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Daily Archives: October 21, 2022
Scouting Report: 5 things you should know about CF Montral when they play NYCFC in the MLS Cup Playoffs – Hudson River Blue
Posted: October 21, 2022 at 4:02 pm
Scouting Report: 5 things you should know about CF Montral when they play NYCFC in the MLS Cup Playoffs Hudson River Blue
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Alternative Medicine: The Science Behind 10 Alternative Therapies
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Would you call a balneotherapist when your face breaks out? How about a reflexologist when your asthma flares? No matter how weird they might seem, alternative medical practices are gaining traction in the U.S.
Weve put together a guide to some of the most popular alternative physical therapies working their way into the mainstream.
In general, the term alternative therapy refers to any health treatment not standard in Western medical practice. When used alongside standard medical practices, alternative approaches are referred to as complementary medicine.
Beyond that, complementary and alternative therapies are difficult to define, largely because the field is so diverse. It encompasses diet and exercise changes, hypnosis, chiropractic adjustment, and poking needles into a persons skin (aka acupuncture), among other treatments.
The benefits of alternative therapies are hotly contested. More research is needed to determine the efficacy of nearly all of these practices, but that hasnt stopped people from checking them out.
In 2008 (the most recent valid data we could find),more than 38 percent of American adults used some form of alternative medicine, according to the NIH. Here are some of the practices that are changing the way Americans approach medical care.
Naturopathic medicine is premised on the healing power of nature, and its a broad branch of alternative medicine.
Naturopathic doctors are trained in both conventional and alternative medicines. They seek to understand the cause of a condition by exploring its mental, physical, and spiritual manifestations in a given patient.
Naturopathy typically involves a variety of treatment techniques, including nutrition, behavioral changes, herbal medicine, homeopathy, and acupuncture.
Acupressure is similar in practice to acupuncture (see below), only no needles are involved. Practitioners use their hands, elbows, or feet to apply pressure to specific points along the bodys meridians.
According to the theory behind acupressure, meridians are channels that carry life energy (qi or chi) throughout the body. The reasoning holds that illness can occur when one of these meridians is blocked or out of balance.
Acupressure is thought to relieve blockages so energy can flow freely again, restoring wellness. More research is needed, but a handful of studies have found positive results.
In 2013, researchers worked with a group of adolescents suffering from insomnia. They found that acupressure helped them fall asleep faster and get deeper sleep.Carotenuto M, et al. (2013). Acupressure therapy for insomnia in adolescents: a polysomnographic study. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S41892
Acupressure may also offer pain relief. In 2014, researchers did a review of existing studies and found that acupressure could relieve a range of issues, including pesky lower back pain, headaches, and even labor pain.Chen YW, et al. (2014). The effectiveness of acupressure on relieving pain: a systematic review. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.12.005
There may even be some mental health benefits as well. A 2015 review of 39 studies found that acupressure provided immediate relief for people experiencing anxiety.Au DW, et al. (2015). Effects of acupressure on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2014-010720
Another study that same year found that acupressure 3 times per week for a month was able to assuage anxiety, depression, and stress for dialysis patients.Hmwe NT, et al. (2015). The effects of acupressure on depression, anxiety and stress in patients with hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.11.002
Though reading about this practice of traditional Chinese medicine may immediately bring sharp needles to mind, the term actually describes stimulating specific points on the body.
The best-known variety consists of penetrating the skin with thin needles controlled by a practitioner, but electrical stimulation can also be used.
We have known for a while that acupuncture can have positive results on PMS,Habek D, et al. (2002). Using acupuncture to treat premenstrual syndrome. DOI: 10.1007/s00404-001-0270-7 insomnia,Cao H, et al. (2009). Acupuncture for treatment of insomnia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. DOI: 10.189/acm.2009.0041 and many types of chronic pain, like neck pain and osteoarthritis.Vickers AJ, et al. (2012). Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3654
Newer research looks promising as well. For example, a 2016 study with 2,349 participants found that acupuncture may be effective for tension or chronic headaches, though more trials are needed to be sure.Linde K, et al. (2016). Acupuncture for the prevention of tension-type headache. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007587.pub2
Thinking its the placebo effect? Not so. A 2017 metanalysis confirmed that the positive outcomes of acupuncture could not be explained by the placebo effect alone, and its therefore a reasonable treatment option for those who have to deal with chronic pain on the regular.Vickers AJ, et al. Acupuncture for chronic pain: Update of an individual patient data meta-analysis. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.11.005
Aromatherapy uses essential oils highly concentrated extracts from the roots, leaves, seeds, or blossoms of plants to promote healing. Its a practice that can be traced back to at least 5,000 years ago.Stefiltisch W. (2017). Aromatherapy From traditional and scientific evidence into clinical practice. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-116476
The oils can be inhaled using a diffuser, or diluted in a carrier oil and massaged into the skin. Some are used to treat inflammation or infections while others are used to promote relaxation and calm.
In clinical settings, researchers have focused on aromatherapy for anxiety, depression, pain relief, nausea, and insomnia. In a 2017 study, for example, aromatherapy with lavender was found to promote sleep and reduce anxiety for patients with heart disease.Karadag E, et al. (2017). Effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality and anxiety of patients. DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12198
In 2017, researchers rounded up a group of female nurses working night shifts, curious to see if aromatherapy massage would help their sleep. It turns out, after massage with sweet marjoram essential oil, and drinking a glass of warm water, their sleep quality improved.Chang YY, et al. (2017). The effects of aromatherapy massage on sleep quality of nurses on monthly rotating night shifts.DOI: 10.1155/2017/3861273
If youve heard inhaling scents can help with stress, there may be something to that. Though more research is needed in this area, a 2013 study found that pregnant women who inhaled linalool (found in mint) and linalyl acetate (found in lavender) felt calmer after just 5 minutes.Igarashi T. (2013). Physical and psychologic effects of aromatherapy inhalation on pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0103
Note: Its important to consider others in the area when using aromatherapy. Some essential oils can be dangerous for pregnant women, children, or pets. Do not apply them directly to skin, and avoid prolonged exposure without ventilation.
