Monthly Archives: March 2024

The People Behind Webb | Webb – WebbTelescope.org

Posted: March 16, 2024 at 10:13 am

Senior Project Scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Webb has exceeded every one of our expectations. For example, Webb observed galaxies that existed in the early universe in just a couple of hours. We knew Webb was going to do that, but we didnt project it could between lunch and dinner! Researchers are gleeful. They come up to me, jamming a cell phone into my face with a with data from Webb on it, exclaiming, Look at this! How are the data this good? This is only possible because Webb is supported by hundreds of people in a wide range of roles. Teamwork helped us build, test, and commission Webband continues to keep it operating around the clock.

Science has always been collaborative, but its easier to see now. We all have a place in astronomy and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. No matter what your passion is, go for it. Dont let anyone tell you that you cant. When youre puzzling through problem sets with other students, that's good practiceyoull work with teams throughout your career.

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Oceania Cruises unveils 2026 around the world voyage on Vista – TTG Asia

Posted: at 10:12 am

Oceania Cruises welcomes guests on board its newest ship,Vista, for its inaugural 180-day 2026 Around the World voyage, which will visit 101 ports across 43 countries. Booking officially open on March 13.

The 2026 Around the World journey comprises a line-up of destinations, attractions and encounters. Starting with a sweeping six-week exploration of South America, fully charting the continents western coast before continuing to Mexico and California,Vistawill then island-hop in the South Pacific and call on unique Australian ports such as the Whitsunday Islands. Travelling after that to South-east Asia and across India, the ship will also call at coastal villages and iconic cities throughout the Mediterranean, British Isles and Nordic region before crossing back over to the US.

This epic voyage features over 80 UNESCO World Heritage sites across 101 destinations, with 11 overnight stays and a series of curated complimentary special onshore events and optional multi-day overland programmes.

Starting at US$59,699 per person, the 180-day world cruise boasts an array of included amenities such as free laundry services, free Internet, free pre-paid gratuities and a free US$1,000 Shipboard Credit per stateroom, as well as inclusive simply MORE amenities including a shore excursion credit of US$8,800 per stateroom and a comprehensive beverage package available during lunch and dinner.

In addition toVistas Around the World in 180 days cruise, Oceania Cruises is offering Global Wanderlust, a 120-day voyage from San Diego to Miami, as well as World Odyssey, a 197-day cruise from Los Angeles to Miami.

For more information, visit Oceania Cruises.

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Sea Control 501 Multilateral Approaches to Maritime Security in Oceania with Zach Ota | Center for International … – CIMSEC

Posted: at 10:12 am

By Jared Samuelson

Zach Ota comes aboard to discuss maritime security approaches in Oceania. Zach is a Marine Corps infantry officer and a Southeast Asia Regional Affairs Officer.

Download Sea Control 501 Multilateral Approaches to Maritime Security in Oceania with Zach Ota

Links

1.21st Century as the Pacific Century Culture and Security of Oceania States in Great Power Competition, edited by Joanna Siekiera, University of Warsaw Press, 2023.

2.Sea Control 255 Littoral Access Companies with Zach Ota,CIMSEC, June 3, 2021.

3.Sea Control 304 -France in the Pacific,CIMSEC, December 23, 2021.

4.Sea Control 333 CRIMARIO: France, the EU and the Indo-Pacific,CIMSEC, April 3, 2022.

5.Island Soldier.

Jared Samuelson is Co-Host and Executive Producer of the Sea Control podcast. Contact him at Seacontrol@cimsec.org.

This episode was edited and produced by Addison Pellerano.

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Sea Control 501 Multilateral Approaches to Maritime Security in Oceania with Zach Ota | Center for International ... - CIMSEC

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Days of our Lives’ Suzanne Rogers on the Evolution of Maggie: "She Knows Who She Is Now, and She’s Not Relying … – Michael Fairman TV

Posted: March 14, 2024 at 12:15 am

The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (NATAS) revealed on Tuesday, that the 51st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards will be broadcast live on Friday night, June 7th (8 10 PM, ET/delayed PT) on the CBS Television Network, and available to stream live and on-demand on Paramount+*.

