These Scientists Saw COVID-19 Coming. Now They’re Trying to Stop the Next Pandemic Before It Starts. – Mother Jones

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This piece was originally published in Gristand appears here as part of our Climate Desk Partnership.

It was late one night in January 2009, and Jonathan Epstein was standing on the roof of an abandoned storage depot near Khulna, Bangladesh, with the writer and journalist David Quammen along with a small team of veterinarians. The group was in Bangladesh on a strange errand: They were catching bats.

It had been more than a decade since the first outbreak of the Nipah virus in Malaysia. Nipah, named after the home village of one of its earliest victims, causes respiratory distress, inflammation of the brain, and seizures. Its mortality rate is staggeringly highbetween 40 and 75 percent of those who contract the disease ultimately die. (The virus depicted in the now all-too-prescient 2011 film Contagionwas basedon Nipah.)

In Malaysia, the initial outbreak of Nipah in 1998 had infected 283 people and killed 109. Scientists eventually discovered that the virus had been passed from bats to local pig farms; the government slaughtered over 1 million pigs in an effort to stop the spread. But Nipah kept coming back, popping up in new places around the world, killing hundreds. Epstein and his colleagues were in that storage depot in Bangladesh trying to understand if the bats there were also carriers of the virusand if they might pass it to humans again.

Epstein, a veterinarian and disease ecologist at the nonprofit EcoHealth Alliance in New York City, has been all over the world identifying and tracing viruses that could makea deadly jump from animals to humans, helped by sprawling cities, clear-cut forests, and other human encroachment into the natural world. He helped trace the first outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, in 2003 to horseshoe bats in China; the outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS, in 2013 to camels and bats; andwhen its safe to travel againhe will return to China to help pinpoint the source of the current coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Bats are, once again, the main suspects.

There are always two pivotal questions, Epstein said by phone from his home in Queens. How did this happen? And could it happen again?

Sixty percent of new infectious diseasesdiseases that, like COVID-19, have never before reached humansoriginate in domesticated animals and wildlife, often bats, rodents, or non-human primates. Scientists estimate that there are as many as 800,000 of these so-called zoonotic viruses lurking in the natural world that could infect humans. The animals carrying these viruses often dont get sick; instead, they serve as reservoirs, amassing pathogens as they eat, sleep, and socialize. Its a good deal for the viruses: They get a free ride, while they wait for a chance to make a cross-species leap.

The problem is that those deadly leaps are becoming more common. Population growth andenvironmental and habitat destruction are bringing humans into more frequent contact with certain speciesand the viruses that they carry.

Every future viral threat that people could get already exists and is circulating in those animalsalways has been, said Dennis Carroll, an expert on zoonotic infectious diseases and the former head of the emerging threats division of the United States Agency for International Development, or USAID. Its just that now were bumping into them with a frequency that enables spillover to occur.

As COVID-19 spreads across the globe, infecting almost 3 million people worldwide and killing over 200,000, public health officials, policymakers, and journalists areanalyzing what went wrong. Why was the world so unprepared? Should countries have higher national stockpiles of ventilators, masks, ICU beds? Should stay-at-home orders have been issued earlier?

These are all measures for after an epidemic has begun,afteran enterprising virus has leapt from an animal to a human (a phenomenon scientists call spillover). But a small group of ecologists, epidemiologists, and veterinarians have spent the last decade attacking pandemics from another angle. Epstein and other researchers have been out in the field, testing bats in Bangladesh and pigs in West Africa, trying to catalog a huge number of viruses in the hopes of preventing a spillover into human populations. Because theres no outbreak if the virus never makes the jump.

In 2005, a strain of avian influenza called theH5N1 virusbegan spreading across Southeast Asia towards Eastern Europe. The disease was rare, but it could be fatal: Roughly 60 percent of those infected died. Experts were concerned that they could be looking at a potentially historic event.

At the time, Carroll was at USAID as a senior infectious disease specialist working on the organizations response. His focus was on malaria and tuberculosis, diseases that are well-knownif not well-managedeverywhere in the world. Luckily, H5N1 did not turn into a global pandemic, but the experience changed Carrolls perspective on the risks. In the 1960s, there were a few hundred million poultry produced in China; by the 2000s, when the countrys population had nearly doubled, China was producing billions of chickens, ducks, and turkeys every year. Carroll realized that as the human population grew, so would the odds of a deadly pandemic. It was really a profound eye-opener for me, he said.