Also known as Ayurveda, this modality originated in India and has been around for thousands of years. Practitioners use a variety of techniques, including herbs, massage, and specialized diets, with the intent of balancing the body, mind, and spirit to promote overall wellness.
There are several studies that show positive results for specific Ayurvedic practices, like taking turmeric for inflammation,He Y, et al (2015). Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: How are they linked? DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059183 using a Neti pot to clear the sinuses (called nasal irrigation),Chen JR, et al. (2014). The effectiveness of nasal saline irrigation (seawater) in treatment of allergic rhinitis in children. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.04.026 or swishing coconut oil in your mouth to pull out bacteria (known as oil pulling).Shanbhag VK. (2017). Oil pulling for maintaining oral hygiene A review. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.05.004
And we cant forget about yoga, which is mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. In the latest research available, yoga has been shown time and time again to address a range of mental and physical health issues, like anxiety,Ross A, et al. (2014). National survey of yoga practitioners: Mental and physical health benefits. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.04.001 depression, high blood pressure,Hagins M, et al. (2013). Effectiveness of yoga for hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis. DOI: 10.1155/2013/649836 and insomnia, among others.
Sometimes confused with hydrotherapy, balneotherapy involves the use of water for therapeutic purposes, and it dates as far back as 1700 BCE. Its a popular course of treatment in several European countries to this day think thermal baths in Hungary. (Yes, please.)Galvez I, et al. (2018). Balneotherapy, immune system, and stress response: A hormetic strategy? DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061687
Its based on the idea that water benefits the skin and might treat a range of conditions from acne to pain, swelling to anxiety. Practitioners use mudpacks, douches, long soaks, and wraps in attempts to reap aguas many rewards. For this reason, its often called spa therapy.
Balneotherapy has been studied for its effects on chronic pain, with some positive results. For example, a 2015 study found that spa therapy combined with exercise could ease low back pain in the long-term. Worth noting, though, the researchers said better studies were needed.Karagulle M, et al. (2015). Effectiveness of balneotherapy and spa therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a review on latest evidence. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2845-2
Proponents of the therapy cite findings that mineral water might boost peoples immune systems or aid arthritis, but so far that research remains inconclusive.
Biofeedback techniques allow people to control bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature in order to improve conditions including high blood pressure, headaches, and chronic pain.
Patients work with a biofeedback therapist to learn these relaxation techniques and mental exercises. In initial sessions, electrodes are attached to the skin to measure bodily states, but eventually the techniques can be practiced without a therapist or equipment.
Researchers still arent sure how or why biofeedback works, but a lot of research suggests it does. Relaxation seems to be a key component, as most people who benefit from the practice have conditions that are caused by, or exacerbated by, stress.
During biofeedback, you become more self-aware of how you react physically to stress, exercise, or emotions. In turn, you can learn to reduce negative effects on your body and health.
In 2017, researchers gathered 451 records on biofeedback and sports performance. Of all the papers, they found seven to review in-depth. The results were fascinating: 85 percent of athletes improved their performance by messing with their own heart rate using biofeedback.Jimenez MS, et al. (2017). Effect of heart rate variability biofeedback on sport performance, a systematic review. DOI: 10.1007/s10484-017-9364-2
But even if youre not an athlete, theres good news. A 2016 study showed that biofeedback can be an effective treatment for headaches, which 90 percent of people get at least once a year.Sesic A, et al. (2016). Biofeedback training and tension-type headache. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27333731
Chiropractic work is widely accepted in the medical community, and thus qualifies more as a complementary medicine than alternative. The practice focuses on the musculoskeletal and nervous systems, treating issues in the back, neck, joints, arms, legs, and head.
The most common procedure performed by chiropractors is spinal manipulation, aka an adjustment, which involves applying controlled force (typically the chiropractors hands) to joints that have become hypomobile.
The idea is that joint movement becomes restricted when surrounding tissues are injured either during a single event, like tweaking a muscle during a weight-lifting session or through repetitive stress, like sitting with poor posture for extended periods.
Chiropractic adjustments are intended to restore mobility and loosen the muscles, allowing tissues to heal and the pain to resolve. Studies generally affirm its efficacy, with research suggesting it can improve conditions like neck painBryans R, et al. (2014). Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.08.010 or low back pain.Goertz CM, et al. (2018). Effect of usual medical care plus chiropractic care vs usual medical care alone on pain and disability among US service members with low back pain: A comparative effectiveness clinical trial. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0105
Homeopathy functions in much the same way as a vaccine: Its based on the principle of treating like with like, meaning a substance that causes adverse reactions when taken in large doses can be used in small amounts to treat those same symptoms.Bellavite P. (2015). Homeopathy and integrative medicine: keeping an open mind. DOI: 10.1007/s12682-014-0198-x
This concept is sometimes used in conventional medicine, as well. For example, Ritalin is a stimulant used to treat patients with ADHD.
Homeopaths gather extensive background information on patients before prescribing a highly diluted substance, usually in liquid or tablet form, to jumpstart the bodys natural systems of healing. These treatments are called remedies.