This year will mark the 18th time CBS has broadcast the Daytime Emmy Awards, which is more than any other network.

The 2024 Daytime Emmys will take place at the Westin Bonaventure in downtown Los Angeles. Back in December of 2023, the delayed 50th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards were also held at that venue. The June 7th date for the upcoming ceremony will be the first time in several years that the event is scheduled a few weeks earlier than normal; excluding last years revised date to the actors and writers strikes.

Photo: NATAS

Lifetime Achievement honoree, nominations, host, and additional information will be announced in the coming weeks.

In a statement, Adam Sharp, President and CEO of NATAS noted, We eagerly anticipate our return in June as we once again partner with CBS to recognize the exceptional and talented individuals who make daytime television great. Were thrilled to kick off our second half-century of the Daytime Emmys.

The Daytime Emmy Awards have recognized outstanding achievement in television programming and crafts since 1974, honoring work in a variety of categories, including daytime dramas, talk shows, instructional programming, hosting, culinary, and legal/courtroom programs. In 2021, NATAS and the Television Academy jointly announced plans to realign the Daytime and Primetime Emmy Awards to be organized by content genre, as opposed to program airtime.

Photo: JPI

The 51st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards will once again be produced by NATAS and Associated Television International (ATI), which produced Daytime Emmy Award ceremonies on The CW in 2009 and on CBS in 2010, 2011, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. Adam Sharp and Lisa Armstrong are executive producers from NATAS, while David McKenzie is executive producer from ATI.

So, glad to know that the 51st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards honoring performance and shows in the 2023 calendar year, will be held in early June this year, and once again broadcast on CBS? Comment below.

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Days of our Lives' Suzanne Rogers on the Evolution of Maggie: "She Knows Who She Is Now, and She's Not Relying ... - Michael Fairman TV

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Kylie Jenner Talks About Her Style Evolution – The Cut

Posted: at 12:15 am

Kylie Jenner has not seen your comments about her style evolution at least thats what shes saying on the record. The reality star was profiled in the New York Times on Thursday, in a story pegged to her new business ventures, which include canned vodka sodas and a perfume. Jenner was down to talk about the way her style has changed, but shut down speculation that it has anything to do with boyfriend Timothe Chalamet.

I dont have this thick mane down to my butt, I dont have lash extensions, I dont have these long claws, Jenner said, noting that she is stripping down a little bit. She later added: It takes me a while after I have a baby to feel like myself again, referring to the birth of her son, Aire, in 2022. Then you get your body back, and youre like, Wait, the trends have changed.

Specifically, the trends were talking about today are the cottagecore-Den-puffy-sleeve vibes she brought on vacation last summer, documented via Instagram. At the time, there was speculation that Chalamet was the impetus behind Jenners Reformation era. When asked if she had seen those comments, Jenner said she hadnt.

I dont know how I feel about that, the makeup mogul said. I just dont want to talk about personal things. Jenner also told writer Jessica Testa that she only reads comments that are related to her businesses.

Well, damn. One day youre making out at the Golden Globes for everyone to see, the next you dont want to tell the paper of record whether or not that same guy likes it when you wear a maxi dress. RIP to those few months where we were getting a steady stream of details about the couple. Now, we dont even know if Jenner has seen Dune: Part Two yet. Did she like it? Did she get a popcorn bucket?

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Equator Coffees Unveils New Packaging Design, Reflecting Brand Evolution & Vision For The Future – Sprudge

Posted: at 12:15 am

San Rafael, CA | March 8, 2024 Equator Coffees is proud to announce the launch of its new packaging design, marking a significant step in the brands evolution as it approaches its 30th year milestone in 2025. The redesigned packaging not only pays homage to Equators rich legacy but also sets the stage for a future filled with optimism, action, and a renewed commitment to excellence.

The core packaging design embodies Equators key elements, featuring the iconic bold red, stark black, and sharp lines that have become synonymous with the brand. Central to the new design is the addition of sun rays emanating from the center, symbolizing Equators sense of optimism and forward momentum. Just like the tiger marching left, Equator Coffees is forging ahead, open to new possibilities and inviting customers to join the journey.

