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Ed Dwight told himself the same story for decades: It didnt matter that he never made it into space.

Dwight was the first Black man selected for an American astronaut-training program in 1962. He had spent years at Edwards Air Force Base in California doing zero-gravity training, running test planes and manning experiments that help set the foundation for U.S. space travel. Despite the rigorous training, Dwight was never selected for a NASA mission.

Just like every other Black kid, you dont get something and you convince yourself it wasnt that important anyway, Charles Bolden Jr., a former NASA administrator and Dwights friend, told The Washington Post.

Then, last week, Dwight broke another barrier when, at 90, he became the oldest person to travel into space. When he finally saw the view from 62 miles above Earth from a Blue Origin vessel, the atmosphere ended and his achievement began. Back on solid ground, friends said he spoke about how much it mattered to finally enter the cosmos.

When Dwight was first offered a seat on the May 19 flight, he thought about declining the offer. (Blue Origin was founded by Jeff Bezos, who owns The Washington Post.)

Im a really busy guy, said Dwight, who became an accomplished sculptor after his astronaut training. It didnt make a lot of difference to me at the time.

A group of current and former Black astronauts including Bolden, NASAs Victor J. Glover Jr. and Leland D. Melvin helped change his mind. Dwight had trained for years to go to space he should finish what he started, he recalled his friends saying.

Bolden remembers Dwight telling them how he had lied to himself for all these years about how it didnt matter. Having lunch with one of the astronauts the day before the launch, Bolden said Dwight admitted it: Theres this hole in me. I didnt realize it was there because I had convinced myself it was okay.

Dwight didnt spend time as a child in Kansas City, Kan., dreaming about becoming an astronaut. In part, because no human had ever been one.

Dwight was an Air Force pilot when his commander in chief called upon him.

As Dwight describes it: President John F. Kennedy was looking to garner more Black votes when civil rights leader Whitney Young realized the nations military academies were graduating talented Black engineers who wouldnt be accepted into graduate school.

The solution was to train a Black astronaut.

The White House began searching for a Black pilot with all of the qualifications. It landed on Ed Dwight.

I had to be talked into it, he said. I wasnt interested. I had a great military career going.

NASA was three years old at the time, and nobody knew anything about space, Dwight said. His mother, Georgia Dwight, talked him into it.

Dwights acceptance to the space program was headline news in the Black press. Jet magazine interviewed his mother, who recalled what her son said when he learned he would be an astronaut trainee: Mother, I may be the first man on the moon.

He entered the program as a pilot with 2,000 hours of airtime and an aeronautical engineering degree from Arizona State University.

As he expected, Dwight quickly met resistance.

There were forces of darkness that didnt want this to happen because they thought it would spoil the sacred nature of the space-exploration effort, he said. It could have hurt NASA quite badly.

Dwight said NASA wanted no part of sending a Black man to space, so the Air Force created the Manned Orbiting Laboratory run by Col. Charles E. Chuck Yeager.

He entered the program to an icy reception from his fellow pilots. Dwight was the White Houses special pick, and none of them were talking on the phone every day or two to Robert F. Kennedy, the U.S. attorney general.

And then there was Yeager. The first person to go faster than the speed of sound was also quick to let Dwight know how he felt in weekly meetings.

Dwight remembers Yeager often pulling from his jacket a piece of paper with names listed: I got 150 White boys here that are more competent than you, Dwight remembers him saying. Yeager also implored Dwight to give up your spot to one of these deserving White boys.

In 2019, Yeager denied the racism but agreed that he did not think Dwight should have been in the program.

Isnt it great that Ed Dwight found his true calling and became an accomplished sculptor? Yeager told the New York Times in an email. Yeager died in December 2020.

Dwight remained in the program, protected by the Oval Office until Nov. 22, 1963 the day President Kennedy was assassinated.

Dwight recalls the mood shifting immediately: The president is gone, now we can get rid of Dwight.

Three days after the assassination, Dwight received orders shipping him to Germany to be the United States liaison to its space program. Germany did not have a space program at the time.

Dwight said he flew to Washington, where Bobby Kennedy cooled him down.

