Credit: Oliver Uberti
The tales of humanitys distant past were once revealed only by digging up ancient settlements, bones, and artifacts or by reading ancient texts, from the cuneiform clay tablets of the Hittites to the vivid chronicles of Herodotus.
In the past decade, however, a powerful new window has opened into humanitys past, in the stories written in the genes of our distant ancestors. Since 2014, the number of individuals from thousands of years ago whose DNA has been analyzed has leapt from a mere handful to more than 8,000. That has ushered in what Kristian Kristiansen, professor of archaeology at University of Gothenburg in Sweden, calls a major scientific revolution. It has created a new kind of independent evidence to answer questions in archeology that had never before been resolved, Kristiansen explains.
Indeed, the first results were quite shocking, Kristiansen says. For 50 years, scientists had assumed that our ancestors were mostly homebodies, so that recent populations in many countries were largely the descendants of those who had lived in the same general areas for thousands of years. Wrong. Beginning in 2015, ancient DNA pioneer David Reich, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at Harvard Medical School, and others published genetic data showing that the story of humanity is actually one of vast and frequent migrations. About 5,300 years ago, Reich and others showed in detail, nomadic herders called the Yamnaya used newly invented horse-drawn carts to journey from the steppes for far eastern Europe (present-day Ukraine and western Russia) westward across Europeeven to Britainand eastward to India. As they roamed, they carried with them the seeds of the Indo-European languages spoken by billions of people around the world today. The DNA evidence was a breakthrough, showing how the languages trace the path of the migration, explains Reich.
Yet the evidence for the wandering Yamnaya raised deeper mysteries. Where did the closely related languages in ancient Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), such as Hittite, come from? And where was the origin of the parent language to Indo-European and these Anatolian languages? The leading theory was that the steppe population had travelled southeast through the Balkans into Anatolia, bringing an early version of Indo-European. Finding genetic evidence, however, was challenging, says Reich. The region is hot, and DNA does not do well in a warm environment.
But then in 2018, geneticists at the University of Copenhagen reported that theyd been able to sample the genes of a few individuals from ancient Anatolia. They found no trace of steppe ancestry, says Guus Kroonen, professor of linguistics at the University of Copenhagen and University Lecturer at the Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. That was unexpected evidence for another theorythat the Anatolian languages came not from the steppe but could rather be traced back to people who lived in the Caucasus highlands, north of the Fertile Crescent.
Now comes a far more complete and detailed answer to that question and others in a trio of papers (and cover image) in the 26 August issue of Science from Reich and a huge team of co-authors. Using advanced techniques for extracting and studying ancient DNA from bones found in the warm climate, the researchers analyzed the genes of 727 individuals across the entire Southern Arc (including modern-day Cyprus, Greece, the Balkans, Turkey, and Armenia), representing a sweeping 11,000 years of human history.
The new results demolish the previous leading theorythe idea of migrations into Anatolia from the north and westwhile providing overwhelming evidence for what the Copenhagen team had suggested. Our data show almost no DNA from the steppe in Anatolia, explains Reich. Instead, the genetic analysis points like an arrow to the Caucasus as the origin of movements that spread populations and languages both north into the steppe and west into Anatolia, he says. It also reveals that the Caucasus has been a place that has harbored a lot of diversity for a long time, says Reich, bolstering the idea that the region has been a crucible for languages and cultures.
With the DNA, we can see things, like the Anatolian influx in Rome, that that text writers might not have known about or chosen to record due to the biases of the time.
David Reich, HHMI Investigator at Harvard Medical School
Despite the large number of samples, the genetic signatures in the region dont provide absolute proof of the origins and spread of languages, linguists caution. They point out that the linguistic evidence doesnt correlate with the genetic evidence, because the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European lexicon does not reflect the predominantly farming lifestyle that was dominant in the East Mediterranean, including the Caucasus, from an early stage. Its still conceivable that a small group from the steppe might have traveled to Anatolia, bringing their language, before their genetic signal was lost as they mixed into the existing populations, says Kroonen. But the massive new evidence from Reichs team for the Caucasus origin of both Hittite (and related languages) in Anatolia and Indo-European in the steppe makes that scenario increasingly unlikely. It makes a lot of sense, and to me it looks convincing, says Kristiansen.
The new solutions to major mysteries like the origin and spread of languages is just one of the findings in Reichs three Science papers, however. The new data also are full of nuggets that fill other gaps in our stories of the past. Some 10,000-12,000 years ago, for example, the first evidence for farming appears in Anatolia. DNA extracted from those farmers shows that their genes are similar to those of contemporary people from Mesopotamia, suggesting a common ancestry. But a bit later, pottery appears in archeological sites in Anatolia for the first time. Thats when new DNA appears in the Anatolian farmers as well, a genetic signature thats more like that from farmers in the Levant (modern-day Israel and Jordan) rather than Mesopotamia. The conclusion: There is a migration associated with the arrival of pottery that is really connected to the Levant, explains Reich.