We wanted our new packaging to not only reflect our brands heritage but also convey our vision for the future, said Shelby Colley, Head of Marketing at Equator Coffees. The introduction of sun rays signifies our commitment to growth, innovation, and embracing what lies ahead as we enter our third decade and beyond.

In addition to the visual updates, Equator Coffees has introduced a new color system and label structure to provide customers with more information about each coffee variety. Inspired by the structure of a ledger, the redesigned labels utilize color to differentiate between blends, single origins, espressos, decafs, and selections from the Chefs Collection. Roast profiles and detailed variety and processing method information have also been added, catering to both seasoned coffee enthusiasts and newcomers alike.

The redesign was done in partnership with designer Swasti Mittal, whose respect for Equator Coffees legacy and keen eye for detail helped shape the new packaging to align with the brands future direction.

We are thrilled to have partnered with Swasti on this journey, added Colley. Her creativity and attention to detail were instrumental in bringing our vision to life, and we couldnt be happier with the result.

Equator Coffees new packaging design is now available across its product range, inviting customers to explore the world of exceptional coffees while embracing the brands legacy of quality and innovation.

For more information about Equator Coffees and its new packaging design, please visit equatorcoffees.com or follow us on @equatorcoffees.

About Equator Coffees In 1995, Equator Founders Helen Russell and Brooke McDonnell began their values-driven path, roasting coffee in a Marin County, CA garage. Possessing an obsessive commitment to green coffee sourcing and unparalleled roasting expertise, Helen and Brooke have committed 29 years to sustainable and fair trade coffee practices all in the name of creating a remarkable coffee experience for consumers. Today, Equator Coffees is a retail and wholesale coffee roaster and coffee farm owner with eleven retail cafes throughout Californiafrom Marin County to San Francisco to Oakland and beyond. Throughout the years, Equator Coffees has spearheaded industry-leading sourcing and roasting practices, and has forged progressive partnerships with Michelin-starred chefs, specialty grocers, tech campuses, and more. Women-owned, LGBTQ-founded and an early adopter of Fair Trade certification, Equator Coffees is the first California coffee roaster to achieve B Corp Certification.

This press release was provided to Sprudge for Sprudge Press Releases. Interested in submitting a press release? Get in touch!

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Thomson Reuters Unveils New Brand Evolution – Adweek

Posted: at 12:15 am

Thomson Reuters, a global information and technology company, has updated its brand to address the needs of professionals operating within an evolving media landscape.

The first brand refresh in 16 years is being led by Code and Theory.

The new Thomson Reuters brand signifies its commitment to investing in market-leading product and technology that leverage generative AI. For decades, Thomson Reuters has been applying AI to help professionals perform more mundane tasks so they can focus on higher value, complex work and ultimately tackle human capital issues such as job satisfaction, well-being and work-life balance.

Over the past few years, the professional landscape has undergone major shifts as we have all navigated significant changes in how we work, said David Carrel, chief marketing officer, Thomson Reuters in a statement. Our refreshed brand represents the Thomson Reuters purpose to inform the way forwardand this starts with our customers.

Thomson Reuters, through customer conversations and extensive research, saw recurring themes, including the demand for clarity and guidance in navigating complex situations, particularly through generative AI. This led to the inception of a new brand promise: To Clarify the Complex.

Code and Theory was brought on to help the team execute on refreshing the brand identity.

Thomson Reuters brand refresh from Code and Theory.

Its not every day that you get to relaunch an iconic brand of Thomson Reuters stature. This is a company that believes brand transformation is business transformation, said Stef Hoffman, group brand strategy director, Code and Theory, in a statement. Together with Thomson Reuters, we boldly reimagined their brand strategy and identity to celebrate their heritage and innovation story. With a new promise and messaging, evolved tone of voice, dynamic and new color palette, simplified logo and modernized fonts, this is now the brand of a technology company.

The changes to the Thomson Reuters brand will take place over the next 12 months, with a new logo and updated visuals across key websites and social media channels beginning today.

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Is It Becoming Acceptable to Speak of Design? – Discovery Institute

Posted: at 12:15 am

Photo credit: Yum9me, via Flickr (cropped).