Theres some clinical evidence that homeopathy is more effective than placebos for some things, like anxiety in mice. However, that same year, another study on humans showed that it was not effective for treatment of anxiety. The battle wages on.Lakshimpathy PR, et al. (2012). Anxiolytic effect of homeopathic preparation of Pulsatilla nigricans in Swiss albino mice. DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2012.05.003 Paris A, et al. (2012). Effect of gelsemium 5CH and 15CH on anticipatory anxiety: a phase III, single-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled study. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00993.x
Some remedies (such as arnica for bruising) show promise. But since remedies are individualized for each patient, its difficult to examine effectiveness. More research is needed.
Until we know more, it may not be worth messing around with the more serious stuff, like cancer or chronic conditions. In fact, the NIH says, there is no reliable evidence that homeopathy is effective for any health condition.
Reflexology involves applying pressure to specific areas on the feet, hands, or ears. The theory is that these points correspond to different body organs and systems. Pressing them is believed to positively affect these organs and a persons overall health.Embong NH, et al. (2015). Revisiting reflexology: Concept, evidence, current practice, and practitioner training. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.08.008
For example, applying pressure to a spot on the arch of the foot is believed to benefit bladder function. A person can use reflexology on themselves or enlist the help of a reflexologist.
People around the world use this therapy to complement conventional treatments for conditions including anxiety, cancer, diabetes, kidney function, and asthma.
Some studies have found that reflexology can improve depression and hospital anxiety in patients with cardiovascular disease, quell nausea and fatigue brought on by chemotherapy, and reduce stress in general.Bahrami T, et al. (2019). The effect of foot reflexology on hospital anxiety and depression in female older adults: a randomized controlled trial. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31489059 Ozdelikara A, et al. (2017). The effect of reflexology on chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and fatigue in breast cancer patients. DOI: 10.4103/apjon.apjon_15_17 Payrau B, et al. (2017). Fasciatherapy and reflexology compared to hypnosis and music therapy in daily stress management. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28912904
If youre going to try out reflexology, be sure to work with a professional you trust. If performed incorrectly, reflexology can cause pain and bruises.Embong NH, et al. (2017). Perspectives on reflexology: A qualitative approach. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.08.008
Reiki is a form of energy healing based on the idea that a life force energy flows through everyones body. According to this philosophy, sickness and stress are indications that life force energy is low, while energy, health, and happiness signify a strong life force.
In a Reiki session, a practitioner seeks to transfer life energy to the client by placing their hands lightly on the clients body or a slight distance away from the body. Reiki can also be performed long-distance.
The purpose is to promote relaxation, speed healing, reduce pain, and generally improve the clients well-being. For the most part, theres no regulation for Reiki practitioners.
A 2015 analysis found that Reiki may provide pain and anxiety relief for those with cancer, post-operative pain, and other ailments. Its important to note that out of 49 articles examined, only 7 contained data the researchers considered legit, which means more studies are needed.Thrane S, et al. (2014). Effect of reiki therapy on pain and anxiety in adults: An in-depth literature review of randomized trials with effect size calculations. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2013.07.008
2017 studies echoed similar sentiments. A review of 13 studies found that Reiki is more effective than placebo for pain relief, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and overall quality of life.McManus, DE. (2017). Reiki is better than placebo and has broad potential as a complementary health therapy.DOI: 10.1177/2156587217728644
So, what did we learn, kids? For one thing, the field of alternative medicine is vast. If it seems like new therapies and studies are cropping up all the time, its because they are.
Its an evolving area and more research in all of these therapies is needed. That said, integrating a handful of these into your routine may have solid benefits to your health. Theres a reason some of these have been around for thousands of years, after all.
The bottom line is this: We believe in doing what works, as long as youve consulted with a doctor or practitioner you can rely on. You may need a combination of Western medicine and complementary therapies to heal.
As always, do your research and listen to your body no one knows it better than you do.
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Alternative Medicine: The Science Behind 10 Alternative Therapies
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Detoxification (alternative medicine) – Wikipedia
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Alternative medicine treatment without scientific basis for claims made
Detoxification (often shortened to detox and sometimes called body cleansing) is a type of alternative-medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified "toxins" substances that proponents claim accumulate in the body over time and have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health. Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting, fasting, consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods (such as fats, carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, juices, herbs), colon cleansing, chelation therapy, and the removal of dental fillings containing amalgam.