Another result sheds new light on Roman history, thousands of years after the stories of Anatolian farmers and the steppe migrations. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, Rome was a huge, diverse city. But where did most of the people and their ancestors hail from? Previous studies had shown that they were genetically different from the Italians who initially founded the city but couldnt pinpoint their origin. Now we know the answer, says Reich. The genetic mix found in Romans about 2000 years ago is almost identical to that from Anatolia, suggesting that the people in Imperial Rome were largely descended from Anatolians. Thats not something that the ancient historians mentioned in their voluminous writings. With the DNA, we can see things, like the Anatolian influx in Rome, that that text writers might not have known about or chosen to record due to the biases of the time, says Reich.
At the same time, though, some of the new evidence adds to the mysteries and complexities. The genetic data show overwhelmingly that Greece was one of many destinations for the Yamnaya nomads as they spread across Europe 5,000-4,000 years ago, bringing with them the precursor of todays Greek language. And yet the remains of the so-called Griffin Warrior, a wealthy man buried in an incredibly elaborate grave near the ancient city of Pylos in 1450 BC, show that he had nary a trace of steppe ancestry. One might think that the newer arrivals from the steppe might be more privileged and powerful than those they replaced genetically, says Reich. But here one of the wealthiest people is not associated with the big change, he says. It shows there is complexity in the relationship between ancestry and power.
More broadly, one of the key contributions of the new papers is a technical innovationa statistical framework that makes it possible for all of the published ancient DNA from many parts of the world to be compared and analyzed together. That allows us to think about people from diverse regions who are usually studied separately, Reich explains. The artifacts and settlements unearthed by archeologists often dont point to possible connections among far-flung populations, he says, but the genetics can, making it possible to tell stories that before were unknown. Thanks to the analysis of ancient DNA, we can write a much more detailed history of how human populations changed over time and place, says Reich.
###
Citation
Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S et. al. The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe, Science. 2022 Aug 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abm4247
Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et. al., A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia, Science. 2022 Aug 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abq0755.
Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S et. al. Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia, Science. 2022 Aug 26. doi: 10.1126/science.abq0762.
- Discovering the mysteries of human DNA - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Scientists go deeper into DNA - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Instant Egghead - Genes vs. DNA vs. Chromosomes - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- DNA Calls Out Lineup Of Rappers For Future Battles - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- What is DNA? - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Turn Your DNA Into Fine Art, BMW Zagato Roadster - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- DNA - OFFICIAL URLTV SUMMER MADNESS 2 RECAP! - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- "Binary DNA" - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- 16x9 - DNA Prophecies: Code reveals your future - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Gilbert Gottfried - Space DNA, Sexy Weight Loss, Badonkadonk Booty - Gilbert Gets It - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Animated Health Video Production | DNA Services of America - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Michael Tsarion ~ Mayans ~ 2012 ~ DNA - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Mini-drones to take your DNA? - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- C2CAM - DNA Research - 07-09-2012 - Coast To Coast AM - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Inside The DNA Of MDNA - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- KOTD - Rap Battle - DNA vs Eurgh - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Starchild DNA Showing "Wright" Stuff - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- Chrome Cats - DNA of a Winner(Official Video) - Video [Last Updated On: September 7th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 7th, 2012]
- DNA leads to arrest in 1980 murder of Oxnard girl [Last Updated On: September 8th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 8th, 2012]
- 'Junk' DNA: Not So Useless After All [Last Updated On: September 8th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 8th, 2012]
- Decoding Human DNA [Last Updated On: September 9th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 9th, 2012]
- Planet of the Apes: What is that big hunk of 'junk' DNA up to ? [Last Updated On: September 10th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 10th, 2012]
- Genetics Breakthrough Changes Thinking About DNA [Last Updated On: September 11th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 11th, 2012]
- 'Junk DNA' and the mystery of mankind's missing genes [Last Updated On: September 11th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 11th, 2012]
- Real-time observation of single DNA molecule repair [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2012]
- Court hears DNA findings in child sex case [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2012]
- 2012 International Symposium on Human Identification Features Emerging and Best Practice Forensic DNA Techniques ... [Last Updated On: September 12th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 12th, 2012]
- DNA could help ID a king [Last Updated On: September 13th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 13th, 2012]
- DNA with a Twist [Last Updated On: September 13th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 13th, 2012]
- Three reasons to like junk DNA [Last Updated On: September 13th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 13th, 2012]
- LBNL Seeks Licensees for Highly Specific and Sensitive DNA Extraction Method [Last Updated On: September 13th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 13th, 2012]
- Under-twisted DNA origami delivers cancer drugs to tumors [Last Updated On: September 13th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 13th, 2012]
- DNA ‘junk' contains a treasure of information about disease [Last Updated On: September 14th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 14th, 2012]