When Dwight returned to Edwards Air Force Base in California, he had orders sending him to help Canadas nonexistent space program. The Canadian space agency was created in 1989.

Many of the men in his graduating class went to space, including David Scott.

The U.S. government spent nearly a quarter-million dollars to train Dwight, according to a June 1965 story in Ebony magazine. The piece showed how Dwight had been sent out to pasture, the 31-year-old pilot testing bomber instrumentations in Ohio because NASA didnt want him.

The magazine also mentioned a 15-page report that Dwight submitted to the Air Force detailing the racial discrimination he faced.

One of the reported instances was a meeting with a high-ranking officer, who said: Who got you into this school? Was it the NAACP, or are you some kind of Black Muslim out here to make trouble? Why in the hell would a colored guy want to go into space anyway? As far as Im concerned therell never be one to do it. And if it was left to me, you guys wouldnt even get a chance to wear an Air Force Uniform. (A 2013 book claimed that Yeager was the officer.)

Dwight resigned from the program in 1966.

Dwight moved to Denver, started sculpting and began telling himself he didnt need to go to space.

He became a prolific sculptor, with works commissioned by federal and state agencies for national parks and statehouses, depicting Black heroes such as Frederick Douglass and A. Philip Randolph. Many of his pieces center on space, showing shuttles shooting skyward.

Bolden, the former NASA administrator, said he met Dwight in 1980. He remembered being a high school kid in Columbia, S.C., reading Ebony and Jet stories about Dwight and beaming with pride that a fellow Black person was preparing for space.

In 1986, when Bolden was on his first shuttle mission, Dwight gave him a bronze and silver sculpture of a T-38 training plane shooting toward the stars.

Congress confirmed the recommendation for Bolden to lead NASA in July 2009. In his Senate nomination speech, Bolden described Dwight as a trailblazer in an attempt to break the color barrier in Americas astronaut program.

Bolden said two other Black astronauts, Bernard A. Harris Jr. and Melvin, helped get Dwight to space.

Bolden said Harris and others convinced Blue Origin Senior Vice President Michael Edmonds how special it would be to let Dwight finish his mission.

Bolden was there with three other Black astronauts to see Dwight leave this planet. One of them was Glover.

While he was off the planet, I was weeping. It was tears of joy and resolution, Glover, whose plans include going to the moon for NASA, told The Post.

Glover said he met Dwight in 2007 during an award presentation. Glover said he remembers thinking how nice it was to receive the sculpture of two fighter jets from the sculptor himself. Only later did Glover learn Dwights identity and story.

I was in the presence of greatness and didnt even know it, Glover said.

The two stayed in touch. During his 168 days aboard the International Space Station, Glover kept a public service medal that Dwight received from Space Force.

Glover has been amazed that Dwight isnt bitter and that he can joke about the situation.

Sixty years he sat with this and navigated it with dignity and grace and class, and that is impactful to me, Glover said.

Dwight said space was just like he thought it would be. He was curious about liftoff. The weightlessness was nothing new to him because, as a military astronaut, he had floated plenty of times. What he most wanted was the view.

It was fantastic, and Im glad I did it, he said.

Blue Origin honored the man, said Bolden, by naming Dwights seat after his call sign: Justice.

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Ed Dwight finally goes to space on Blue Origin as 1st U.S. Black astronaut - The Washington Post

Japanese researchers have developed the worlds first wooden satellite, named LignoSat. This innovative spacecraft is set to launch aboard a SpaceX rocket in September 2024. It is expected to mark a significant step toward reducing space debris and minimizing environmental impact. According to the engineers behind the project, wood will burn completely when the device re-enters the atmosphere. This will prevent the formation of metallic particles upon its return to Earth.

Space debris, also known as space junk, poses a significant threat to satellites and spacecraft. Currently, more than 27,000 tracked pieces of debris orbit Earth at speeds of approximately 15,700 mph in low Earth orbit. The risk of collision with this debris is a pressing concern for the space industry.

To address this issue, Japanese researchers from Kyoto University and the forestry company Sumitomo Forestry came up with a wooden satellite that promises a fiery end upon re-entry, ensuring minimal debris and a greener future for space exploration

LignoSat is a cube that measures 10 centimeters on each side. Unlike traditional satellites made of metal and other materials, LignoSat is manufactured entirely from magnolia wood. The choice of wood material serves a crucial purpose: upon re-entry into Earths atmosphere, the satellite is expected to burn completely, avoiding the creation of additional metallic particles.