Scientists and health organizations have criticized the concept of detoxification for its unsound scientific basis and for the lack of evidence for claims made.[1] The "toxins" usually remain undefined, with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient. The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as "a waste of time and money",[2] while the British Dietetic Association called the idea "nonsense" and a "marketing myth".[3] Dara Mohammadi summarizes "detoxing" as "a scam [...] a pseudo-medical concept designed to sell you things", and Edzard Ernst, emeritus professor of complementary medicine, describes it as a term for conventional medical treatments for addiction which has been "hijacked by entrepreneurs, quacks and charlatans to sell a bogus treatment".[4]
Suspicions of the inefficacy of purging became widespread by the 1830s.[5] Biochemistry and microbiology appeared to support auto-intoxication theory in the 19th century, but by the early twentieth century detoxification-based approaches quickly fell out of favour.[6][need quotation to verify][7] Even though abandoned by mainstream medicine, the idea has persisted in the popular imagination and amongst alternative medicine practitioners.[8][9][10] Notions of internal cleansing had resurgence along with the rise of alternative medicine in the 1970s and following; it remains unscientific and anachronistic.[8] With the rise of the environmentalist movement, many detox diets use the diet format as a political platform to advocate for environmental ideas about pollution and toxic contamination.[11]
Detox diets are dietary plans that claim to have detoxifying effects. The general idea suggests that most food contains contaminants: ingredients deemed unnecessary for human life, such as flavor enhancers, food colorings, pesticides, and preservatives. Scientists, dietitians, and doctors, while generally viewing brief "detox diets" as harmless[citation needed] (unless nutritional deficiency results), often dispute the value and need of "detox diets", due to lack of supporting factual evidence or coherent rationale.[2][12] In cases where a person suffers from a disease, belief in the efficacy of a detox diet can result in delay or failure to seek effective treatment.[13]
Detox diets can involve consuming extremely limited sets of foods (only water or juice, for example, a form of fasting[14] known as juice fasting), eliminating certain foods (such as fats) from the diet, or eliminating processed foods and alleged irritants.[15][unreliable source?] Detox diets are often high in fiber. Proponents claim that this causes the body to burn accumulated stored fats, releasing fat-stored "toxins" into the blood, which can then be eliminated through the blood, skin, urine, feces and breath. Proponents claim that things such as an altered body-odor support the notion that detox diets have an effect. The mainstream medical view is that the body has mechanisms to rid itself of toxins, and a healthy diet is best for the body.[16] In the short-term, such detox diet may lead to weight loss, due to the strict caloric restriction, however after returning to a normal diet there is a weight gain.[17] Although a brief fast of a single day is unlikely to cause harm, prolonged fasting (as recommended by certain detox diets) can have dangerous health consequences or can even be fatal.[18][19]
Colon cleansing involves administration of an enema (colonic) containing some salt, and sometimes coffee or herbs to remove food that, according to proponents,[20] remains in the colon, producing nonspecific symptoms and general ill-health. However, the colon usually does not require any help cleaning itself.[21] The practice can be potentially dangerous if incorrectly practised.[18]
Practitioners may recommend detoxification as a treatment to address the notion that mercury poisoning arises from consumption of contaminated fish and from dental amalgam fillings Quackwatch states: "Removing good fillings is not merely a waste of money. In some cases, it results in tooth loss because when fillings are drilled out, some of the surrounding tooth structure will be removed with it."[18]
Certain devices are promoted to allegedly remove toxins from the body. One version involves a foot-bath using a mild electric current, while another involves small adhesive pads applied to the skin (usually the foot). In both cases, the production of an alleged brown "toxin" appears after a brief delay. In the case of the foot bath, the "toxin" is actually small amounts of rusted iron leaching from the electrodes.[22] The adhesive pads change color due to oxidation of the pads' ingredients in response to the skin's moisture. In both cases, the same color-changes occur irrespective of whether the water or patch even make contact with the skin (they merely require waterthus proving the color-change does not result from any body-detoxification process).[18]
A 2015 review of clinical evidence about detox diets concluded: "At present, there is no compelling evidence to support the use of detox diets for weight management or toxin elimination. Considering the financial costs to consumers, unsubstantiated claims and potential health risks of detox products, they should be discouraged by health professionals and subject to independent regulatory review and monitoring."[1]
Detoxification and body cleansing products and diets have been criticized for their unsound scientific basis, in particular their premise of nonexistent "toxins" and their appropriation of the legitimate medical concept of detoxification. According to the Mayo Clinic, the "toxins" typically remain unspecified and there is little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in patients treated.[23] According to a British Dietetic Association (BDA) Fact Sheet, "The whole idea of detox is nonsense. The body is a well-developed system that has its own builtin mechanisms to detoxify and remove waste and toxins."[3] It went on to characterize the idea as a "marketing myth",[3] while other critics have called the idea a "scam"[24] and a "hoax".[25] The organization Sense about Science investigated "detox" products, calling them a waste of time and money.[2][26][27] Resulting in a report that concluded the term is used differently by different companies, most offered no evidence to support their claims, and in most cases its use was the simple renaming of "mundane things, like cleaning or brushing".[2]
The human body is naturally capable of maintaining itself, with several organs dedicated to cleansing the blood and the gut.[28] Alan Boobis, a professor and toxicologist at Imperial College London, states:
The bodys own detoxification systems are remarkably sophisticated and versatile. They have to be, as the natural environment that we evolved in is hostile. It is remarkable that people are prepared to risk seriously disrupting these systems with unproven 'detox' diets, which could well do more harm than good.[2]
Scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning investigated the subject in 2008 and concluded that "Anyone interested in detoxifying their body might think about paying a little more attention to their body and less attention to the people trying to get their money... Why is it that so many people are more comfortable self-medicating for conditions that exist only in advertisements, than they are simply taking their doctor's advice? It's because doctors are burdened with the need to actually practice medicine. They won't hide bad news from you or make up easy answers to please you."[29]
Despite unsound scientific basis, detoxification is popular, and detoxification products and regimes have become a profitable health trend.[1] As with some other alternative medicine treatments, efficacy has been attributed to astroturfing, the placebo effect, psychosomatic improvements, or natural recovery from illness that would have occurred without use of the product.[30]
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NASA fires micro-bullets at Mars sample-return orbiter’s meteoroid …
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NASA engineers are firing micro-bullets at squares of anti-meteoroid shield material that will protect a Mars sample return orbiter during its journey back to Earth.
During the tests, which take place at NASA's remote White Sands Test Facility near Las Cruces, New Mexico, the shield has to withstand projectile punches coming at such high speeds that if an aircraft traveled as fast, it would get from New York to San Francisco in less than 5 minutes, Dennis Garcia, a test engineer at White Sands said in a statement (opens in new tab).
These speeds, however, are still not as fast as those of meteoroids and space junk fragments that orbit in space, so the engineers have to use computer models to simulate the actual velocities, which can reach over 50 miles per second (80 kilometers per second). At such speeds, "even dust could cause damage to a spacecraft," Bruno Sarli, an engineer at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, who oversees the tests, said in the statement.
