Eds: This story was supplied by The Conversation for AP customers. The Associated Press does not guarantee the content.
(THE CONVERSATION) More Orthodox Jewish women around the world are following the path of ordination, though controversy over female rabbis continues in most Orthodox circles. But as more and more Orthodox women are showing, ordination is not the only route to religious leadership.
As a Jewish Studies professor who researches gender and religious authority, I have spent five years interviewing and observing Orthodox women who have been ordained. I have also spent several years researching the expansion of womens leadership roles outside the rabbinate, and the growing acceptance of their authority.
Just a decade ago, only a handful of women had been ordained by Orthodox rabbis decades after their peers in more liberal Jewish denominations. But in 2013, the stained-glass ceiling blocking womens leadership shattered, as the first group of female rabbinical students graduated from a New York seminary called Yeshivat Maharat.
Today, almost 50 Orthodox women have been ordained at Yeshivat Maharat. But other roles for women are growing and changing more quickly, with many serving as guides to Jewish law, professionally trained rabbis wives and congregational scholars.
Yoatzot halacha: Female religious guides
Yoatzot halacha, who are advisers or guides to Jewish law (halacha), are women who have studied Jewish legal texts on topics such as sexuality, intimacy, pregnancy, birth and what Orthodox Judaism calls family purity laws, which deal with menstruation. They also provide counseling to Jewish women about a variety of issues related to marriage, relationships, sex and reproduction.
Training for yoatzot halacha, or yoatzot for short, began in 1997 at the Nishmat program in Israel. Graduates answer questions posed on the phone or online. When the first class graduated in 1999, many of them began working on the yoatzot hotline. Today, Nishmats yoatzot have answered over 100,000 questions.
Many yoatzot work in communities in the U.S., the U.K. and Israel. They can authoritatively answer questions about the laws of Taharat Hamishpacha, or family purity, and teach classes about them. Some yoatzot are hired by individual synagogues, while others are employed by a community, with their salary paid by multiple synagogues.
Yoatzot and their advocates make it clear that they are not rabbis and often define their authority as focusing on the laws of family purity. Yet they present an alternative mode of legal decision-making on these issues that sometimes cut ordained rabbis out of the picture.
In my own research, Ive seen how the way yoatzot provide answers differs from a rabbi. When yoatzot answer questions about family purity, they answer based on their understanding of Jewish law as well as their own personal experiences observing these laws. It is precisely this expertise and empathy that draw Orthodox women to turn to yoatzot and not rabbis.
Yoatzot also answer questions brought anonymously through the website, which is a significant shift from how rabbis are used to answering legal questions one on one. They might also engage in longer conversations about marital happiness and sexual satisfaction.
The professionalization of the rebbetzin
For generations, the closest women could come to being religious leaders was to marry them instead. But in recent years, the role of the rabbis wife, called a rebbetzin, has become more professionalized, with formal training and institutional authority as is true of many Christian preachers wives, as well.
The Orthodox Unions Jewish Learning Initiative on Campus has placed rabbinic couples on more than 20 college campuses in North America to mentor, teach and guide Jewish students. The program says it trains Orthodox rabbis and their wives to help Orthodox students on secular campuses balance their Jewish commitments with their desire to engage the secular world. Husbands positions are full time, while their wives are part time. They receive distinct training and are paid separately.
Even ultra-Orthodox rebbetzins formally serve as outreach activists to non-Orthodox Jews. Often, young couples will receive training for their future roles while living in Jerusalem for several years. The organization Ner LeElef, for example, trains men and women separately in the skills they will need as outreach activists. Womens positions include traditional womens tasks like cooking and hosting guests, as well as teaching classes and recruiting unaffiliated Jews into the ulta-Orthodox movement.
Many ultra-Orthodox rebbetzins leverage the internet to further their outreach. Women refer to their roles as one of spiritual leadership, not clergy. This term is meant to distinguish them from rabbis while simultaneously creating a unique leadership position.
Congregational scholars
Finally, Orthodox women have benefited from an increase in opportunities for them to study rabbinic texts, particularly the Talmud, which is often seen as a catalyst for their religious leadership.
The first womens seminary opened in Israel in the 1980s, and since then, Orthodox women have had several more options for advanced Talmud study in the U.S. and Israel. Of note is the Drisha Scholars Circle, which until 2014 educated women in the same material that men would study for ordination. Yeshiva University in New York has been offering students a similar opportunity for advanced Talmud study through the Graduate Program in Advanced Talmud Studies for Women.
Women who have received this high level of religious education have also been holding positions of leadership in synagogues.
