Prehistory and the rise of the Rus
Indo-European, Ural-Altaic, and diverse other peoples have occupied what is now the territory of Russia since the 2nd millennium bce, but little is known about their ethnic identity, institutions, and activities. In ancient times, Greek and Iranian settlements appeared in the southernmost portions of what is now Ukraine. Trading empires of that era seem to have known and exploited the northern forestsparticularly the vast triangular-shaped region west of the Urals between the Kama and Volga riversbut these contacts seem to have had little lasting impact. Between the 4th and 9th centuries ce, the Huns, Avars, Goths, and Magyars passed briefly over the same terrain, but these transitory occupations also had little influence upon the East Slavs, who during this time were spreading south and east from an area between the Elbe River and the Pripet Marshes. In the 9th century, as a result of penetration into the area from the north and south by northern European and Middle Eastern merchant adventurers, their society was exposed to new economic, cultural, and political forces.
The scanty written records tell little of the processes that ensued, but archaeological evidencenotably, the Middle Eastern coins found in eastern Europeindicates that the development of the East Slavs passed through several stages.
From about 770 to about 830, commercial explorers began an intensive penetration of the Volga region. From early bases in the estuaries of the rivers of the eastern Baltic region, Germanic commercial-military bands, probably in search of new routes to the east, began to penetrate territory populated by Finnic and Slavic tribes, where they found amber, furs, honey, wax, and timber products. The indigenous population offered little resistance to their incursions, and there was no significant local authority to negotiate the balance between trade, tribute, and plunder. From the south, trading organizations based in northern Iran and North Africa, seeking the same products, and particularly slaves, became active in the lower Volga, the Don, and, to a lesser extent, the Dnieper region. The history of the Khazar state is intimately connected with these activities.
About 830, commerce appears to have declined in the Don and Dnieper regions. There was increased activity in the north Volga, where Scandinavian traders who had previously operated from bases on Lakes Ladoga and Onega established a new centre, near present-day Ryazan. There, in this period, the first nominal ruler of Rus (called, like the Khazar emperor, khagan) is mentioned by Islamic and Western sources. This Volga Rus khagan state may be considered the first direct political antecedent of the Kievan state.
Within a few decades these Rus, together with other Scandinavian groups operating farther west, extended their raiding activities down the main river routes toward Baghdad and Constantinople, reaching the latter in 860. The Scandinavians involved in these exploits are known as Varangians; they were adventurers of diverse origins, often led by princes of warring dynastic clans. One of these princes, Rurik, is considered the progenitor of the dynasty that ruled in various portions of East Slavic territory until 1598 (see Rurik dynasty). Evidences of the Varangian expansion are particularly clear in the coin hoards of 900930. The number of Middle Eastern coins reaching northern regions, especially Scandinavia, indicates a flourishing trade. Written records tell of Rus raids upon Constantinople and the northern Caucasus in the early 10th century.
In the period from about 930 to 1000, the region came under complete control by Varangians from Novgorod. This period saw the development of the trade route from the Baltic to the Black Sea, which established the basis of the economic life of the Kievan principality and determined its political and cultural development.
The degree to which the Varangians may be considered the founders of the Kievan state has been hotly debated since the 18th century. The debate has from the beginning borne nationalistic overtones. Recent works by Russians have generally minimized or ignored the role of the Varangians, while non-Russians have occasionally exaggerated it. Whatever the case, the lifeblood of the sprawling Kievan organism was the commerce organized by the princes. To be sure, these early princes were not Swedes or Norwegians or Danes; they thought in categories not of nation but of clan. But they certainly were not East Slavs. There is little reason to doubt the predominant role of the Varangian Rus in the creation of the state to which they gave their name.
The consecutive history of the first East Slavic state begins with Prince Svyatoslav (died 972). His victorious campaigns against other Varangian centres, the Khazars, and the Volga Bulgars and his intervention in the Byzantine-Danube Bulgar conflicts of 968971 mark the full hegemony of his clan in Rus and the emergence of a new political force in eastern Europe. But Svyatoslav was neither a lawgiver nor an organizer; the role of architect of the Kievan state fell to his son Vladimir (c. 9801015), who established the dynastic seniority system of his clan as the political structure by which the scattered territories of Rus were to be ruled. He invited or permitted the patriarch of Constantinople to establish an episcopal see in Rus.