Related: Mars sample return mission adds 2 helicopters, scraps 'fetch' rover
The Remote Hypervelocity Test Laboratory, where the tests take place, has been serving NASA since the space shuttle era, enabling engineers to develop materials that protect the International Space Station, commercial crew vehicles and space cargo freighters against impacts by debris and rock fragments in space.
The gun used to fire the space-like micro-bullets at the shield material has two stages, the first of which uses conventional gun powder to propel a projectile. The second stage gives the projectile an extra boost by pushing highly compressed hydrogen gas into a smaller tube like a car piston. The pressure in the gun, the researchers said in the statement, is so high that it would destroy the building if it were to explode.
The engineers found that, instead of relying on one thick block of metal to ward off the projectiles, the shield offers better protection when it's made of multiple thin layers, Sarli said.
The Mars Sample Return Orbiter to be built jointly by NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) will bring to Earth precious samples of Martian rocks that NASA's Perseverance rover is currently collecting on the planet's surface. The operation will be the first of its kind and will for the first time allow scientists to hold in their hands rocks freshly extracted from another planet. Martian meteorites sometimes fall to Earth, but these rocks have spent millions or billions of years in space and have been altered by its harsh environment and radiation. Mars meteorites are also contaminated by Earth life when they fall on our planet, making it tough to search them for signs of Red Planet organisms.
Follow Tereza Pultarova on Twitter @TerezaPultarova. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
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NASA fires micro-bullets at Mars sample-return orbiter's meteoroid ...
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Mars sample-return mission – Wikipedia
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Mars mission to collect rock and dust samples
Mars sample return artist's concept
A Mars sample-return (MSR) mission is a proposed mission to collect rock and dust samples on Mars and return them to Earth.[1] Such a mission would allow more extensive analysis than that allowed by onboard sensors.[2]
The three most recent concepts are a NASAESA proposal, a CNSA proposal, Tianwen-3, and a Roscosmos proposal, Mars-Grunt. Although NASA and ESA's plans to return the samples to Earth are still in the design stage as of 2022, samples have been gathered on Mars by the Perseverance rover.[3]
Risks of cross-contamination of the Earth biosphere from returned Martian samples have been raised, though the risk of this occuring is considered to be extremely low.[4]
Once returned to Earth, stored samples can be studied with the most sophisticated science instruments available. Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for science at NASA Headquarters in Washington, expect such studies to allow several new discoveries at many fields.[5] Samples may be reanalyzed in the future by instruments that do not yet exist.[6]
In 2006, the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group identified 55 important investigations related to Mars exploration. In 2008, they concluded that about half of the investigations "could be addressed to one degree or another by MSR", making MSR "the single mission that would make the most progress towards the entire list" of investigations. Moreover, it was reported that a significant fraction of the investigations could not be meaningfully advanced without returned samples.[7]
One source of Mars samples is what are thought to be Martian meteorites, which are rocks ejected from Mars that made their way to Earth. As of April 2019, 266 meteorites had been identified as Martian, out of over 61,000 known meteorites.[8] These meteorites are believed to be from Mars because their elemental and isotopic compositions are similar to rocks and atmospheric gases analyzed on Mars.[9]
For at least three decades, scientists have advocated the return of geological samples from Mars.[10] One early concept was the Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) proposal, which involved sending a spacecraft in a grazing pass through Mars's upper atmosphere to collect dust and air samples without landing or orbiting.[11]
The Soviet Union considered a Mars sample-return mission, Mars 5NM, in 1975 but it was cancelled due to the repeated failures of the N1 rocket that would have launched it. Another sample-return mission, Mars 5M (Mars-79), planned for 1979, was cancelled due to complexity and technical problems.[12]
The United States' Mars Exploration Program, formed after Mars Observer's failure in September 1993, supported a Mars sample return.[13] One architecture was proposed by Glenn J. MacPherson in the early 2000s.[14]
In 1996, the possibility of life on Mars was raised when apparent microfossils were thought to have been found in Mars meteorite, ALH84001. This hypothesis was eventually rejected, but led to a renewed interest in a Mars sample return.[15]
As of late 1999, the MSR mission was anticipated to be launched from Earth in 2003 and 2005.[16] Each was to deliver a rover and a Mars ascent vehicle, and a French supplied Mars orbiter with Earth return capability was to be included in 2005. Sample containers orbited by both MAVs were to reach Earth in 2008. This mission concept, considered by NASA's Mars Exploration Program to return samples by 2008,[17] was cancelled following a program review.[18]
In the summer of 2001, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) requested mission concepts and proposals from industry-led teams (Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and TRW).[19] The science requirements included at least 500 grams of samples, rover mobility to obtain samples at least 1 kilometer from the landing spot, and drilling to obtain one sample from a depth of 2 meters. That following winter, JPL made similar requests of certain university aerospace engineering departments (MIT and the University of Michigan).
Also in 2001, a separate set of industry studies was done for the Mars ascent vehicle (MAV) due to the uniqueness and key role of the MAV for MSR.[20] Figure 11 in this reference summarized the need for MAV flight testing at a high altitude over Earth, based on Lockheed Martin's analysis that the risk of mission failure is "extremely high" if launch vehicle components are only tested separately.
In 2003, JPL reported that the mission concepts from 2001 had been deemed too costly, which led to the study of a more affordable plan accepted by two groups of scientists, a new MSR Science Steering Group and the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG).[21] Instead of a rover and deep drilling, a scoop on the lander would dig 20 centimeters deep and place multiple samples together into one container. After five years of technology development, the MAV would be flight-tested twice above Earth before the mission PDR (Preliminary Design Review) in 2009.
