Artificial intelligence is getting cheaper, better at the tasks we assign it, and more widespreadbut concerns over bias, ethics, and regulatory oversight still remain. At a time when AI is becoming accessible to everyone, Stanford University put together a sweeping 2022 report analyzing the ins and outs of the growing field. Here are some of the highlights.
The number of publications alone on the topic tell a story: They doubled in the last decade, from 162,444 in 2010 to 334,497 in 2021. The most popular AI categories that researchers and others published on were pattern recognition, machine learning, and algorithms.
Whats more, the number of patent filings related to AI innovations in 2021 is 30 times greater than the filings in 2015. In 2021, the majority of filed patents were from China, but the majority of patents actually granted were from the US.
The number of users participating in open-source AI software libraries on GitHub also rose from 2015 to 2021. These libraries house collections of computer codes that are used for applications and products. One called TensorFlow remains the most popular, followed by OpenCV, Keras and PyTorch (which Meta AI uses).
Specifically, out of the various tasks that AI can perform, last year, the research community was focused on applying AI to computer vision, a subfield that teaches machines to understand images and videos in order to get good at classifying images, recognizing objects, mapping the position and movement of human body joints, and detecting faces (with and without masks).
[Related: MIT scientists taught robots how to sabotage each other]
For image classification, the most popular database used to train AI models is called ImageNet. Some researchers pre-train their models on additional datasets before exposing them to ImageNet. But models still make mistakes, on average mis-identifying 1 out of 10 images. The model that performs the best is from the Google Brain Team. In addition to identifying images and faces, AI can also generate fake images that are nearly indistinguishable from real ones, and to combat this, researchers have been working on deepfake detection algorithms that are based on datasets like FaceForensics++.
[Related: This new AI tool from Google could change the way we search online]
Natural language processing, a subfield that has been actively explored since the 1950s, is slowly making progress in English language understanding, summarizing, inferring reasonable outcomes, identifying emotional context, speech recognition and transcription, and translation. For basic reading comprehension, AI can perform better than humans, but when language tasks get more complicated, like when interpreting context clues is necessary, humans still have an edge. On the other hand, AI ethicists are worried that bias could affect large language models that draw from a mixed bag of training data.
Tech companies like Amazon, Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube have been improving the AI used in recommendation systems. The same is true for AIs role in reinforcement learning, which has enabled it to react and perform well in virtual games such as chess and Go. Reinforcement learning can also be used to teach autonomous vehicles tasks like changing lanes, or help data models predict future events.
As AI appears to have become better at doing what we want it to do, the cost to train it has come down as well, dropping by over 60 percent since 2018. Meanwhile, a system that wouldve taken 6 minutes to train in 2018 would now only take a little over 13 seconds. Accounting for hardware costs, in 2021, an image classification system would take less than $5 to train, whereas that cost wouldve been over $1,000 in 2017.
More AI applications across industries means more demand for AI education and jobs. Across the US in 2021, California, Texas, New York, and Virginia had the highest demand for AI-related occupations. In the last decade, the most popular specialties among PhD computer science students were artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Private investment in AI is at an all-time high, totalling $93.5 billion in 2021 (double the amount from 2020). AI companies that were skilled in data management, processing, and cloud, according to the report, got the most funding in 2021, followed by companies dedicated to medical and healthcare and financial technology (fintech for short).
In fiscal year 2021, US government agencies spent $1.53 billion on AI research and development for non-defense purposes, which was 2.7 times the amount spent in fiscal year 2018. For defense purposes, the Department of Defense allocated $9.26 billion across 500 AI research and development programs in 2021, which was about 6 percent more than what it spent in the year before. The top two uses of AI were for prototyping technologies and in programs countering weapons of mass destruction.
Last, the report looked at global, federal, and state regulations related to AI (looking for keywords like artificial intelligence, machine learning, autonomous vehicle or algorithmic bias). The report examined 25 countries around the world, and found that they have collectively passed 55 AI-related bills to law from 2016 to 2021. Last year, Spain, the UK and the US each had three AI-related bills that became law.