During a press conference earlier this week, Takao Doi, an astronaut and special professor at Kyoto University, emphasized the importance of favoring non-metallic satellite construction. As space agencies worldwide grapple with the growing problem of space debris, innovative solutions like LignoSat offer hope for a cleaner orbital environment.

Next week, developers will hand over LignoSat to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). From there, it will hitch a ride aboard a SpaceX rocket. Destination: the International Space Station (ISS). The satellite will be released from the Japanese experimental module on the ISS, allowing scientists to assess its resilience and durability in space.

Data collected during its mission will help researchers evaluate LignoSats performance under extreme temperature changes and stress. Scientists aim to gain insights into sustainable satellite design and contribute to cleaner space exploration by studying this wooden wonder.

It is not the first time Japanese stakeholders have looked at ways to minimize space junk. For example, Japanese space technology company Astroscale is collaborating with Ansys Government Initiatives (AGI) on the ELSA project (The End-of-Life Services by Astroscale). This project aims to improve situational awareness, enable life extension and other on-orbit servicing, and offer end-of-life options with active debris removal.

ClearSpace is another initiative worth mentioning. This Swiss start-up plans to grab abandoned satellites using a giant claw and fling them back to Earth. Upon re-entry, these satellites will burn up in the atmosphere, reducing the risk of space junk.

While LignoSat and the two other initiatives mentioned represent a significant leap forward, its essential to recognize that all satellite launches remain a major pollution source. Nevertheless, Japans commitment to innovation and environmental responsibility sets a positive example for the global space community.

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Japans Wooden Satellite to Combat Space Debris - DirectIndustry e-Magazine

The new Ariane 6 rocket will close a dark chapter in European space history when the region had no workhorse launcher and no independent access to space.

What's Ariane 6 like? What's new about it? What space adventures await?

Euronews' Marta Rodrguez Martnez and David Walsh travel to the European space station in Kourou, French Guiana, to learn all about it.

The last Ariane 5 rocket completed its final mission on July 5, 2023, after 27 years in service. The development of its successor Ariane 6 began almost a decade ago.

"During those nine years in which we developed Ariane 6, we introduced changes with a prime contractor and the industrialist to better serve evolving needs," explains Luca Linares, the European Space Agency's Head of Strategy and Institutional Launches.

"That's the life of a means of transport to space or on Earth".

So, how different is Ariane 6 from its predecessor?

Versatility is the key attribute emphasised by officials in Kourou. Ariane 6 needs to be highly adaptable to compete in a market disrupted by Elon Musks company SpaceX.

SpaceX's reusable rockets represent a major milestone in the space industry, making space travel more accessible and efficient by reducing costs.

"We can fly with three recognisable engines in three different missions. We have special equipment on board, the so-called APU (Auxiliary Power Unit), that helps us reignite the engine and bring our customers to completely different points in space and deliver them there," says Jens Franzeck, Chief Operating Officer and Managing Director of ArianeGroup.

"This is a huge difference. The missions will be longer, more versatile, and sometimes more complex. And this is where we want to go".

Ariane 6 can also operate with two or four boosters, depending on the thrust, orbit, and payload of the mission in question. Each booster, developed to flank the core, weighs 153 tons.

"Moving from Ariane 4 to Ariane 5 was a significant step because Ariane 4 used storable propellants, while Ariane 5 used liquid hydrogen and oxygen. This made the launch base for Ariane 5 completely different from that of Ariane 4, which caused many difficulties," says Jean-Michel Rizzi, Ariane 6 Launch Base Manager at ESA.

"However, the processes for Ariane 6 are almost identical to those of Ariane 5," he said.

Up to thirteen European countries, led by France, have collaborated on the development of Ariane 6.

Italian aerospace companies have provided propulsion systems. Belgium's science policy office, BELSPO, and Belgian companies have contributed their expertise in areas such as telecommunications and satellite technology.

Spanish companies have been involved in structural components and ground support equipment.