Carroll suspected that there were many more viruses like the avian flu lying in wait, looking for a chance to make the jump to humans. But at the time, there was little understanding of how many dangerous viral illnesses existed. It was an open question of what the viral dark matter circulating in wildlife was, he said. Are we talking about a hundred viruses? Or something different?

That question became the basis of PREDICT, a kind of catch-and-release project for viruses that Carroll championed from within USAID. The program, launched in 2009, included scientists and researchers from the University of California, Davis and EcoHealth Allianceall with the singular goal of discovering new viruses before they spill over into people.

Global Health Program workers sample bumble bee bat in Kjwe Min Gu Cave in Myanmar.

PREDICT

It was an enormous undertaking. With an annual budget of around $20 million, researchers identified potential viral hotspots around the world, contacted local governments, and surveyed key species that could be carrying novel diseases. They also began training locals in more than 30 countries around the world, including in Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Bangladesh. On-the-ground experts like Epstein, the wildlife veterinarian, taught locals to capture animals, take blood samples to test for novel viruses, and release them back into the wild.

Its really grunt work, Carroll said. This is not a technological challenge. You go out and capture bats, you go out and capture rodents.

Based on PREDICTs early work, Carroll and other researchersestimatedthat there are around 1.67millionyet-undiscovered viruses circulating in mammals and birds, the animals most likely to transmit disease to humans. Of those, between 631,000 and 827,000 have the potential to make the leap to humans.

The good news is that the proportion of those 600,000-plus viruses that could cause serious illness is very small. Most microbial infections in people are inconsequential, Carroll said. They dont have adverse effects. So researchers dont need to worry about all potentially zoonotic virusesjust the ones that could turn deadly.

Jonna Mazet, the organizations global director from its inception until last year, said that PREDICT and its collaborators collected 168,000 samples from people and animals and identified more than 900 new viruses. Of those, 160 were coronavirusesin the same family as SARS-CoV-2.

But sampling animals by climbing through trees, setting up nets on warehouse roofs, and crawling into bat-infested caves was only part of the challenge. There are about as many pathways for transmission as there are viruses. And so the group wasnt only cataloging potential diseases. They were also searching for hidden patterns, looking for the unexpected risky behaviors that could allow a virus to spill over into humans.

The first case of the global Ebola outbreak in 2013 was traced to a toddler in the West African country of Guinea, who had been playing under a tree housing a family of bats, likely displaced by the destruction of surrounding forests by foreign mining and timber companies. (Scientists still arent sure exactly how close contact with those bats led to the child getting infected). In Malaysia, the first outbreak of Nipah was linked to pigs that had eaten pieces of fruit dropped by nearby bats and then spread the disease throughout industrial pig farms.

But some types of spillover are known, common, and preventable. Lets take, for example, live animal markets, Epstein said. People are still bringing wild animals, particularly bats, rodents, and non-human primates, from their natural environment into urban settings. These species not only have contact with each other, under very stressful and unhygienic conditions where theres opportunity to trade viruses, but theyre also being handled and butchered by people.

That close contact provides an opportunity for people to become exposed. The SARS outbreak in 2003 likely originated from a wildlife market in the Chinese province of Guangdong. And the suspected source of the novel coronavirus currently gripping the planet is a market in Wuhan.

Epstein explained that certain interventionsmaking wildlife markets more hygienic, or preventing wild animals from being sold at allcould dramatically lower the possibility of spillover. But he emphasized that the work has to be done in a culturally sensitive way, by building local partnerships. This isnt about a group of Westerners imposing their idea of whats safe on cultures that have been doing something for generations, he said.

Students in Guinea listen to a school presentation on living safely with bats.

PREDICT

Some have taken a harder line. The World Conservation Society has calledfor a global ban on the trade of wildlife, citing pandemic risks. Anthony Fauci, the United States top infectious disease specialist,told Fox Newsthat the Chinese government should immediately ban so-called wet markets. It boggles my mind how, when we have so many diseases that emanate out of that unusual human-animal interface, that we just dont shut it down, he said.