Vladimir extended the realm (to include the watersheds of the Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Neman, Western Dvina, and upper Volga), destroyed or incorporated the remnants of competing Varangian organizations, and established relations with neighbouring dynasties. The successes of his long reign made it possible for the reign of his son Yaroslav (ruled 101954) to produce a flowering of cultural life. But neither Yaroslav, who gained control of Kiev only after a bitter struggle against his brother Svyatopolk (101519), nor his successors in Kiev were able to provide lasting political stability within the enormous realm. The political history of Rus is one of clashing separatist and centralizing trends inherent in the contradiction between local settlement and colonization on the one hand and the hegemony of the clan elder, ruling from Kiev, on the other. As Vladimirs 12 sons and innumerable grandsons prospered in the rapidly developing territories they inherited, they and their retainers acquired settled interests that conflicted both with one another and with the interests of unity.
The conflicts were not confined to Slavic lands: the Turkic nomads who moved into the southern steppe during the 11th century (first the Torks, later the Kipchaksalso known as the Polovtsy, or Cumans) became involved in the constant internecine rivalries, and Rurikid and Turkic princes often fought on both sides. In 1097, representatives of the leading branches of the dynasty, together with their Turkic allies, met at Liubech, north of Kiev, and agreed to divide the Kievan territory among themselves and their descendants; later, however, Vladimir II Monomakh made a briefly successful attempt (111325) to reunite the land of Rus.
Visit link:
- Russia and Putin's Ukraine war may have been preventable - MSNBC [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Boris Johnson warns of 'even darker days ahead' over Russia's invasion of Ukraine - Sky News [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- PayPal suspends its services in Russia over Ukraine war - CNBC [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russians Face Sanctions and Anxieties of a Costly War - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Invasion Brings Russia Global Repudiation With Cold War Echoes - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Trump renews NATO criticism after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and also says "vote counter" can be more important than candidate - CBS News [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Shunned by Others, Russia Finds Friends in Africa - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russia's War With Ukraine Is Already Costing Russian Economy - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russia threatens to block VOA unless it removes Ukraine invasion coverage - Axios [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russia appears to have no way out as Putin goes all in - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- With Sanctions, U.S. and Europe Aim to Punish Putin and Fuel Russian Unrest - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russian Prisoners and Ukrainian Soldiers Describe Two Sides of the Conflict - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- How China Embraces Russian Propaganda and Its Version of the War - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Accounting firms KPMG and PwC to exit Russia - Reuters [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russia's war on Ukraine is dire for world hunger. But there are solutions - NPR [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Blinken vows to escalate sanctions on Russia but warns war could last some time - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Visa, Mastercard to suspend operations in Russia - Al Jazeera English [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Opinion | The Cancellation of Mother Russia Is Underway - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Ukrainians Find That Relatives in Russia Dont Believe Its a War - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Inside the U.S. Race to Arm Ukraine Against Russia - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russia-Ukraine live news: Zelenskyy says sanctions not sufficient - Al Jazeera English [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- As Biden predicts Russia will invade, U.S. rushes weapons ... [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russia seizes Ukraine nuclear plant - msnbc.com [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- Russia - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: March 6th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 6th, 2022]
- U.S. Intelligence Tells Congress Putin Is Unlikely to Be Deterred - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- US and Allies Will Strip Russia of Favored Trade Status - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Honeywell CEO says suspending business in Russia wont be a major headwind - CNBC [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- What is the threat of a 'cornered' Putin as the Russia-Ukraine conflict drags on? - ABC News [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- The Growing Fear of a Wider War Between Russia and the West - The New Yorker [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- How Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches Are Handlng the War - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Russia's wars in Chechnya offer a grim warning of what could be in Ukraine - NPR [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Russia's Ukraine invasion and space impacts: Live updates - Space.com [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Opinion | Russia. Invasion. And Polands Very Long Memory. - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- A Scholar of Stalin Discusses Putin, Russia, Ukraine, and the West - The New Yorker [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- The letter Z is becoming a symbol of Russia's war in Ukraine. But what