton thought of as a fundamental piety that had been characteristic of Western civilization and Western societies at their best: Shaw was a Protestant Anglo-Irishman who disdained his own country and left it permanently for London; he was emotionally, intellectually, and politically a fastidious Puritan moralist who could not, however, believe any longer in the Puritan God; and he was a Nietzschean-socialist futurist whose disgust with the human past and its traditions made him an ultimate outsider to any particular historical community or continuity.

Free from what Chesterton called the vile aesthetic philosophy of his also-cosmopolitan Irish countryman Wilde, a philosophy of ease, of acceptance, and luxurious illusion, Shaw read and was deeply affected by Nietzsche after having committed himself, in mind, action, and loyalty, to the Fabian-socialist cause, making lifelong friends and allies of Sidney and Beatrice Webb, whom he was instrumental in getting buried with full honors in Westminster Abbey in 1947. But reconciling Nietzsche with socialism was a lifelong conundrum, and it should be no surprise that Shaw came to admire strong men beyond the bourgeois-democratic tradition and temper such as Mussolini, Stalin, and the British fascist Sir Oswald Mosley. Stalin has delivered the goods, the celebrity Shaw wrote in 1931, the year of his state-conducted tour of Russia with his friend Lady Astor. A photo of the two of them in a chauffeured car on Red Square in Moscow is on the cover of David Cautes indispensable bookThe Fellow Travellers: A Postscript to the Enlightenment(1973), a brilliant documentation of the lamentable credulity of Western intellectuals in confronting Lenin, Stalin, and what the Webbs called the new civilization of the Soviet Union. Shaw died in his English country house in 1950 with a signed photograph of Stalin on his mantelpiece.

Chestertons brief study of 1909 and its even briefer 1935 sequel were thus profoundly apt in assessing Shaws greatness and his folly. He saw that Shaw was really no democrat, that his admirable public spirit had in it something cold, abstract, theoretical, and even Platonist in the sense of Plato as an elitist authoritarian; whereas Chesterton himself was truly a kind of democrat, actually liking the common man and assuming that human beings across time had come to certain conventions, traditions, and sentiments that usually had in them some important truth. (This idea profoundly influenced the Chestertonian William F. Buckley Jr.)

Tomorrow, Shaw, Scientism, and Darwinism.

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Darwinism as the Root Problem of Modernity - Discovery Institute