Swiss companies have contributed precision engineering and components to the Ariane 6 programme, particularly in areas such as guidance and navigation systems.

Dutch companies have provided expertise in areas such as avionics and payload integration for Ariane 6 missions.

The year 2024 is poised to be a landmark in the history of space exploration, with Ariane 6 joining an elite class of powerful rockets preparing to leave Earth.

On March 6, NASA successfully completed the sixth of 12 scheduled RS-25 engine certification tests for the Space Launch System (SLS), a pivotal component of the Artemis programme.

This launcher is central to NASA's ambitions to return humans to the Moon and eventually conduct crewed missions to Mars.

Meanwhile, Elon Musk's SpaceX also has its sights set on lunar exploration. The company plans to conduct the fourth flight test of its Starship mega-rocket in June.

This colossal rocket is essential for SpaceXs goal to send both equipment and humans to the Moon and, ultimately, to Mars, reinforcing its vision of making humanity a multi-planetary species.

Journalist Marta Rodriguez Martinez

Additional sources Jeremy Wilks

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Europe's space sector to soon welcome Ariane 6: 'The missions will be longer and more versatile' - Euronews

South Korea, which recently created its own space agency like NASA, is serious about becoming one of the leading space powers. Already in 2032, the country plans to land its probe on the Moon, and an automatic mission to Mars is planned for 2045.

In 2045, the Korean probe is scheduled to make a soft landing on Mars. This statement was made on Thursday, June 30 by the countrys President Yoon Suk Yeol. According to him, the government plans to spend $70 billion on space exploration in the coming years.

All this is being done in order to make South Korea a leading space power that could compete with China, India and Japan. This should be facilitated by the recently created Korea Aerospace Administration (KASA), modeled after NASA. It will be headed by John Lee, who has worked for 30 years in the relevant structures of the United States.

In general, the Korean president is highly counting on rapid space exploration. After all, according to him, there is a dream beyond the Earth. In order to achieve it next year, the KASA budget will almost double and amount to 1.1 billion dollars.

South Korea plans to develop its space science gradually. It intends to start with the fact that in 2025 it will launch its new Nuri rocket again. It became a real sensation when last year, on the third attempt, it was able to put a satellite into orbit.

Further plans are related to the Moon. South Korea already sent the Danuri spacecraft there in 2022. However, its further steps in this direction will be related to the planned return of American astronauts to the Earths moon in 2026.

Regardless, in 2032, KASA will try to land its own probe on the moon. Next, the Koreans plan to actively involve the private sector in missions, and in 2045 it will finally be Mars turn.

According to phys.org

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South Korea will fly to Mars in 2045 - The Universe. Space. Tech

Starting with the Space Race of the 20th century, humans have embarked on a journey through time and space with some of the most pioneering and life-changing space missions.

As we stand on the cusp of another age of space exploration with the upcoming Artemis missions and other space observatories set to go online this year, here are 15 space missions that not only set the groundwork for the future, but also ignite our curiosity about the universe we inhabit.

(Credit: NASA/Asif A. Siddiqi

Sputnik 1 was the first successful artificial satellite placed in low-Earth orbit in 1957. While in orbit, Sputnik 1 gathered data on the upper layers of Earth's atmosphere. During its mission, the satellite completed 1400 orbits around Earth.

In 1958, the United States launched its first successful satellite, Explorer 1. It launched on January 31, 1958 and marked the beginning of the U.S. Space Age. The satellite was launched as a response to the launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 satellite.

Explorer 1 found evidence of radiation belts around Earth with its cosmic ray detector. Another satellite confirmed the find a few months later.

Eleven years after the launch of the Explorer 1 satellite, the U.S. launched the Apollo 11 mission on July 16, 1969. It was the first crewed mission to land on the Lunar surface.

On July 24, 1969, the Apollo 11 mission successfully landed on the Moon. On that mission, Neil Armstrong became the first person to step on the Moon and said the famous line, "That's one step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin was the second to step on the Moon. Michael Collins did not get to step on the Moon but was on the command module as the pilot orbiting the Moon. While there, the astronauts placed an American flag on the surface and collected lunar rocks and core samples that were later returned to Earth.