In mid-2006, the International Mars Architecture for the Return of Samples (iMARS) Working Group was chartered by the International Mars Exploration Working Group (IMEWG) to outline the scientific and engineering requirements of an internationally sponsored and executed Mars sample-return mission in the 20182023 time frame.[7]
In October 2009, NASA and ESA established the Mars Exploration Joint Initiative to proceed with the ExoMars program, whose ultimate aim is "the return of samples from Mars in the 2020s".[22][23] ExoMars's first mission was planned to launch in 2018 [6][24] with unspecified missions to return samples in the 20202022 time frame.[25] The cancellation of the caching rover MAX-C in 2011, and later NASA withdrawal from ExoMars, due to budget limitations, ended the mission.[26] The pull-out was described as "traumatic" for the science community.[26]
In early 2011, the US National Research Council's Planetary Science Decadal Survey, which laid out mission planning priorities for the period 20132022, declared an MSR campaign its highest priority Flagship Mission for that period.[27] In particular, it endorsed the proposed Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) mission in a "descoped" (less ambitious) form. This mission plan was officially cancelled in April 2011.
In September 2012, NASA announced its intention to further study several strategies of bringing a sample of Mars to Earth including a multiple launch scenario, a single-launch scenario, and a multiple-rover scenario for a mission beginning as early as 2018.[28][29] A "fetch rover" would retrieve the sample caches and deliver them to a Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). In July 2018, NASA contracted Airbus to produce a "fetch rover" concept.[30][31][32]
In April 2018, a letter of intent was signed by NASA and ESA that may provide a basis for a Mars sample-return mission.[33][34] In July 2019, a mission architecture was proposed.[35][36] In April 2020, an updated version of the mission was presented.[37]
A key mission requirement for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover mission was that it help prepare for MSR.[38][39][29] The rover landed on 18 February 2021 in Jezero Crater to collect samples and store them in 43 cylindrical tubes for later retrieval.
The Mars 2020 mission landed the Perseverance rover in Jezero crater in February 2021. It collected multiple samples and packed them into cylinders for later return. Jezero appears to be an ancient lakebed, suitable for ground sampling.[44][45][46]
In the beginning of August 2021, Perseverance made its first attempt to collect a ground sample by drilling out a finger-size core of Martian rock.[47] This attempt did not succeed. A drill hole was produced, as indicated by instrument readings, and documented by a photograph of the drill hole. However, the sample container turned out to be empty, indicating that the rock sampled was not robust enough to produce a solid core.[48]
A second target rock judged to have a better chance to yield a sufficiently robust sample was sampled at the end of August and the beginning of September 2021. After abrading the rock, cleaning away dust by puffs of pressurized nitrogen, and inspecting the resulting rock surface, a hole was drilled on September 1. A rock sample appeared to be in the tube, but it was not immediately placed in a container. A new procedure of inspecting the tube optically was performed.[49] On September 6, the process was completed and the first sample placed in a container.[50]
Samples Tubes Cached(44%)
The NASA-ESA plan is to return samples using three missions: a sample collection mission (Perseverance), a sample retrieval mission (Sample Retrieval Lander + Mars ascent vehicle + Sample Transfer arm + 2 Ingenuity class helicopters), and a return mission (Earth Return Orbiter).[67][68][69] The mission hopes to resolve the question of whether Mars once harbored life.
The Mars 2020 mission landed the Perseverance rover, which is storing samples to be returned to Earth later. After consideration, it was decided that given Perseverances expected longevity, it will be the primary means of transporting samples to Sample Retrieval Lander (SRL).
The sample retrieval mission involves launching a sample return lander in 2028 with the Mars Ascent Vehicle and two Ingenuity class sample recovery helicopters, both of which will be collecting the samples with a tiny robotic arm as a backup for Perseverance. The rover and helicopters will transport the samples to the SRL lander. SRL's robotic arm will be used to extract the samples and load them into the Sample Return Capsule in the Ascent Vehicle.[67] It is planned to land near the Octavia E. Butler Landing site in 2029.
MAV is a 3-meter long, two-stage, solid-fueled rocket that will deliver the collected samples from the surface of Mars to the Earth Return Orbiter. Early in 2022, Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract to partner with NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in developing the MAV.[71] It is planned to be catapulted into the air just before it ignites, at a rate of 16 feet (5 meters) per second, to remove the odds of wrong liftoff like slipping or tilting of SRL under rocket's shear weight and exhaust at liftoff. This Vertically Ejected Controlled Tip-off Release (VECTOR) system adds a slight rotation during launch, pitching the rocket up and away from the surface.[72] MAV would enter a 380km orbit.[73] It will remain stowed inside a cylinder on the SRL and will have a thermal protective coating. The rocket's first stage would be run by a single updated STAR-20 engine burning for 70 seconds, while the second stage would have a single updated STAR-15 engine burning for another 27 seconds. They would be separated by a coast phase, after which the sample container would be released in orbit. As of early 2022, the second stage is planned to be spin-stabilized to save weight in lieu of active guidance, while the Mars samples will result in an unknown payload mass distribution.[73]
MAV is scheduled to be launched in 2028 onboard the SRL lander.[67]
ERO is an ESA-developed spacecraft.[74][29] It includes the NASA-built Capture and Containment and Return System to rendezvous with the samples delivered by MAV in low Mars orbit (LMO).
ERO is scheduled to launch on an Ariane 64 rocket[75] in 2027 and arrive at Mars in 2028,[67] using ion propulsion and a separate propulsion element to gradually reach the proper orbit and then rendezvous with the orbiting sample. The MAV's 2nd stage will have a radio beacon that will give controllers the information they need to get the ESA Earth Return Orbiter close enough to the Orbiting Sample to see it through reflective light and capture it for return to earth. The orbiter will retrieve and seal the canisters in orbit and use a NASA-built robotic arm to place the sealed container into an Earth-entry capsule. It will raise its orbit, release the propulsion element, and return to Earth during the 2033 Mars-to-Earth transfer window.