To the question posed in the headline, the answer is: It seems that way sometimes. And can speaking about design in such a context be done without getting hammered by the press, censored, or ridiculed?Perhaps. Well see. In the following example, think of the Darwinese as packing peanuts that can be removed to get to the important items inside.

A remarkable paper was published inBioEssaysin January, with three authors from the University of Washington, Steven S. Andrews, H. Steven Wiley, and Herbert M. Sauro. None has any known sympathies for intelligent design. And yet much of their paper, Design patterns of biological cells, could have been written by any one of the PhDs presenting ideas at the Conference on Engineering in Living Systems (CELS).

Design patterns are generalized solutions to frequently recurring problems.They were initially developed byarchitects and computer scientiststo create a higher level of abstraction for their designs.Here, we extend these concepts to cell biologyto lend anew perspective on the evolved designsof cells underlying reaction networks. We presenta catalog of 21 design patternsdivided into three categories: creational patterns describe processes thatbuild the cell, structural patterns describe thelayouts of reaction networks, and behavioral patterns describereaction network function. Applying this pattern language to theE. colicentral metabolic reaction network, the yeast pheromone response signaling network, and other examples lendsnew insights into these systems.[Emphasis added.]

The authors do not question Darwinian evolution, taking it for granted some 14 times in the paper. They speak of the evolution of complex life and convergent evolution, even speculating on whether life on other planets would evolve the same way as it has on Earth. Such talk is common in biomimetics literature as well: e.g., one writer spoke of an ingenious solution that was refined over more than 420 million years of evolution, as if natural selection gave an organism a head start. We can safely dismiss such statements as either poetic license or a misunderstanding of evolution in its usual unguided sense.

The important items are these: a catalog of 21 design patterns presented as solutions to engineering problems that cells have solved. Heres one example:

Pores and pumps

Problem Cellular components, from ions to proteins, typically need to be localized to the correct sides of membranes, including the plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, and other organelle membranes.

Solution. Trans-membrane pores and pumps that use either active or passive transport. These pores and pumps are typically quite selective about what molecules they transmit and are often gated by external signals.

Cell membranes are quite permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other small nonpolar molecules but are effectively impermeable to larger and more charged species, a property that is essential to establishing and maintaining cell organization. Transport of these latter species occurs via transporters and channels, including ion channels, passive and active transporters for ions or other small molecules, proton pumps, ABC transporters, photosynthetic reaction centers for electron transport, and ATP synthase proteins for mitochondrial proton transport. The nuclear pore complex is a particularly large pore, which enables passive transport of small molecules and performs active transport on proteins that carry nuclear localization or nuclear export signals.

Readers can enjoy all 21 of these design patterns at their leisure in the open-access paper. The key takeaway is that the authors are looking at cells not as poorly designed conglomerations of haphazard parts that some blind tinkerer cobbled together from whatever pieces of stuff were available, but as collections of elegant solutions to real problems familiar to engineers. It represents a noteworthy step toward design thinking in biology from an unexpected source.

In a video within the paper, Dr. Sauro from the Bioengineering Department explains what motivated the paper. He begins his answer by holding up a copy of Bruce Albertss textbookMolecular Biology of the Cell, a thick tome with 1,500 pages.

We started thinking: Is there any way we could abstract this information at a higher level, to help us comprehend whats going on in a cell? And we were struck by this other book, which is totally different,Design Patterns. Its a famous book in computer science by a so-called Gang of Four. Its an interesting book because it describes how to solve complex problems in a sort of simplified way. And we thought: Is there was any way to marry this book with the Alberts book? Thats basically what motivated us to write this paper.

Following the order of theDesign Patternsbook, the authors divided systems in molecular biology into the same three basic categories: creational (such as the synthesis of a protein), structural (such as a phosphorylation cascade with inputs and outputs), and behavioral (such as a relaxation oscillator).

From this outline, the authors correlated the computer scientists design patterns with their actual implementations in cells. The implementations look like logic diagrams in circuit design. Mechanisms can be quite different, Sauro explains, and yet the underlying design pattern can be the same when examined at a higher level.