- Research: Hopping DNA supercoils [Last Updated On: September 14th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 14th, 2012]
- DNA evidence missing in Assange case [Last Updated On: September 16th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 16th, 2012]
- Missing DNA evidence in Assange case [Last Updated On: September 16th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 16th, 2012]
- No Assange DNA on torn condom - report [Last Updated On: September 16th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 16th, 2012]
- Calif. DNA Collection From Arrestees Challenged [Last Updated On: September 17th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 17th, 2012]
- Federal appeals court to hear challenge to California DNA collection law [Last Updated On: September 17th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 17th, 2012]
- Applied DNA Sciences Contracts With Inventionland [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2012]
- Applied DNA Sciences, Textile Centre of Excellence Unveil Textiles Anti-Counterfeiting Platform [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2012]
- Rapist caught by DNA test jailed [Last Updated On: September 18th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 18th, 2012]
- FBI eager to embrace mobile 'Rapid DNA' testing [Last Updated On: September 19th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 19th, 2012]
- Expansion of criminal DNA collection proposed [Last Updated On: September 19th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 19th, 2012]
- Assessment of HPV DNA Alone Insufficient to Identify HPV-Driven Head and Neck Cancers [Last Updated On: September 19th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 19th, 2012]
- George Zimmerman's DNA, not Trayvon Martin's, found on gun [Last Updated On: September 20th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 20th, 2012]
- George Zimmerman: No DNA evidence of a struggle for his gun [Last Updated On: September 20th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 20th, 2012]
- DNA evidence links Vallejo man to January stabbing in SLO, police say [Last Updated On: September 20th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 20th, 2012]
- Legal hurdles threaten to slow FBI's 'Rapid DNA' revolution [Last Updated On: September 21st, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 21st, 2012]
- Judge denies motions to dismiss DNA evidence in Hudson murder case [Last Updated On: September 22nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 22nd, 2012]
- Researchers report novel approach for single molecule electronic DNA sequencing [Last Updated On: September 22nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 22nd, 2012]
- Novel approach for single molecule electronic DNA sequencing [Last Updated On: September 22nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 22nd, 2012]
- DNA helps Wyckoff police nab 'motorcycle burglar' [Last Updated On: September 22nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 22nd, 2012]
- Novel DNA barcode engineered: New technology could launch biomedical imaging to next level [Last Updated On: September 25th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 25th, 2012]
- DNA Microarray 2012: A Focus on Sales Growth [Last Updated On: September 25th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 25th, 2012]
- DNA in 1980 Maine murder case shown to match defendant [Last Updated On: September 25th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 25th, 2012]
- DNA recovered during Rayney probe [Last Updated On: September 26th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 26th, 2012]
- FBI makes headway on DNA testing backlog, report says [Last Updated On: September 26th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 26th, 2012]
- Male DNA found for first time in female brains [Last Updated On: September 27th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 27th, 2012]
- Bearing Sons Leaves Male DNA Traces in Mom's Brain [Last Updated On: September 28th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 28th, 2012]
- Many female brains contain male DNA [Last Updated On: September 28th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 28th, 2012]
- New drive to take criminals' DNA [Last Updated On: September 28th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 28th, 2012]
- DNA remains focus in Highway of Tears cases [Last Updated On: September 28th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 28th, 2012]
- Analysing The Evidence On DNA [Last Updated On: September 29th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 29th, 2012]
- DNA Clears Death Row Inmate [Last Updated On: September 29th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 29th, 2012]
- Burn victim identified by DNA in maggots [Last Updated On: September 29th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 29th, 2012]
- DNA fails to match couple on two other skeletons [Last Updated On: September 29th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 29th, 2012]
- DNA Dynamics Update on Sports Title [Last Updated On: September 30th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 30th, 2012]
- DNA solves teen's 1974 murder [Last Updated On: September 30th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 30th, 2012]
- Some Women's Brains Contain Male DNA: Study [Last Updated On: September 30th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 30th, 2012]
- DNA exonerates man after 15 years on death row - Video [Last Updated On: September 30th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 30th, 2012]
- DNA link prompts charges in cold case rapes - Video [Last Updated On: September 30th, 2012] [Originally Added On: September 30th, 2012]
- DNA testing has its limits [Last Updated On: October 1st, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 1st, 2012]
- DNA evidence exonerates 300th prisoner nationwide [Last Updated On: October 1st, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 1st, 2012]
- DNA testing facility in Pune to speed up cases in Mumbai [Last Updated On: October 1st, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 1st, 2012]
- Rape DNA process 'not adequate' [Last Updated On: October 2nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 2nd, 2012]
- IntegenX Announces U.S. Launch of the RapidHIT™ 200 System – Rapid DNA Technology That Will Revolutionize the Use of ... [Last Updated On: October 2nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 2nd, 2012]
- 300th person exonerated by DNA evidence [Last Updated On: October 2nd, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 2nd, 2012]
- Inherited Diseases Found Sooner in Newborns With DNA Scan [Last Updated On: October 3rd, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 3rd, 2012]
- Woman charged in husband's death gives DNA sample [Last Updated On: October 3rd, 2012] [Originally Added On: October 3rd, 2012]