A 51-year-old farmer and teacher who wears a traditional Andean palm-straw hat took office as Perus president on July 28, 2021, after a bitterly contested election.
Pedro Castillo was virtually unknown in national politics when he eked out surprise victories in both the first and second rounds of the 2021 Peruvian presidential election. His right-wing opponent, Keiko Fujimori daughter of former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori disputed the result of the June 7 runoff, alleging fraud. It took six weeks to confirm Castillos win.
Castillo has never held national office, and his leftist party does not have a majority in Congress. Peru faces many struggles: Castillo will be its fifth president in as many years, and Peru has among the worlds highest COVID-19 death rates.
In an interview with The Conversation, the Peruvian historian Cecilia Mndez Gastelumendi suggests Castillos unconventional background could work to his benefit but says he has enemies, too and they are already gunning for him.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
Castillo has four identities. Together, they make him a very unusual president.
Castillo is a peasant farmer from a northern region of Peru called Cajamarca. There are very important gold mines there, but the people are impoverished. One of Castillos campaign slogans is, There shouldnt be poor people in a wealthy country.
As a candidate, he stuck to his rural identity. He did not start dressing like a city person. He likes to be portrayed with his hat and sandals, working the land.
Castillos second identity is as a primary school teacher. That is an important role in poor parts of Peru, because they dont have enough schools or teachers. He is also a union organizer. In 2017, he led a major national teachers strike.
Finally, Castillo is associated with the ronderos peasant patrollers. Peasant patrols, or rondas, were established in Cajamarca in the 1970s to defend against cattle-rustling and by the 1980s most rural areas of Peru had them to protect communities from the Shining Paths Marxist insurgency.
This background makes Castillo very representative of certain sectors of Peru that have not been recognized in its political system.
Thats just the view from Lima. He is not an outsider where he comes from.
Castillo was a longtime, hardcore member of a center-right political party called Per Posible. To run for president, Castillo left Per Posible because it dissolved after becoming associated with the corruption of former president Alejandro Toledo.
He registered to run with a Marxist-Leninist party called Per Libre, though he has no real relationship with the party or its radical history. It was a strategic alliance.
In the first stage of the race, when Castillo seemed to have no chance at all to win the presidency, he campaigned as both a leftist and a conservative.
For example, his campaign slogan No poor people in a wealthy country targeted inequality, and he promised to push for a new Constitution to replace Perus Fujimori dictatorship-era Constitution. That is a leftist priority. He talked a lot about el pueblo the people and how education and health care should be a right in Peru, not a business. You know COVID-19 hit Peru terribly.
But Castillo was revealed on video saying anti-LGBTQ things, and he openly opposed gay marriage and abortion. He mentioned foreigners coming to steal from Peruvians presumably referring to Venezuelans. There are 1 million Venezuelan migrants in Peru, and its very popular to appeal to anti-Venezuelan feelings.
He is also a religious person. He is Catholic, married to an evangelical.
So Castillo is not a liberal hes a leftist with a social agenda.
Early in the presidential race, that was the case. And many people on the left didnt vote for Castillo in the first round of the election, because of his conservative side. There is a liberal left in Peru, which supports gay rights and abortion.
Castillo moderated before the second-round election. He had to, if he wanted to win.
When he made it to the presidential runoff, the mainstream left had to choose between Castillo and Keiko Fujimori, who has been accused of money laundering. The liberal left got behind Castillo with some conditions. He had to adapt, and of late he has shown himself to be more open on gender issues.
Castillo cannot impose a radical program. His party does not have the majority in Congress. So he has had to make alliances. He has just assembled a coalition of parties from the center and the liberal left, plus the radical left of his party. Even so, he doesnt have a majority of votes in Congress.
Still, he is feared in Lima. Castillo is the first president in Perus modern history without any connection with professional elites, military elites or economic elites. These groups are used to having influence over politics to making phone calls to convince the president of this or that. They fear they cant do that with Castillo.
And right now, he has a 53% approval rate. So he has that going for him.
That depends on many factors, but perhaps two are most important.
First, internal tensions. Castillos partys discourse is far more radical than his. Its leaders are inspired by Cuba and revolutionary regimes some of them authoritarian, not democratic. They will push Castillo toward more rigid positions. He has to reconcile this with the more centrist legislators who have become his congressional allies now.
The other problem is Castillos enemies on the right. As the campaign showed, they are dead set against him. Right-wing media outlets portrayed him as a communist who would steal peoples business and savings, like what happened in Cuba or Venezuela, and implied that he will bring Peru into chaos and poverty.
He won anyway. He won narrowly, by 44,000 votes, but he won.
Now the right will almost surely try to remove him from office.
There is a vague 19th-century clause in the Peruvian Constitution that says the presidency can be vacated for moral and physical incapacity. In recent years, politicians like Keiko Fujimori and her allies have been using this clause to impeach any president they dont like. Thats why Peru had four presidents in five years even before Castillo.
The past five years have shown that the reason for vacating the office doesnt matter. To remove a president in Peru, you just need the votes in Congress.
Editors note: Because this story was mistakenly published prematurely, it has been updated to more accurately convey Castillos changing stance on LGBTQ rights, the ideology of his party and the criminal investigation into Keiko Fujimori. The headline was also changed.
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Peru has a new president, its fifth in five years who is Pedro Castillo? - The Conversation US