Take Lincoln Square Synagogue in New York, which has a history of pushing boundaries regarding womens involvement in synagogue ritual. In the early 1970s, it was among the first Orthodox synagogues in New York to hold a bat mitzvah, the girls version of a coming-of-age ceremony that was traditionally only available to boys. In the late 1990s, Lincoln Square Synagogue hired its first female congregational intern, and has had several since many of whom completed advanced Talmud studies for women or had Ph.D.s in Jewish Studies.
Other Orthodox women with Ph.D.s serve in positions of congregational leadership elsewhere. Dr. Mijal Biton, for example, is not ordained but is the Rosh Kehilla, or head of the community, of The Downtown Minyan in New York.
As they offer classes and answer questions for women, female religious leaders are creating a new cadre of educated Orthodox women. Jewish philanthropies, meanwhile, are investing in women as congregational leaders in order to inspire the next generation. Together, they are formalizing new spaces for women within the Orthodox Jewish community and changing how girls in their communities see their own potential.
[Explore the intersection of faith, politics, arts and culture. Sign up for This Week in Religion.]
The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts. The Conversation is wholly responsible for the content.
The rest is here:
Orthodox Jewish women's leadership is growing and it's not all about rabbis - Middletown Press
- 3-week-old baby hospitalized with brain infection after brit gone wrong - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Why Isn't Poultry and Dairy Kosher? - Kosher - Chabad.org [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Where There's a Will There's a Why - TAPinto.net [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Why the Menorah Is the Most Enduring of All Jewish Symbols - Flux Magazine [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- What is the Book of Esther really about? - San Diego Jewish World [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- A treasure trove of LGBTQ texts from two millennia of Jewish history - The Jewish News of Northern California [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Is it Permissible to Study Mishneh Torah as a Stand-Alone Work? - Mishneh Torah In-Depth, Article 1 - Introduction to Mishneh Torah - Chabad.org [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- When King Louis IX Burned the Talmud - Aish [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- How to beat the virus? It's in the Talmud - Jewish News [Last Updated On: July 5th, 2020] [Originally Added On: July 5th, 2020]
- Words, like sticks and stones, can hurt us - The Jewish Star [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- Together, we can lift each other to a higher level - Jewish Community Voice [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- Harnessing Information - The Jewish Press - JewishPress.com [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- Psalm 23: Who Walks in the Valley of the Shadow of Death? - My Jewish Learning [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- Opinion: Why can't we learn to disagree without being disagreeable? - Spartanburg Herald Journal [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- The Wake-up Call the World Received in 5780 - Touro College News [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- Meaning of community - jewishpresstampa [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- Babylonian Talmud [Full Text] - Jewish Virtual Library [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- 21 Talmud Facts Every Jew Should Know - Talmud [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- What is the Talmud? Biblical Meaning & Definition [Last Updated On: August 26th, 2020] [Originally Added On: August 26th, 2020]
- As Israel Eases Lockdown, Fears of Another Infection Spike - Israel Today [Last Updated On: October 20th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 20th, 2020]
- It's hard to make predictions, especially about the future but it's not impossible - The Japan Times [Last Updated On: October 20th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 20th, 2020]
- Prop. 18 is vital for teens who want and deserve to vote - The Jewish News of Northern California [Last Updated On: October 20th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 20th, 2020]
- God's transformative tears | Religious Life | jewishaz.com - Jewish News of Greater Phoenix [Last Updated On: October 20th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 20th, 2020]
- Why Is the Torah Read at Shabbat Minchah? - Chabad.org [Last Updated On: October 20th, 2020] [Originally Added On: October 20th, 2020]
- At one JCC, new classes make it easy for adults with disabilities to tune in - Forward [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Yiddish professor goes viral in town hall with President Biden - Forward [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- My son, Mohammed El Halabi, is innocent of funding Hamas - opinion - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Matthew Keene: America can heal when it works to become righteous - GoErie.com [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Leadership Lessons from Shushan | Charles E. Savenor | The Blogs - The Times of Israel [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- A rabbis open letter to his haredi brethren - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Terumah: Elevating our intentions - The Jewish Standard [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- What kind of Jew are you? - comment - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Adam Grant and The Case for Nuance in Jewish Education - Jewish Journal [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Procrastination, Colors, And The IKEA Effect - The Jewish Press - JewishPress.com [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Time to shift attitude to one of belonging - Cleveland Jewish News [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Death Is Nothing to Celebrate - The Atlantic [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- CLERGY CORNER: Is there a blessing for the COVID-19 vaccine? - newportri.com [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2021]