Dr. Sauro feels the paper is important for a number of reasons. It provides a new way of communicating ideas in molecular biology, so that computational theorists and experimentalists can understand each other. Another benefit of the approach is to motivate other biochemists to build on their scaffolding of design patterns. This assumes many more engineering solutions can be identified; indeed, Sauro hopes others will help construct a searchable database of design patterns. Machine learning, then, could recognize patterns in newly identified networks in living organisms, expanding our understanding cellular networks. This would be very helpful for complex signaling networks, for instance, when it is hard to determine what is going on. Machine learning could compare known design patterns with the input/output behavior of the components, leading to an Aha! moment that untangles the complexity into a recognizable logic diagram.

Sauro credits primary author Steven Andrews for the clear and readable form in which the paper was presented. He hopes many scientists will read it, because it covers a wide range of biology and should interest all biologists and, we would add, engineers. It is a springboard for ideas that also might interest those preparing for the next CELS conference.

Design patterns arerecurrent solutions to commonly encountered problems.All biological cells encounter the same problems ofhow to constructthe biochemical components that they are built from,how to connectthose components together into useful reaction networks, andhow to usethose reaction networks to animate life.

The authors are quick to acknowledge certain predecessors in biological design thinking.

The idea of understanding cellular systems in terms of functional parts is of course not new. For example, Hartwell et al. argued for amodular view of cell biology, Del Vecchio et al. emphasized the central roles ofcontrol mechanisms, and Khammashs group has focused on mechanisms that provide integralfeedback control. In contrast to these and other works,our focus is larger, covering a wider swath of cell biology mechanisms. Also, ourperspectiveissubtly different. Rather than focusing on a particular biological topic, our emphasis is on the development ofa catalog of the solutions that cells have evolved to solve specific problems. Thisdesign pattern concept is usefulforabstractinga broad range of cell functions into amanageable set of distinct patterns, enabling one to bettersee parallels and differencesbetween different cell systems. It alsohelps build an understandingof what tools cells have to work with, and why different cellular mechanisms operate as they do.

Clearly, design thinking is a fruitful heuristic for discovery. But what about the interlinked and hierarchical design patterns mentioned next? Could those evolve? In the Illustra filmDarwins Dilemma, such hierarchical patterns (exemplified in the body plans of the Cambrian fauna), are shown toresist Darwinian approachesbecause they require top-down design, as with a blueprint or logic diagram before assembly begins. Is this not the case with all design patterns?

The authors grant too much creativity to the neo-Darwinian mechanism. They assume that problems motivate their own solutions in biology:

Going even farther afield,one can speculateabout life on other planets, where again thesame problems would likely arise, andagain would necessarily be addressed with many of the same solutions. This suggests that the design patterns listed here, along with others not addressed, could be reasonably considereduniversal principles of life.

Most likely this kind of speculation will wither on its own as the successors of Bruce Alberts add more pages to molecular biology textbooks. If, as the authors conclude, those involved in simulating cells will refer to a database of design patterns in their multiscale modeling, it should become increasingly clear that cells resemble engineered masterpieces. Darwinese would then decline as superfluous words in future research projects focused on design patterns.

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Did Charles Darwin Convert to Christianity and Discredit Evolution on His Deathbed? – Snopes.com

Posted: at 12:15 am

Claim:

Charles Darwin professed a belief in God and recanted the theory of evolution on his deathbed.

It wasn't long after the famed scientist Charles Darwin died that the rumors started. Within a week of his death on April 19, 1882, a preacher in Wales "confirmed" for his parishioners that the father of evolution, a devoted man of science, had converted to Christianity on his deathbed.

Similar stories have been shared ever since.

More than 30 years later, in 1915, across the Atlantic in Northfield, Massachusetts, a woman named Lady Elizabeth Hope told a story during a devotional service about meeting Darwin in late 1881. During their talk, Darwin reportedly expressed his belief in God and renounced the theory of natural selection that made him a household name.

The story is sometimes used as an argument against evolution, the very theory that Darwin made famous. If you believe Lady Hope's story, even Darwin didn't believe his own theory so why should we?

That argument, however, cannot stand on stable ground. There is no evidence Darwin professed his belief in God in this conversation, nor is there evidence that he recanted the theory of evolution. In order to best understand the claim, let's start with a brief explanation of Darwin himself.