Trading wildlife is only one of many human behaviors that can set off a spillover. When Epstein and colleagues were on the roof of that storage depot in Bangladesh, they were studying another outbreak of Nipah, one that appeared to be passed to humans when they ate sap from date palm trees. Locals collected the sap in small clay pots, tapped to the palms and left open to the airand to any fruit bats that might want to take a sip.

That was the immediate cause of the outbreak: sap contaminated by bat urine and feces. But for Epstein and other scientists, the lesson was much larger. Mowing down forests for large-scale agriculture, harvesting timber, and sprawling citiesall these activities were forcing bats into close quarterswith people. Its not the animals fault for carrying these diseases, he said. These are things thatwedo to the environment around us.

Over the past century, the human population has exploded. At the height of the 1918-1919 Spanish flu pandemic, the global population was around 1.8 billion, less than a quarter of what it is today. In the past century, millions of humans have spent years slaughtering wildlife; cutting down trees; placing cows, chickens, and pigs in close contact with wild animalsproviding ample opportunity for viruses to make a deadly leap.

Even in the face of enormous environmental changes, Epstein and other scientists are convinced that it wouldnt take much to make a big difference, whether its shuttering wildlife markets or bat-proofing pots for date-palm sap with a small screen. These are wholly human-made, human-driven events, and knowing that is hopeful, because we can actually focus on changing the way we do things, Epstein said. These pandemics are preventable.

Last September, the PREDICT program ran out of money. It had passed through two five-year funding cycles but wasnt renewed by USAID.

Some of those involved were deeply disappointed. It was a genius, visionary program that USAID took a big risk to fund, and its a crying shame it was canceled, Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance,told the Guardian.

Contrary toreportsfrom the Los Angeles Times and other outlets, however, theres no evidence that the decision to end PREDICT was political. Though the White House has previously proposeddecreasing fundingfor USAID and other global health programs, Carroll said that its unlikely anyone high up in the Trump administration even knew the program existed. (They might now. On April 1, PREDICT was granted a $2.6 milliontemporary funding extension, so the project and its partners can help identify the animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2.)

The scientists involved in PREDICTrecently launched the Global Virome Project, which they hope will operate at a much larger scale. It aims to identify and assess all major viral threats within 10 yearsat a cost of around $1.6 billion.

Its expensive, said Mazet, the former director of PREDICT. But its much less expensive than even 10 percent of big epidemics in the past, and its going to be minuscule compared to this one.

For perspective, the U.S. government spentmore than $2 billion trying to tamp down Ebola epidemics between 2014 and 2016and the CARES Act, passed last month to support an economy in freefall, costs around $2 trillion.In comparison, the cost of warding off viral outbreaks is pennies on the dollar, Epstein said.

PREDICT team members in Sierra Leone.

Simon Townsley / PREDICT

Its hard to say whether the project would have been able to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic. Although PREDICT identified 160 new coronaviruses in its decade of operations, none of them was SARS-CoV-2. Mazet said that PREDICT had partnered with a scientist at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, but the region just wasnt a top priority for USAID, which was more focused on funding research into disease outbreaks in Southeast Asia. For her, this doesnt suggest that the approach was wrongjust that any new effort needs to widen the area under surveillance.

Carroll thinks that the Global Virome Project and the foundation laid by PREDICT provide at least a place to start: a way to tackle the viral dark matter running through our planet, a potentially life-saving (and economy-saving) stopgap against future pandemics.

For now, those who have spent their careers warning of zoonotic diseases are sheltered in place like the rest of us. Many said that the pandemic should not be considered a black swan eventsomething random and unpredictable. The fact is, it was started by exactly the kind of spillover they had been warning about for decades. But that doesnt make watching their fears play out any easier.

Before COVID-19, the team was struggling to get policymakers attention, fighting against competing funding priorities and short-term thinking. We were raising the flag and waving itto our own exhaustion, Mazet said. We hope the world is listening now.

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These Scientists Saw COVID-19 Coming. Now They're Trying to Stop the Next Pandemic Before It Starts. - Mother Jones