In 1971, the Soviet Union launched the World's first space station, Salyut, meaning salute in Russian, into space. The space station, which weighed 20 metric tons and had one docking port, was designed to function for only six months.

Salyut 1 and its other six renditions (seven in total) informed engineers for the next-generation module called Mir. Mir served as the space station while the International Space Station was built.

Between 1973 and 1974, NASA operated the first space station for the U.S., Skylab. In it, hundreds of experiments were carried out, including experiments on how humans adapt to zero gravity.

Skylab also housed an observatory and a workshop. Skylab hosted three crewed missions and was occupied with astronauts for 171 days. The space station's main objective was to show that humans could live in space for long periods.

Between 1984 and 1993, the International Space Station (ISS) was designed with international partners like Canada, Japan, and Europe. Russia later joined the partnership in 1993.

After its construction, parts of the ISS were launched into space in 1998. The space station serves as a site of international collaboration and experiments designed to improve life on Earth for everyone who inhabits it, according to NASA.

The ISS has advanced knowledge in biology, material and physical sciences, human physiology, and more. Currently, the ISS is expected to be an outpost and working laboratory until at least 2030.

Discovery in 2010 (Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls)

NASA's space shuttle missions first launched in 1981, with its last mission bringing a close to the program in 2011. In total, the space shuttles flew 135 missions and aided in constructing the ISS.

In its three-decade stint, the fleet consisted of orbiters, Columbia, Challenger, Discover, Atlantis, Endeavour, and Enterprise, which was never flown in space. The orbiters were the first reusable spacecraft that launched into space like a rocket, moved in low-Earth orbit like a spacecraft, and landed back on Earth like an airplane on a runway, according to NASA.

After its launch in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope gave us a new view and understanding of the universe. The telescope captured images from galaxies far away.

Aside from taking mesmerizing images of galaxies and nebulas, the Hubble Space Telescope aided astrophysicists in understanding atmospheric compositions of planets orbiting other stars and finding dark energy.

Hubble Deep Field from 1995 (Credit: NASA, Robert Williams, and the Hubble Deep Field Team (STScI))

The telescope captured all these discoveries using ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths. The Hubble Space Telescope has logged 1.5 million observations, and over 20,000 scientific papers have been published on these discoveries.

One of Hubble's most famous images is the Hubble Deep Field. With this image alone, astrophysicists could peer back in time and look at multiple galaxies in different stages of evolution since the Big Bang 13.5 billion years ago. The photo was taken in 1995 over 10 days in December.

Supernova remnant SNR 1181 as imaged by the Chandra X-ray observatory (Credit: X-ray: (Chandra) NASA/CXC/U. Manitoba/C. Treturik, (XMM-Newton) ESA/C. Treturik; Optical: (Pan-STARRS) NOIRLab/MDM/Dartmouth/R. Fesen; Infrared: (WISE) NASA/JPL/Caltech/; Image Processing: Univ. of Manitoba/Gilles Ferrand and Jayanne English)

The Chandra X-ray Observatory launched in 1999 and has been taking X-ray images of our universe since then. It has captured the glowing structures around galaxies and nebulas.

With Chandra, its X-rays images allow astrophysicists to understand the universe's structure. The X-rays are caused by matter heating to millions of degrees and are found in places with high magnetic fields or extreme gravitational forces.

An artistic illustration of the Parker Solar Probe (Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL/Steve Gribben)

The Parker Solar Probe, launched in 2018, was the first spacecraft to fly through the Sun's corona in 2021. Its main mission was to study the solar wind and its evolution.

During its seven-year mission, the probe will orbit 24 times around the Sun and come as close as 4 million miles from the Sun's surface. With this mission, experts may learn more about space weather, the sources of solar particles, and differences between the Sun's corona and its surface.

The Perseverance Rover (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)

Since the late 1990s, NASA has sent five rovers to Mars. The fleet of rovers has captured images of the Martian surface and mapped out its features.

The rovers are Sojourner, which landed on Mars in 1997; Spirit and Opportunity, which landed in 2004; Curiosity, which landed in 2012; and Perseverance, which landed in 2021. Together, these rovers have gathered evidence of water on Mars and looked for signs of life on the Red Planet.

