‘Changing-Look’ Blazar Spotted 6.3 Billion Light-Years Away | Astronomy – Sci-News.com

Astronomers have performed photometric and spectroscopic observations of B2 1420+32, a blazar with a collection of changing-look features.

Sloan Digital Sky Survey archival image from March 2004 (left) and the image from the observation campaign of B2 1420+32 taken by Mishra et al. in January 2020 using ASAS-SN (right); the blazars brightness increased by a factor of 100. Image credit: SDSS / Mishra et al., doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abf63d.

Blazars are powerful active galactic nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets pointing toward the observer.

Their jets span distances on the million light-year scales and are known to impact the evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters in which they reside via the radiation.

These features make blazars ideal environments in which to study the physics of jets and their role in galaxy evolution.

Blazars are a unique kind of AGN with very powerful jets, said lead author Hora Mishra, a Ph.D. student in the Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Oklahoma.

Jets are a radio mode of feedback and because of their scales, they penetrate the galaxy into their large-scale environment.

The origin of these jets and processes driving the radiation are not well-known. Thus, studying blazars allows us to understand these jets better and how they are connected to other components of the AGN, like the accretion disk.

These jets can heat up and displace gas in their environment affecting, for example, the star formation in the galaxy.

In the research, Mishra and her colleagues investigated the evolution of B2 1420+32, a blazar located 6.3 billion light-years away in the constellation of Botes.

At the end of 2017, this blazar exhibited a huge optical flare, a phenomenon captured by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) telescope network.

We followed this up by observing the evolution of its spectrum and light curve over the next two years and also retrieved archival data available for this object, Mishra said.

The campaign, with data spanning over a decade, has yielded some most exciting results.

We see dramatic variability in the spectrum and multiple transformations between the two blazar sub-classes for the first time for a blazar, thus giving it the name changing-look blazar.

The astronomers concluded that this behavior is caused by the dramatic continuum flux changes, which confirm a long-proposed theory that separates blazars into two major categories.

In addition, we see several very large multiband flares in the optical and gamma-ray bands on different timescales and new spectral features, Mishra said.

Such extreme variability and the spectral features demand dedicated searches for more such blazars, which will allow us to utilize the dramatic spectral changes observed to reveal AGN/jet physics, including how dust particles around supermassive black holes are destructed by the tremendous radiation from the central engine and how energy from a relativistic jet is transferred into the dust clouds, providing a new channel linking the evolution of the supermassive black hole with its host galaxy.

We are very excited by the results of discovering a changing-look blazar that transforms itself not once, but three times, between its two sub-classes, from the dramatic changes in its continuum emission.

In addition, we see new spectral features and optical variability that is unprecedented. These results open the door to more such studies of highly variable blazars and their importance in understanding AGN physics.

It is really interesting to see the emergence of a forest of iron emission lines, suggesting that nearby dust particles were evaporated by the strong radiation from the jet and released free iron ions into the emitting clouds, a phenomenon predicted by theoretical models and confirmed in this blazar outburst, said Dr. Xinyu, also from the Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Oklahoma.

The study was published in the Astrophysical Journal.

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Hora D. Mishra et al. 2021. The Changing-look Blazar B2 1420+32. ApJ 913, 146; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abf63d

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'Changing-Look' Blazar Spotted 6.3 Billion Light-Years Away | Astronomy - Sci-News.com