- Haman's Sons Correlating to the Nuremberg Nazis YS - Yeshiva World News [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- YU Releases COVID-Safe Purim Programming for Beren and Wilf Students - The Commentator - The Commentator [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Rabbi Megan Doherty on the Heartbeat Bill The Oberlin Review - The Oberlin Review [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Searching Jewish wisdom for guidance on vaccination | Ohr Chadash | stljewishlight.com - St. Louis Jewish Light [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Letters to the Editor | The Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle - thejewishchronicle.net [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Jonah Sanderson Successfully Navigates His Disability, Aims to Make Jewish Community More Inclusive - Jewish Journal [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- The Jewish Education Night of Networking Yeshiva University News - Yu News [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Your Shabbat table is magic. No, really. The rabbis said so. - The Jewish News of Northern California [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Talmud on the Mind: Exploring Chazal & Practical Psychology to Lead a Better Life - The Jewish Voice [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Is it kosher to smoke weed for Purim? - Forward [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2021] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2021]
- Science and Technology: Strengthening and Sustaining the Federal Science and Technology Workforce - Government Accountability Office [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2021]
- Luokung Announces Closing on 100% Equity Interests of eMapGo Technologies - PRNewswire [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2021]
- Why is it so hard to build government technology? - MIT Technology Review [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2021]
- Experts Explore the Need for a National Technology Strategy - Nextgov [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2021]
- Digital Technology Will Eliminate Millions of Jobs But Create New Opportunities - PRNewswire [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2021]
- Home | Lyte Gaming PCs [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2021]
- Negative effects of technology: Psychological, social, and ... [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2021]
- COVID-19 in Quebec: What you need to know Thursday - CBC.ca [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Resurrecting the Reneged Deal - Modern Diplomacy [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- The imprint of Jews in Germany on the Jewish world - opinion - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Getting vaccinated was a lesson in humility and gratitude J. - The Jewish News of Northern California [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Confirmed COVID-19 variant cases jump by 179 in Quebec, including in schools - Montreal Gazette [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Six educators to receive awards from JEC of Cleveland - Cleveland Jewish News [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Join ToI Community and meet the matriarch of Orthodox feminism, Blu Greenberg - The Times of Israel [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Jewish community in Newcastle, England, shrinks, but has unexpected help - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- And Then: New Haggadah Captures Ancient and Contemporary Aspects of Passover - jewishboston.com [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- The Jewish community in Newcastle, England, is shrinking. But it's getting some unexpected help. - Jewish Telegraphic Agency [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Parashat Vayikra: I Give, Therefore I Love - My Jewish Learning [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Faith Matters: Rebalancing our culture of consumption - The Recorder [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- This rabbi has seen the future, and it sounds like Clubhouse - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- The haredi-Christian tragedy and the idol worship of Talmud Torah - The Jerusalem Post [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- Talmud - New World Encyclopedia [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- What Is the Talmud? | My Jewish Learning [Last Updated On: March 21st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 21st, 2021]
- 7 facts about Passover that will surprise and delight you - St. Louis Jewish Light [Last Updated On: March 31st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 31st, 2021]
- Arts & Culture Newsletter: Celebrating 50 years of Queen with 50 weeks' worth of free clips - The San Diego Union-Tribune [Last Updated On: March 31st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 31st, 2021]
- What I've learned teaching Jewish texts in the UAE - Jewish News of Greater Phoenix [Last Updated On: March 31st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 31st, 2021]
- Was the 'forbidden fruit' in the Garden of Eden really an apple? - Livescience.com [Last Updated On: March 31st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 31st, 2021]
- How Matzah and the Teshuvas HaRashba Saved Yidden From Hamas Terrorists - Yeshiva World News [Last Updated On: March 31st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 31st, 2021]
- To the editor | Families & Lifestyles | jewishaz.com - Jewish News of Greater Phoenix [Last Updated On: March 31st, 2021] [Originally Added On: March 31st, 2021]
- Moving from the particular to the universal: The highest calling for the Jewish People? - St. Louis Jewish Light [Last Updated On: April 2nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 2nd, 2021]
- Its hard to connect to the Torah as a trans Jew. Im trying anyway. - Forward [Last Updated On: April 2nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 2nd, 2021]
- It is hard to connect to the Torah as a trans Jew. Here's why I'm trying anyway. - JTA News - Jewish Telegraphic Agency [Last Updated On: April 2nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 2nd, 2021]
- Virtually no more Jews left in Iraq, only empty buildings | | AW - The Arab Weekly [Last Updated On: April 2nd, 2021] [Originally Added On: April 2nd, 2021]