The Carina Nebula taken by the JWST. (Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI)

Launched in December 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was designed as the next space observatory like the Hubble Space Telescope to capture more data on the universe's evolution.

It's capable of seeing further than Hubble and will capture data about how the planets, stars, and the first galaxies formed.

To date, it has already provided clearer images of galaxies, and nebulas with its 18 hexagon-shaped mirrors, and four high-tech imaging instruments. JWST has also observed one of the farthest and youngest galaxies we have ever observed, GN-z11, and supermassive black holes that date to the early universe.

The European Space Agency set off to find planets, explore the universe's secrets, and study dark matter and energy to see why it looks as it does today with the Euclid Spacecraft.

Euclid's image of the galaxy cluster, Abell 2390. (Credit: ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA, image processing by J.-C. Cuillandre (CEA Paris-Saclay), G. Anselmi)

Launched on July 1, 2023, the Euclid spacecraft will map out the scale of the universe. New images of the universe were recently released on May 23, 2024.

(Credit: Noir Lab, Hernan Stockebrand)

When the Vera C. Rubin Observatory goes online later this year, it will use the largest digital camera ever built to understand dark matter and energy. The camera measures 5.5 feet and will take images at 3.2 gigapixels.

The giant telescope, with its 8.4-meter primary mirror and digital camera, will map out the Milky Way galaxy and the planets in our Solar System and track objects called 'transients' that move across the sky.

In about 4 nights, the telescope would have imaged the entire night sky. Each image the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will take will have a resolution of 3200 megapixels. In its 10-year survey, the observatory is expected to take 5.5 million images and detect 38 billion objects.

NASA's Artemis program is set on further exploring the Moon and bringing humans back to it. The missions on the Moon will serve as data to further prepare humans for more extended space missions, such as those to Mars. By 2026, NASA plans to launch the first crew, Artemis III, to land on the lunar surface to explore the Moon's South Pole.

Read More: Here Are 4 Reasons Why We Are Still Going to the Moon

Our writers at Discovermagazine.com use peer-reviewed studies and high-quality sources for our articles, and our editors review for scientific accuracy and editorial standards. Review the sources used below for this article:

Elizabeth Gamillo is a staff writer for Discover and Astronomy. She has written for Science magazine as their 2018 AAAS Diverse Voices in Science Journalism Intern and was a daily contributor for Smithsonian. She is a graduate student in MIT's Graduate Program in Science Writing.

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15 of the Most Life-Changing Spacecraft and Missions That Fueled Our Curiosity - DISCOVER Magazine

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Last month, China's Tiangong space station became home to four zebrafish, who are reportedly thriving in the microgravity environment of their space aquarium. Astronauts on board have observed the fish exhibiting unusual directional behavior, including inverted swimming and rotary movement. A video by China National Space Administration shows zebrafish swimming aimlessly inside a glass cube. "Like astronauts, zebrafish need to pass through rounds of selection to become 'aquastronauts,'" said Wang Gaohong, a hydrobiology researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The observed aquatic anomalies serve a scientific purpose. Researchers aim to study the effects of microgravity on vertebrates like zebrafish by monitoring their behavior, growth, and development. This will be achieved by analyzing water samples and fish eggs during the experiment. The data collected could offer insights into how space and cosmic radiation impact larger vertebrates such as humans, potentially guiding future space exploration efforts.

This isn't the first instance of fish being kept in space. In 1973, NASA sent two mummichog fish and 50 fish eggs to their Skylab space station. These pioneering piscines swam in elongated loops due to their inability to discern up from down in zero gravity. They eventually oriented their backs to the lights inside Skylab as a means of navigation, providing an early glimpse into aquatic behavior in microgravity environments.

Like humans, fish also experience bone density loss in space. This was discovered by Japanese scientists who sent zebrafish and medaka to the International Space Station in 2012. Therefore, further studies on fish behavior in near-weightless environments could significantly enhance our understanding of the impact of space travel on human health. These findings underline the importance of ongoing research into how living organisms adapt to life beyond Earth's atmosphere.

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Zebrafish flourish in China's space station amid unusual behavior - NewsBytes