The Capture/Containment and Return System (CCRS) would stow the sample in the EEV. EEV would return to Earth and land passively, without a parachute. The desert sand at the Utah Test and Training Range and shock absorbing materials in the vehicle were planned to protect the samples from impact forces.[76][39][29] EEV is scheduled to land on Earth in 2033.[77]
Interior design of MAV, First Extraterrestrial Staging Rocket
Mars Sample Return 2020-2033 Timeline
cross section of the Earth return orbiter
capture and containment system
China has announced plans for a Mars sample-return mission to be called Tianwen-3.[78] The mission would launch in late 2028, with a lander and ascent vehicle on a Long March 5 and an orbiter and return module launched separately on a Long March 3B. Samples would be returned to Earth in July 2031.[79]
A previous plan would have used a large spacecraft that could carry out all mission phases, including sample collection, ascent, orbital rendezvous, and return flight. This would have required the super-heavy-lift Long March 9 launch vehicle.[80][81][82] Another plan involved using Tianwen-1 to cache the samples for retrieval.[83]
France has worked towards a sample return for many years. This included concepts of an extraterrestrial sample curation facility for returned samples, and numerous proposals. They worked on the development of a Mars sample-return orbiter, which would capture and return the samples as part of a joint mission with other countries.[84]
On 9 June 2015, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) unveiled a plan named Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) to retrieve samples from Phobos or Deimos.[85][86] Phobos's orbit is closer to Mars and its surface may have captured particles blasted from Mars.[87] The launch from Earth is planned for September 2024, with a return to Earth in 2029.[88] Japan has also shown interest in participating in an international Mars sample-return mission.
A Russian Mars sample-return mission concept is Mars-Grunt.[89][90][91][92][93] It adopted Fobos-Grunt design heritage.[90] 2011 plans envisioned a two-stage architecture with an orbiter and a lander (but no roving capability),[94] with samples gathered from around the lander by a robotic arm.[89][95]
Whether life forms exist on Mars is unresolved. Thus, MSR could potentially transfer viable organisms to Earth, resulting in back contamination the introduction of extraterrestrial organisms into Earth's biosphere. The scientific consensus is that the potential for large-scale effects, either through pathogenesis or ecological disruption, is small.[96][97][98][99][100] Returned samples would be treated as potentially biohazardous until scientists decide the samples are safe. The goal is that the probability of release of a Mars particle is less than one in a million.[97]
The proposed NASA Mars sample-return mission will not be approved by NASA until the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process has been completed.[101] Furthermore, under the terms of Article VII of the Outer Space Treaty and other legal frameworks, were a release of organisms to occur, the releasing nation(s) would be liable for any resultant damages.[102]
The sample-return mission would be tasked with preventing contact between the Martian environment and the exterior of the sample containers.[97][101]
In order to eliminate the risk of parachute failure, the current plan is to use the thermal protection system to cushion the capsule upon impact (at terminal velocity). The sample container would be designed to withstand the force of impact.[101] To receive the returned samples, NASA proposed a custom Biosafety Level 4 containment facility, the Mars Sample-Return Receiving facility (MSRRF).[103][104]
Other scientists and engineers, notably Robert Zubrin of the Mars Society, argued in the Journal of Cosmology that contamination risk is functionally zero leaving little need to worry. They cite, among other things, lack of any known incident although trillions of kilograms of material have been exchanged between Mars and Earth via meteorite impacts.[105]
The International Committee Against Mars Sample Return (ICAMSR) is an advocacy group led by Barry DiGregorio, that campaigns against a Mars sample-return mission. While ICAMSR acknowledges a low probability for biohazards, it considers the proposed containment measures to be unsafe. ICAMSR advocates more in situ studies on Mars, and preliminary biohazard testing at the International Space Station before the samples are brought to Earth.[106][107] DiGregorio accepts the conspiracy theory of a NASA coverup regarding the discovery of microbial life by the 1976 Viking landers.[108][109] DiGregorio also supports a view that several pathogens such as common viruses originate in space and probably caused some mass extinctions and pandemics.[110][111] These claims connecting terrestrial disease and extraterrestrial pathogens have been rejected by the scientific community.[110]
Orbiting sample container (concept; 2020)
Inserting sample tubes into the rover
01. Perseverance rover obtaining samples
02. Perseverance rover storing samples
03. SRL 1 landing pattern
05. Mars Samples return helicopters deployed by SRL and fetching samples as a backup
06. SRL picking up samples and loading them on MAV for launch
07. Launching from Mars to low Martian Orbit
08. MAV in powered flight after release from vector
09. MAV in coast phase in Low Mars orbit after Main engine cutoff awaiting stage separation and second engine startup
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Early Life on Mars Might Have Wiped Out Life on Mars – Universe Today
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The Global Postal Automation Systems Market size is expected to reach $1.2 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 7.2% CAGR during the forecast…
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Robotics and Automation Actuators Market is estimated to be US$ 67.48 billion by 2032 with a CAGR of 13.8% over the forecast period – By PMI -…
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Fintech Automation Selects ForwardAI To Provide Access To Accounting Data For Financial Institutions | – Crowdfund Insider
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Black Lives Matter: 11 Police Killings With No Justice
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Protesters have filled streets across the country in the last two weeks to speak out against two outrageous failures of justice. First, in Ferguson, Missouri, a grand jury declined to indictthe police officer who shot unarmed 18-year-old Michael Brown to death this summer and left his body in the street for four hours. Then, adding insult to injury, another grand jury in Staten Island, New York, chose to look the other way and return no indictment of the police officer who choked unarmed father of six Eric Garner to death, on camera, using an illegal chokehold as Garner pleaded, I cant breathe!