Darwin was born in 1809, when the fields of biology and geology were new and mysterious. Over the course of his life, Darwin's theory of natural selection completely redefined the scientific landscape. But it took him a very long time to publish the work that made him famous.

Between 1831 and 1836, Darwin traveled the world on the HMS Beagle, where he visited the Galpagos Islands and first began thinking about the ideas his name would become synonymous with. Although he privately proposed his theories of natural selection soon after returning to England, he waited more than 20 years to publish them. "On the Origin of Species," now one of the most famous scientific works ever, was published in 1859.

It was not initially popular, especially among conservative and religious circles. Early reviewers quickly latched onto the implied idea that humans had evolved from apes, despite the fact that Darwin chose to never explicitly state that. One reviewer wrote:

Lady Constance Rawleigh, in Disraeli's brilliant tale, inclines to a belief that man descends from the monkeys. This pleasant idea, hinted in the "Vestiges," is wrought into something like a creed by Mr. Darwin. Man, in his view, was born yesterday he will perish to-morrow. In place of being immortal, we are only temporary, and, as it were, incidental.

The work deserves attention, and will, we have no doubt, meet with it. Scientific naturalists will take up the author upon his own peculiar ground; and there will we imagine be a severe struggle for at least theoretical existence. Theologians will say and they have a right to be heard Why construct another elaborate theory to exclude Deity from renewed acts of creation? Why not at once admit that new species were introduced by the Creative energy of the Omnipotent? Why not accept direct interference, rather than evolutions of law, and needlessly indirect or remote action? Having introduced the author and his work, we must leave them to the mercies of the Divinity Hall, the College, the Lecture Room, and the Museum.

Health problems around the time of the publication of "On the Origin of Species" prevented Darwin fromactively participating in the debates over the validity of his work. As a result of his health issues, Darwin's later years were largely spent doing research and with his family: his wife, Emma, and their seven children.

In the years before he died, Darwin wrote an autobiography. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the work completed between 1876 and 1881 was not intended for wider publication, but for his grandchildren. The scientist died less than a year after it was finished.

"I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems. The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic," Darwin wrote. It is this claim that supporters of Darwin's supposed deathbed conversion must effectively prove wrong.

The preacher in Wales was the first to attempt the feat, but others followed. In "Darwinian Myths: The Legends and Misuses of a Theory," author Edward Caudill shares a correspondence from one of Darwin's most ardent supporters, Thomas Huxley, and his son Francis Darwin, confirming for a Canadian newspaper that Darwin had not converted to Christianity.

Overall, the historians agree: Such claims were few and far in between until Lady Hope's story in 1915.

Born Elizabeth Reid Cotton in 1842 as the daughter of an evangelist, Lady Hope continued her father's work throughout her life. She gained her title after marrying Adm. Sir James Hope and continued to use it after his death. Around the time of Darwin's death, Hope was living relatively close to him, and according to "The Darwin Legend," a book exploring the origins of Darwin's supposed conversion written by prominent Darwin scholar James Moore, the two probably did meet about six months before Darwin died.

(Snopes was unable to access a full copy of "The Darwin Legend." Our sources for this claim come from "Darwinian Myths" and reviews of "The Darwin Legend" available online.)

Perhaps these claims would hold more weight if Lady Hope had mentioned Darwin's sudden turn to religion not long after their meeting. However, she first recounted the supposed events in 1915 during a devotional service. It was quickly reprintedin the Watchman-Examiner, a Baptist newspaper. The following quote, which sheattributed to Darwin, supposedly contains his renouncement:

I was a young man with uninformed ideas. I threw out queries, suggestions, wondering all the time over everything; and to my astonishment the ideas took like wildfire. People made a religion of them.

It's a bit much to call that a renouncement. The story quickly spread, and multiple members of Darwin's familywrote to various people advocating the theory to deny the claim.But, true or not, it has been republished multiple times since then.

Lady Hope's story was long used by creationists arguing against Darwin's theories as evidence that they were wrong. But over time, even creationist websites have come to acknowledge the inherent weakness of the argument. In fact, several of the sources we used in researching this article were from creationist websites sharing the story but cautioning readers against employing it in an argument.

