The Billionaire Race Has Perverted What Space Exploration Should Really Be About – The Wire Science

SpaceX launches its CRS-22 mission to the International Space Station on June 3, 2021. Photo: spacex/Flickr, CC BY-NC 2.0

In 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin flew higher and orbited longer than Richard Branson and Jeff Bezos combined aboard Vostok 1, the worlds first piloted space flight. Upon his return to Earth, Gagarin became a global celebrity, traveling the world and recounting what it felt like to drift weightless and see the planet from above. For a brief moment, he transcended the boundaries of the Cold War, greeting cheering crowds in both Soviet and US-allied countries, capturing our collective fascination with the cosmos.

The Vostok mission was meticulously planned and engineered, its cosmonauts trained for years. Its successor, Soyuz 1, was a different story. The 7K-OK spacecraft had been hastily constructed, its three unmanned flight tests all ending in failure. According to one account, Gagarin helped detail over 200 structural concerns in a report urging the flight be called off. Its rumored that he even tried to take his fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarovs place piloting the doomed mission. In the end Komarovs parachute failed to deploy and he burst into flames on reentry, plummeting at 40 meters per second into Earth.

In aeronautics, the margin between triumph and tragedy is narrow. While hubris may have been Soyuz 1s fatal flaw, the pursuit of profit has similarly incentivised corner-cutting in the US space programme. NASA, once the crown jewel of the public sector, has been slowly sold off to private contractors in the neoliberal era.

Since 2020, NASA astronauts have ridden SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets into orbit, a model that has raised safety concerns among engineers and logged more failures since its debut in 2006 than the space shuttle did in 30 years. Recently, another NASA contractor, Virgin Galactic, was grounded for investigation by the Federal Aviation Administration after its pilots failed to notify the agency that its celebrated Unity flight was veering into commercial airspace.

Space exploration for the people

How can space exploration serve society?

Our first priority must be to decarbonise spaceflight. Without achieving this, the emissions that space flight generates are hardly justifiable given the state of our planet. Like the space blanket and cochlear implant, the applications of zero-carbon jet fuel would go far beyond the space program that developed it. Commercial aviation contributes an estimated 3.5% of effective radiative forcing a figure that space tourism could skyrocket.

Due to the weight of batteries and other logistical challenges, hydrogen fuel cells are considered one of the few viable pathways to decarbonising long-distance flight. While some private space corporations have begun incorporating hydrogen, the fuel production is likely emissions-intensive and the technology remains proprietary. A publicly directed moonshot research program, coupled with tight restrictions on fossil-fueled rocket launches, could greatly accelerate the implementation of green hydrogen fuel cells in aviation and other difficult-to-decarbonise sectors.

In addition to our atmosphere, we must respect the sanctity of orbital space, which we have littered with trash. The Defense Departments Space Surveillance Network currently estimates there are more than 27,000 pieces of debris orbiting Earth. Yet even as their own ships run a gauntlet of garbage, billionaires are trashing space more than ever.

While perhaps none match the vanity of the Tesla Roadster, competing commercial satellite networks like Musks Starlink and Bezos Project Kuiper actually pose a much greater collision threat and are also egregious sources of light pollution and electromagnetic interference. These redundant and dangerous monuments to the egos of oligarchs ought to be taken down from our skies along with other forms of space trash.

Rather than granting billions in subsidies to enable this pollution, governments should instead collect the taxes that corporations like SpaceX, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic have evaded and use them to create public sector careers cleaning up their mess. To the extent that it is useful, publicly sponsored infrastructure in private hands should be nationalised and made accessible to all.

The trade-offs between telecommunications infrastructure and preservation of dark skies highlight another core failure of NASAs past: the lack of a planetary internationalism. In 2013, the Bolivian Space Agency and the China National Space Administration collaboratively launched the Tpac Katari 1 satellite (TKSat 1), demonstrating how easy it could be to close the space infrastructure gap between the Global North and South.

Also read: The Story of the Grand Collective Project That Launched Yuri Gagarin Into Space

The same year that the United States proposed to desecrate a Hawaiian sacred site for a telescope, Bolivia used space technology to bring internet and cell service for the first time to millions of Andean and Amazonian citizens. Since then, TKSat 1 has boosted education and development initiatives and even helped defend Bolivian democracy by relaying the transmissions of campesinos resisting the US-backed coup government in real time.

Satellites can serve many other public interests, such as facilitating research that helps scientists monitor problems like climate change, deforestation and forced labour. While todays satellite infrastructure is used to commercialise communication and fuel mass surveillance, an international consensus to treat telecommunications and information access as public rights could instead provide free global broadband coverage with minimal infrastructure, balancing scientific advancement with our collective view of the stars.

Finally, a socialist vision for space exploration could enable us to reach our full potential to venture into the unknown. History enshrines the intrepid explorers, but the true heroes of the space age are the workers at ground control. Yuri Gagarin made it home safely because of his command crews stationed from Baikonur to Khabarovsk. Apollo 13 famously called on Houston when they had a problem. Today, many of our brightest astrophysicists and aerospace engineers are swept up by military departments and weapons manufacturers. We should use their talents for science and education instead.

Visions of hopeful futures

In his final years of reflection on our Pale Blue Dot, astronomer Carl Sagan pondered, Where are the cartographers of human purpose? Where are the visions of hopeful futures of technology as a tool for human betterment and not a gun on hair trigger pointed at our heads? Sagans legacy including the worlds first and only interstellar mission offers a glimpse of this vision.

We can choose to collaboratively probe into the depths of the cosmos, conveying collections of human knowledge, or to taxi billionaires to spend four minutes at the edge of space, indulging their fantasy of escaping the planet theyre poisoning with the very fuel propelling them. In either case, the financial, intellectual and human costs will be borne by the public.

Fortunately, if theres one thing that space exploration has taught us, its that fate isnt written in the stars. That happens down here on Earth.

This article was first published by Jacobin Magazine and has been republished here with permission.

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The Billionaire Race Has Perverted What Space Exploration Should Really Be About - The Wire Science