Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (1925)
Ayn Rand, ursprungligen Alisa Zinovjevna Rosenbaum, fdd 2 februari[2]1905 i Sankt Petersburg i Ryssland, dd 6 mars 1982 i New York i New York, var en amerikansk filosof och frfattare. Hon frknippas frmst med sin egen filosofiska skola objektivismen som frsvarar rationell egoism, individualism, kapitalism (laissez faire) och en objektiv moral. Hennes mest knda verk, Urkllan (1943) och Och vrlden sklvde (1957), r idpolitiska romaner som skildrar individens kamp mot verhet, normer, kollektiv likriktning och myndigheters vertramp. Rand var ven kompromissls religionskritiker och bidrog genom sin kritik av all tvngsmakt som illegitim - utver frhindrandet av uppkomsten av nya tvngsmakter, - och avfrdande av icke-mnskliga eller obevisade auktoriteter till den ideologiska fra som tidigare kallades nyliberalismen. Rand sjlv hvdade Aristoteles och Victor Hugo som sina frmsta epistemologiska respektive litterra frebilder och stllde sig mycket kritisk till tankefror som ifrgasatte tanken om en objektiv verklighet, ssom Platon och Kant.
Rand betraktas allmnt som en av de ledande gestalterna bakom de klassiskt liberala idernas terkomst till den idpolitiska scenen under 1960-talet och framt, och anses ha inspirerat den s.k. Hgervgen under 1980-talet. Ekonomen Milton Friedman utpekade henne som en av libertarianismens tv viktigaste intellektuella trendbrytare (tillsammans med Ludwig von Mises).
Ayn Rands far var en rysk-judisk apotekare som fick sin verksamhet konfiskerad av den sovjetiska staten likt de flesta andra smfretagare. Efter att ha avslutat sin utbildning i Sovjetunionen med lysande betyg frn universitetet i Leningrad flydde Rand till USA 1926 i hopp om ett bttre liv. Hon arbetade inom den amerikanska filmindustrin 1926-1949 men hade det svrt ekonomiskt. P fritiden skrev hon ett antal bcker riktade mot fascismen och stalinismen men ndde ekonomisk och frsljningsmssig framgng frst med Urkllan 1943. Drefter frsrjde hon sig som frfattare och filosof p heltid.
Ayn Rand var en ideologisk motstndare mot alla kollektivistiska ideologier, i vilket hon inkluderade alla former av organiserad religion samt monarkism, socialism, fascism, nazism, anarkism (inklusive s kallad anarkokapitalism) och var ven kritisk till samtida libertarianism. Hon sg emellertid det strsta hotet mot den kapitalism och individualism hon sjlv frfktade i deras sjlvutnmnda frsvarares ovilja eller ofrmga att frsvara dem med annat n nyttoargument, utan ngon moralisk grund. Drfr tog hon kunskapsteori och etik till hjlp och skapade ett eget filosofiskt system som skulle skra individens rttigheter mot kollektivet. Genom ett frsvar fr frnuftet, det upplysta egenintresset och laissez-faire-kapitalism ville hon ge ett alternativ till de enligt henne tvngsbaserade ideologier som hon sg dominera vrlden.
Fr de intellektuella studenter som ansg sig som motstndare mot bde etablissemanget och 68-vnstern blev Rand den stora frebilden i USA. Mnga i den generationen av unga ekonomer, filosofer och statsvetare fick inspiration av Rands individualistiska vision, och hon kan till viss del anses ha inspirerat den vg av globalisering och liberalisering som skett sedan 1980-talet. Sjlv frblev hon kritisk mot etablerad "nyliberalism", samt den mer rena libertarianismen livet ut och ansg att den fortfarande var alltfr djupt rotad i en filosofiskt misslyckad kollektivism fr att kunna fungera i lngden. Hon sg de fullstndiga libertarianerna som vad hon kallade "hger-hippies".
Ayn Rand var gift med Frank OConnor. Under McCarthy-perioden vittnade Rand om vad hon sg som kommunistisk infiltration i Hollywood. Hon jmfrde d filmen Song of Russia med verklighetens Sovjetunionen, och ansg att filmen sknmlade Sovjet. Rand var emellertid obegrnsad anhngare till yttrandefrihet.
Ayn Rands frsta frsljningssucc (efter de tv mindre framgngsrika: De levande, 1936 samt Lovsng, 1938) kom 1943 med boken Urkllan. Boken slde i en halv miljon exemplar enbart fram till 1950, trots att den blev hrt kritiserad fr sin ideologi och de frsta frsljningssiffrorna var lga. Urkllan blev snart en kultbok.