We cannot sum up the arguments against this story any better than the creationist website AnswersInGenesis.org did:

Given the weight of evidence, it must be concluded that Lady Hope's story is unsupportable, even if she did actually visit Darwin. He never became a Christian, and he never renounced evolution. As much as we would like to believe that he died with a saving knowledge of Jesus Christ, it is much more likely that he didn't. It is unfortunate that the story continues to be promoted by many sincere people who use this in an effort to discredit evolution when many other great arguments exist, including the greatest: the Bible.

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Milk, it’s not just for mammals: An amphibian makes it too – NPR

Posted: at 12:15 am

Milk, it's not just for mammals: An amphibian makes it too The snake-like amphibian is native to Brazil. Researchers say the milk in many ways resembles that produced by mammals.

Caecilians are amphibians that look superficially like very large earthworms. New research suggests that at least one species of caecilian also produces "milk" for its hatchlings. Photo by Carlos Jared hide caption

Caecilians are amphibians that look superficially like very large earthworms. New research suggests that at least one species of caecilian also produces "milk" for its hatchlings.

A species of worm-like amphibian has been caught on camera feeding milk to its young.

The creature, known as a caecilian, lives underground. Researchers believe that the animal developed the ability to produce a milk-like substance independently of mammals, who are universally known for feeding milk to their young.

Caecilians are descended from the same lineage as frogs and salamanders. Hundreds of millions of years ago, their ancestors burrowed deep into the ground. They lost their legs, their eyes mostly stopped working, and their bodies became long and segmented. A modern caecilian looks a little like a long shimmering earthworm with a head, which has led some to call them icky.

That's a characterization Marta Antoniazzi totally rejects.

"I really don't agree that they are disgusting," says Marta Antoniazzi, a biologist at the Instituto Butantan, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Brazil is home to lots of caecilians and Antoniazzi is a fan.

"They are kind of elegant, and they have a shiny body and a very nice face," she says.

But wait, there's more.

The particular caecilian species that Antoniazzi and her colleagues study is called Siphonops annulatus. Mothers of this species give birth to broods of wriggly babies who then proceed to eat their own mother's skin off.

"Once a week, they can eat her skin," says Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana, a researcher at the Insituto Butantan who was involved in the study.

This doesn't seem to bother mama, and the babies get lots of nutrition from the skin.

Carlos Jared directs the institute's department of structural biology and leads the team that was studying the caecilians. As he was watching this fascinating process, he couldn't help but notice the wriggly little babies had a ton of energy.

"They are so, so active, it's impossible to eat only once or twice per week," he says.

So the team stuck a camera in the nest and started watching. And pretty soon, they noticed the babies were gathering around one particular spot.

"The babies prefer to go to the tail of the mother," he says.

And that's when they saw it. A secretion coming from the tail: "A kind of substance, like milk."

Upon further study, the team found that the milk contained lipids and sugars similar to mammalian milk. It was essentially providing the same function.

"It's a very unusual form of nutrition" for an egg-laying animal, says Mailho-Fontana.

The team published their results in this week's issue of the Journal Science.

Marvalee Wake, a professor of integrative biology at the University of California at Berkeley, who was not involved with the study, says that this species of caecilian has evolved to deal with a similar problem faced by human babies. Just like humans, the little ones are born long before they can fend for themselves. They're vulnerable. And in order to help them grow, while keeping them close, their mother has developed a milk-ish fluid.

"This is convergent evolution," she says.

Convergent evolution is the process by which very different species can evolve similar traits.

But is it really milk?

The Brazilian team doesn't say whether the milk meets FDA standards, but it does contain lipids and sugars. Wake says she thinks it counts.

"If it has all these basic subunits, it's convergent evolution on a nutritive material, and that's what it's all about," she says.

For Antoniazzi, caecilians are a wonderful reminder that very different animals, like puppies and underground worm-amphibians, can share a lot in common.

"Nature is very creative," she says. "Sometimes it gives the same solution to different groups of animals."

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Milk, it's not just for mammals: An amphibian makes it too - NPR

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