See the rest here:
Artificial intelligence is everywhere now. This report shows how we got here. - Popular Science
- What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? - Definition from ... [Last Updated On: June 12th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 12th, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence | Neuro AI [Last Updated On: June 12th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 12th, 2016]
- Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence [Last Updated On: June 13th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 13th, 2016]
- A.I. Artificial Intelligence - Wikipedia, the free ... [Last Updated On: June 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 17th, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence - The New York Times [Last Updated On: June 17th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 17th, 2016]
- Intro to Artificial Intelligence Course and Training ... [Last Updated On: June 28th, 2016] [Originally Added On: June 28th, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence | Neuro AI [Last Updated On: July 1st, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 1st, 2016]
- What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Webopedia Definition [Last Updated On: July 1st, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 1st, 2016]
- Intro to Artificial Intelligence Course and Training Online ... [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2016] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence News -- ScienceDaily [Last Updated On: September 16th, 2016] [Originally Added On: September 16th, 2016]
- Artificial intelligence positioned to be a game-changer - CBS ... [Last Updated On: October 13th, 2016] [Originally Added On: October 13th, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach - amazon.com [Last Updated On: October 31st, 2016] [Originally Added On: October 31st, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence - IndiaBIX [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- The Non-Technical Guide to Machine Learning & Artificial ... [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence - Graduate Schools of Science ... [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: An Introduction [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- What does artificial intelligence mean? - Definitions.net [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence Lockheed Martin [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence Course - Computer Science at CCSU [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- FREE Artificial Intelligence Essay - Example Essays [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Elon Musk's artificial intelligence group signs Microsoft ... [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Real FX - Slotless Racing with Artificial Intelligence [Last Updated On: November 23rd, 2016] [Originally Added On: November 23rd, 2016]
- Artificial Intelligence: What It Is and How It Really Works [Last Updated On: January 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 4th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence Market Size and Forecast by 2024 [Last Updated On: January 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 4th, 2017]
- Algorithm-Driven Design: How Artificial Intelligence Is ... [Last Updated On: January 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 4th, 2017]
- 9 Development in Artificial Intelligence | Funding a ... [Last Updated On: January 4th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 4th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence Tops Humans in Poker Battle What's the Big Deal? - PokerNews.com [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Is AI a Threat to Christianity? - The Atlantic [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Allow mathematicians to pierce artificial intelligence frontiers - Livemint [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Montreal sees its future in smart sensors, artificial intelligence (with video) - Computerworld [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Silicon Valley Hedge Fund Takes On Wall Street With AI Trader - Bloomberg [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- The Observer view on artificial intelligence - The Guardian [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence Is Coming Whether You Like It Or Not - Mother Jones [Last Updated On: February 6th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 6th, 2017]
- RealDoll Creating Artificial Intelligence System, Robotic Sex Dolls ... - Breitbart News [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Forget lessons, these smart skis are loaded with artificial intelligence - Mashable [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence Correctly Predicted the Patriots' 34-28 Super ... - Digital Trends [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Why C-Levels Need To Think About eLearning And Artificial Intelligence - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence-Driven Robots: More Brains Than Brawn - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Artificial intelligence: How to build the business case - ZDNet [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- What 'social artificial intelligence' means for marketers - VentureBeat [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Actress Kristen Stewart's Research Paper On Artificial Intelligence: A Critical Evaluation - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Baidu cut its healthcare business to concentrate on artificial intelligence - Asia Times [Last Updated On: February 9th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 9th, 2017]
- Google Android Wear 2.0 update puts artificial intelligence inside your wristwatch - The Sun [Last Updated On: February 9th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 9th, 2017]
- How criminals use Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - BetaNews [Last Updated On: February 9th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 9th, 2017]
- In the Labs: Connected vehicles in Ohio, artificial intelligence in Illinois and Massachusetts - Network World [Last Updated On: February 9th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 9th, 2017]
- Keeping an eye on artificial intelligence - The National Business Review [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Actors, teachers, therapists think your job is safe from artificial intelligence? Think again - The Guardian [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Wells Fargo Innovation Group to Focus on Artificial Intelligence, Payments and APIs - Wall Street Journal (blog) [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- SAP aims to step up its artificial intelligence, machine learning game as S/4HANA hits public cloud - ZDNet [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence Is Coming To Police Bodycams, Raising Privacy Concerns - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Nvidia Beats Earnings Estimates As Its Artificial Intelligence Business Keeps On Booming - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Could Artificial Intelligence Ever Become A Threat To Humanity? - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Artificial intuition will supersede artificial intelligence, experts say - Network World [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- The Peril of Inaction with Artificial Intelligence - Gigaom [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- TASER International Bringing Artificial Intelligence to Law Enforcement - Motley Fool [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- LG G6 teasers emphasize battery life, artificial intelligence - CNET [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- Wells Fargo sets up artificial intelligence team in tech push - Reuters [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- Ford spending $1 billion on self-driving artificial intelligence - CNET [Last Updated On: February 11th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 11th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence in Business Process Automation - Nanalyze [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2017]
- An artificial intelligence gamble that paid off - Minneapolis Star Tribune [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2017]
- Ford to Invest $1 Billion in Artificial Intelligence Start-Up - New York Times [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2017]
- Wells Fargo Pushes Into Artificial Intelligence - Fortune [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Artificial intelligence predictions surpass reality - UT The Daily Texan [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Creating artificial intelligence-driven technology products is almost like unleashing the Frankenstein's monster - Economic Times (blog) [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Inside Intel Corporation's Artificial Intelligence Strategy - Motley Fool [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- The artificial intelligence revolutionising healthcare - Irish Times [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Ford Announces Investment in Artificial Intelligence Company Argo AI - Motor Trend [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Ford Invests $1-Billion in Artificial Intelligence - AutoGuide.com [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Salesforce adds some artificial intelligence to customer service products - TechCrunch [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- No hype, just fact: Artificial intelligence in simple business terms - ZDNet [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence and The Confusion of Our Age - Patheos (blog) [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- How Artificial Intelligence Startups Struck Gold - Entrepreneur [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Terrifyingly, Google's Artificial Intelligence acts aggressive when cornered - Chron.com [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- This Startup Has Developed A New Artificial Intelligence That Can (Sometimes) Beat Google - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- RPI artificial intelligence expert looks at Westworld - Albany Times Union [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Google's DeepMind artificial intelligence becomes 'highly aggressive' when stressed. Skynet, anyone? - Mirror.co.uk [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence Enters The Classroom - News One [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- John Pisarek Talks Artificial Intelligence - Customer Think [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Can Artificial Intelligence Predict Earthquakes? - Scientific American [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Artificial Intelligence Is Becoming A Major Disruptive Force In Banks' Finance Departments - Forbes [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]