does it mean? - NPR [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Can the west slaughter Putin's sacred cash cow? - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Analysis: Can the UAE be a safe haven for Russian oligarchs? - Al Jazeera English [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Ukraine and Russia: What you need to know right now - Reuters [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Russia-Ukraine war LIVE UPDATES: Zelensky calls on Russian troops to surrender - The Australian Financial Review [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Ukraine-Russia war live updates: Ukrainians claim Russian strikes have hit apartment building in Kyiv, China denies claims Russia asked for military... [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- A Conductor on Why He Stayed in Russia After the Invasion Began - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Could Putin actually fall from power in Russia? - Vox.com [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- My mother says I am betraying Russia: Putins invasion divides the generations - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Lukashenko dodges and weaves over joining Russia in attacking Ukraine - POLITICO Europe [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Once, cultural ties to Russia were deliberate and hopeful. Now, they're eroding - NPR [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Russia Deploys a Mystery Munition in Ukraine - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- China's reputation is at risk if Beijing were to help Russia in its war on Ukraine - CNBC [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Why is India standing with Putins Russia? - Al Jazeera English [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Russia-Ukraine war: what we know on day 20 of the Russian invasion - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Russia Maps & Facts - World Atlas [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Russia keeps up attacks in Ukraine as two sides hold talks - The Associated Press - en Espaol [Last Updated On: March 15th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 15th, 2022]
- Invasion jolts Russia's friends in tiny West-leaning Moldova - The Associated Press - en Espaol [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Russia-Ukraine: Ugly truths in the time of war - Al Jazeera English [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Russia's invasion of Ukraine will lower car production by millions of units over two years, S&P says - CNBC [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- How much can and will China help Russia as its economy crumbles? - CNBC [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- 400 Companies Have Withdrawn from RussiaBut Some Remain - Yale School of Management [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Russia sanctions Biden and Blinken in retaliation for US sanctions - NPR [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Without sending troops, the U.S. wages 'hybrid warfare' against Russia - NPR [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Russia's bombing of Ukraine hospital reflects a terrible wartime pattern : Goats and Soda - NPR [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Why Russia's attempt to bend Ukraine to its will could have the opposite effect - MSNBC [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- How close are China and Russia and where does Beijing stand on Ukraine? - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- How China's Response to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Could Upend the World Order - TIME [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Uneasy wait in Kyiv continues as Russian advance appears to have stalled - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Russia-Ukraine war: What happened today (March 16) - NPR [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Russia may aspire to a China-style internet, but it's a long way off - CNBC [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Russia claims its close to a PEACE DEAL after Putins ... [Last Updated On: March 17th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 17th, 2022]
- Renault Halts Operations in Russia - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Russia is considering selling its oil and gas for bitcoin as sanctions intensify from the West - CNBC [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Opinion | Russias War, Driven by the Grand Theory of Eurasianism - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- More Russian Mercenaries Deploying to Ukraine to Take On Greater Role in War - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Opinion | Russias Neighbors Are Worried That, After Ukraine, Theyll Be Next - The New York Times [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Russia reasserts right to use nuclear weapons in Ukraine - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Russia May Nationalize Carmakers' Assets amid Ukraine Invasion - Car and Driver [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Indians reluctant to denounce Russian brothers over Ukraine - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Is the Ukraine war weakening Putins position in Russia? - Al Jazeera English [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Russia-Ukraine war: what we know on day 33 of the Russian invasion - The Guardian [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Russia-Ukraine war: What happened today (March 27) - NPR [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Russian Soldiers Suffering Frostbite as Ukraine Invasion ... [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2022]
- Russia's military is under pressure in Ukraine and refocusing on the east is likely to be a bloody campaign - ABC News [Last Updated On: March 29th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 29th, 2022]
- Will Western-Russian Confrontation Shake the Middle East? - War on the Rocks [Last Updated On: March 29th, 2022] [Originally Added On: March 29th, 2022]