Boken fljdes av Rands centrala verk Och vrlden sklvde (1957). Boken fick, liksom Urkllan hrd och sarkastisk kritik ofta baserad p bokens individualistiska ideologi, men det avskrckte inte miljontals lsare. Frsljningen har nmligen kat till omkring 300 000 exemplar/r. Vid en amerikansk underskning dr lsare ombads vlja ut den bok som pverkat dem mest s hamnade Och vrlden sklvde p en andraplats efter Bibeln.[3]
Vid sidan av romanproduktionen skrev sedan Rand manus till ett par filmer och arbetade strax innan sin dd p en mini-serie baserad p Och vrlden sklvde.
ven om alla hennes bcker i varierande grad r politiska och samhllskritiska, r Rand mest knd som filosof fr sina skrifter om sin egen filosofi objektivism och rationell egoism.
De levande och Urkllan har filmatiserats; De levande spelades in i det facistiska Italien 1942 i tv delar Noi Vivi och Addio Kira!, men dessa frbjds av Benito Mussolini. Dessa tv filmer klipptes sedan ihop till en film, We the living, som gavs ut 1986 (DVD 2009). Urkllan 1949 (svensk filmtitel Pionjren) med Gary Cooper och Patricia Neal. "Och Vrlden Sklvde" filmatiserades och slpptes 2011.[4] Filmen handlar om hur USA:s miljardrer "strejkar" och bildar en ny stat fr sig sjlva i demarken. "Vanliga amerikaner" fr det d hastigt mycket smre och vdjar till miljardrerna att terkomma.
Ayn Rand ansg att mnniskan r en varelse med frmga till frnuft, som drfr krvde frihet fr att kunna bruka sitt frnuft fullt ut, s att hon kan leva i enlighet med sin natur. Drmed ansg hon att friheten r en individuell rttighet som mste skyddas i ett samhlle genom lag. Ett steg mot denna vision kallade hon "separationen mellan stat och ekonomi." (jmfr: separation mellan stat och kyrka)
Ayn Rand ansg att verkligheten r objektiv drav namnet p filosofin. Hon ansg ocks att mnniskan br agera efter sitt rationella egenintresse efter denna objektiva verklighet, och frkastade drmed altruismen som ett moraliskt ideal, som enligt henne stred mot mnniskans natur.
Rand tog stllning fr kapitalismen i sin bok Kapitalismen: det oknda idealet, dr hon skriver att ett alltfr stort avvikande frn kapitalismen leder till samhllets kollaps. Hon fresprkade i praktiken motsvarande en nattvktarstat.
Rand har en viss popularitet i nyliberala och nykonservativa kretsar, ven om lngtifrn alla anser sig vara anhngare av objektivismen i sin helhet. Detta inte minst fr att hon var kraftfull religionsmotstndare och ateist.
Efter succn med Och vrlden sklvde fick Rand mnga beundrare. Den inre cirkeln av objektivism- och egoism-anhngare, som kallade sig The Collective som ett internt skmt, leddes av filosofen och psykologen Nathaniel "Nathan" Branden.
Frn omkring 1954 var Nathaniel Branden inte bara Rands hgra hand utan ven hennes lskare. Detta pgick med deras makars vetskap nda fram till 1968, nr Barbara Branden berttade fr Rand att Nathaniel var frlskad i en annan kvinna och hade ljugit fr dem under en lngre tid. Sprickan mellan Rand och det forna paret Branden ledde till splittring i hela rrelsen.[5]
Enligt Michael Shermer fick The Collective sektliknande inslag, dr Rands ord var lag, och hierarkin i gruppen byggde p hur vl man anpassade sig till Rands lra.[6]Milton Friedman var av liknande mening, och menade att hon "hade extremt bra inflytande p alla dem som aldrig blev randianer, men ifall de blev randianer var de hopplsa".[7] Rand sjlv frnekade att
hon var en kultfigur.[8]
Jim Peron kom till Ayn Rands frsvar genom sin analys av objektivismen, i vilken han tar stllning emot kultanklagelserna, med slutsatsen att de r ytliga och ad hominem-attacker vars syfte r att misskreditera objektivismen utan att rationellt behva argumentera mot den.
Bde under sitt liv och efter sin dd 1982 har Ayn Rand haft ett betydande inflytande p politik och filosofi, frmst i USA och Storbritannien. Hon anses ha pverkat bland annat Storbritanniens tidigare premirminister Margaret Thatcher, Clarence Thomas (domare vid USA:s hgsta domstol), Anton LaVey (grundare av Church of Satan), de republikanska politikerna Paul Ryan och Rand Paul samt Alan Greenspan (ordfrande fr USA:s centralbank, Federal Reserve 19872006). Greenspan tillhrde personligen hennes inre krets, det s.k. "kollektivet", som korrekturlste Atlas Shrugged innan den utgavs 1957, och har hvdat att Rand utvat inflytande ver hans syn p etik och ekonomi, vilket fick erfor uppmrksamhet och kritik efter 2007 rs recession. P svenska har Ayn Rands bcker utgivits p bland annat Timbro. Centerpartiets ordfrande Annie Lf har rekommenderat Rands "Och vrlden sklvde" som boktips [10], vilket har orsakat debatt.[11][12]
Rand har blivit freml fr flera biografier.
Read more:
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