Brown and Garner were two people living a thousand miles apart, at very different points in their lives. But they share one tragic fact in common: They were both black men executed in broad daylight by cops. And unless the U.S. Justice Department nails their killers on federal civil rights charges, neither of their families will get even the cold comfort of a day in court.
Sadly, theres nothing new about this pattern of lethal racial profiling. For far too long, African-Americans in this country have had to worry about whether police will kill their loved ones on the slightest pretext without facing any meaningful punishment. Racist violence is a deep-rooted part of this countrys history, and its going to take substantial nationwide reform of the policing and court systems to change this awful reality. Here are 11 of the most heartbreaking examples of black men, women and children killed by police in the last 15 years. Their stories are different in many ways, but none of them deserved to die the way they did and we could fill many more pages with others like them.
1. Amadou Diallo (1999)Four NYPD officers notoriously rained 41 bullets down onto Diallo in the Bronx, killing the unarmed Guinean immigrant as he tried to enter his apartment building. They later claimed to have seen Diallo reaching for something that looked like a weapon; in fact, all he had in his hand was a wallet. The incident sparked national headlines and civil rights marches, as well as Bruce Springsteens protest song American Skin (41 Shots) but all four police officers were acquitted of all charges in the case. One of the killer cops, Kenneth Boss, remained on the force and was allowed to carry an NYPD gun again in 2012.
2. Patrick Dorismond (2000)Dorismond was hanging out in Manhattan with a friend when an undercover cop approached and asked where he could score some weed blatant profiling based on Dorismonds appearance. A confrontation ensued, and another officer shot him fatally in the chest. Then-Mayor Rudy Giuliani released the 26-year-old security guards sealed juvenile legal records in an effort to smear his police forces latest victim, infamously saying that the dead man was no altar boy; it was later revealed that Dorismond had attended the same Catholic school as the mayor, and served as an altar boy in his youth. A grand jury chose not to indict the officer who shot Dorismond to death.
3. Ousmane Zongo (2003)The NYPD crossed paths with Zongo at a storage facility in Manhattan during a raid on a counterfeit CD ring. Zongo, an unarmed 43-year-old immigrant from Burkina Faso who repaired art, had nothing to do with the raid, but police shot him four times when they saw him in a corridor. The officer who killed Zongo was convicted of criminally negligent homicide but a judge sentenced him to no more than five years of probation and 500 hours of community service for taking an innocent mans life.
4. Timothy Stansbury (2004)NYPD Officer Richard Neri fatally shot Stansbury, an unarmed 19-year-old, during a late-night patrol of a Bedford-Stuyvesant housing project. Neri said it was an accident, and a grand jury believed him, declining to return an indictment. The only punishment he faced was a 30-day suspension from the force. Neri was later elected to a prestigious position in a New York police union.
5. Sean Bell (2006)The night before his wedding, Bell and some friends went to a strip club in Queens for his bachelor party. When they left the club around 4:15 a.m. the next morning Bells wedding day they ran afoul of a group of undercover and plainclothes NYPD cops, who fired an astonishing 50 bullets into the 23-year-olds car, killing him instantly. The case led to major protests, but all three police officers charged in the case were acquitted.
6. Oscar Grant (2009)On New Years Day, 2009, Bay Area transit officer Johannes Mehserle detained Grant on a subway platform after reports of a fight. The unarmed 22-year-old was lying face-down on the ground when Mehserle shot and killed him, as captured on video by many bystanders. Mehserle was charged with murder, but the jury convicted him of a lesser crime, and he ended up serving less than a year for killing Grant.
7. Aiyana Stanley-Jones (2010)Aiyana Stanley-Jones was just seven years old when a Detroit SWAT team took her life. Late at night, searching for a suspect in her neighborhood, the police threw a flash grenade through her familys window, stormed the house and shot the little girl in her sleep. The raid occurred while the SWAT team was accompanied by a camera crew from the reality show The First 48. There have been two trials so far, both ending in mistrials.
8. Ramarley Graham (2012)Plainclothes narcotics cops chased 18-year-old Graham into his familys home in the Bronx for unclear reasons. They shot and killed him at the door of his familys bathroom. A tiny quantity of marijuana was later found in the toilet hardly enough to justify an instant death sentence for a teenager. The cop who killed Graham was not indicted, but a federal investigation is ongoing.
9. Tamon Robinson (2012)An NYPD patrol car collided with Robinson at a Brooklyn housing project, killing him, after responding to a report that Robinson was digging up paving stones to sell them for some extra cash. He was unarmed. A police report claimed that Robinson caused his own fatal injuries by running into a stationary patrol car, but eyewitnesses said the cops rammed their vehicle into the 27-year-old; a few months later, the department had the gall to try and bill Robinsons grieving family for $710 for damage to the car. Two years later, the case has yet to go before a grand jury.
10. Rekia Boyd (2012)Off-duty Chicago cop Dante Servin opened fire from his car into a group of people on the street, claiming he perceived a threat to his life. 22-year-old Rekia Boyd was among the people on the scene; she died after taking a bullet to the head. Servin has been indicted (making him the first Chicago police officer in many years to face trial for a fatal shooting), but his case was recently delayed to 2015.
11. Kimani Gray (2013)Plainclothes NYPD officers confronted the 16-year-old Gray in Brooklyn. Police claimed that he pulled a gun before they shot him to death on the street, but Grays family disputed this allegation. Prosecutors announced this summer that they are not pursuing charges against the officers who killed the teenager.
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