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Daily Archives: June 3, 2022
Bilateralism and Minilateralism Are Europe’s Secret Strengths – War on the Rocks
Posted: June 3, 2022 at 12:46 pm
As a result of the war in Ukraine, policymakers in Europe and North America have scrambled to strengthen defense cooperation in Europe. The headlines inevitably focus on NATO and the European Union. Yet this ignores the reality of how European defense cooperation is actually established, fostered, and solidified. Indeed, the essence of defense cooperation in Europe is a web of hundreds of bilateral and minilateralcollaborations. Often, NATO and the European Union work merely as a framework into which European countries upload their existing bi- and minilateral efforts.
To better enhance European defense, policymakers should appreciate the dynamics of these many collaborations. Taking advantage of the current circumstances to build more mini and bilateral ties, particularly where leadership and financial circumstances are most conducive, will strengthen Europe and make its multilateral institutions that much more formidable.
A History of Bilateralism and Minilateralism
In a few months, NATO countries have deployed thousands of troops and significant capabilities to enhance the defense of members on its eastern flank. In a stunning transition, two traditionally militarily non-aligned E.U. states, Sweden and Finland, re-evaluated their geostrategic position and submitted applications to join NATO. The debate about boosting the European Unions strategic autonomy has become even more intense, and once again, member states are discussing coordinating their defense spending via joint procurements.
These vital initiatives could not work without existing, critical lower-level collaborations. For example, Russian military actions over the last several years in Ukraine prompted NATOs eastern-flank allies to work swiftly together with their bi- and minilateral partners. The United Kingdom took on a leading role in Estonia, building on the close relations the two countries developed carrying out dangerous operations over a decade in Afghanistans Helmand province. Lithuania is a relevant defense market for Germany, and not surprisingly, the Bundeswehr leads NATO efforts there. Thanks to cultural similarity and extensive previous military cooperation, the Czech Republic has sent the most troops to Slovakia and oversees the international forces located there. For similar reasons, France deployed 500 troops to Romania. Such comparatively low-key actions were crucial in developing the necessary bottom-up relations, norms, and experiences upon which more recent grandiose announcements build.
Although Finland and Sweden intend to join NATO, they also found it essential to sign bilateral mutual security deals with the United Kingdom. This could happen quickly, mainly because Helsinki and Stockholm have built trust with London working together in the British-led Joint Expeditionary Force. The dynamics in the European Union are the same as in NATO. For example, in 2017, the European Union established the Permanent Structured Cooperation to strengthen defense cooperation among its member states after the Russian occupation in Crimea. However, most of its projects were based on existing bi- and minilateral defense initiatives, and the participating states often just rebranded them according to the new E.U. vocabulary.
The fact that existing bi- and minilateral relationships are the foundation of defense cooperation in Europe is not a new phenomenon. A survey of 70 examples of European defense collaboration highlighted that most have five or fewer participating states, and many are purely bilateral. These collaborations range from creating multinational units to cooperating on armaments, training, logistics, surveillance, operations, and/or command and control. More often than not, these collaborations are not part of NATO or the European Union, but they can be rebranded as E.U. and NATO projects quickly if it is necessary.
States can also use these collaborations to shape NATO and E.U. policies. For instance, the NATO operation in Libya in 2011 was basically an Anglo-French war, as France and Britain pushed for the intervention and took the brunt of the fight. They used NATOs command structure to coordinate their war effort and the limited military support they gained from some NATO members helped fill their capability gaps. The background of this was a historical and overarching British-French bilateral defense agreement, the Lancaster House Treaties, which the leaders of the two European military powers signed a year earlier. The launch of the European Unions European Security and Defence Policy in 1999 also stemmed from a British-French bilateral agreement in St. Malo in 1998 as well.
Strengthening the Network
Improving NATO and E.U. defense cooperation requires looking under the hood to appreciate the role of these efforts. Scholars have already pointed out that Europeans must recognize the minilateral foundations of Europes security architecture. This corresponds with my experience as a former defense official. European ministries of defense do not always think in terms of institutions like the European Union and NATO. They have their own considerations, and they are using the framework that fits their goals the best, which can be NATO, the European Union, or smaller formats. Starting an initiative at this level is often more effective and can provide results more quickly.
As I argue in my newly published book, while these forms of cooperation are not new, their recent proliferation is unprecedented in Europes history. Furthermore, they provide the substance of practical military cooperation in Europe, which NATO and the European Union can build on. Thus, comprehending the dynamics behind them is crucial to foster effective defense cooperation moving forward. The research in my book indicates that when European nations start new defense collaborations, five structural and situational factors are important to achieve success.
First, NATO and the European Union continue to provide the crucial structural context in which bi- and minilateral cooperation can happen. The countries that are members of these two institutions are part of the European security community. Members of these alliances understand the concept of security similarly, their core interests are generally aligned, and most importantly, they no longer envision solving their misunderstandings with each other through military force. This deeply rooted trust among E.U. and NATO members is a crucial precondition which enables the proliferation of multinational defense collaboration. This means that if Sweden and Finland join NATO, it will undoubtedly influence cooperation, especially in Northern Europe and the Baltic region.
Second, cooperation is driven by the fact that European armed forces believe they do not have the financial resources to meet their goals by themselves. Thus, they turn to each other in the hope of mitigating their shortfalls. (Not that this always works. If budgets are cut, the cooperation can still fail.) The third structural factor is existing defense collaborations. New cooperative initiatives are usually based on previous ones. If countries pursue ongoing military projects together, there is a higher chance that they will launch new ones with each other rather than with a totally new partner. This is why those NATO members who had a relevant bilateral relationship with certain allies on the eastern flank led the international efforts there.
Structural factors create the conditions for cooperation, but situational factors trigger collaboration. The first situational factor is personal relationships. Cooperation usually starts when at least two leaders politicians, civil servants, or military officers invest extra effort to make things work. Such leaders tend to have good chemistry, a necessary ingredient when creating something new that needs a huge amount of extra commitment. For instance, David Cameron, the former British prime minister, and Nicolas Sarkozy, the French president at that time, had good chemistry and could agree on the Lancaster House Treaties in 2010. Even though all other factors may be aligned, something similar is unimaginable with Boris Johnson and Emmanuel Macron because of their different characters and strained relationship.
Finally, situationally speaking, a supportive political environment is also needed. This can come either from the public or domestic actors or from international developments. Without it, the leaders who are the engines of the collaboration would work in a vacuum and would not be able to realize their ambitions. At the moment, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has clearly created a political climate in Europe that is quite conducive to defense collaborations.
Conclusion
If policymakers want to strengthen European defense through more bi- and minilateral collaborations, they should build off these five factors. This starts with appreciating how the potential NATO memberships of Finland and Sweden would create new opportunities for small scale collaboration. Policymakers should also look to their current minilateral efforts with an awareness that these provide the best source of potential partners for new efforts, while also choosing new partners with an eye toward the potential for future cooperation they bring. Furthermore, they should assess the economic viability of new commitments and defense collaborations not only from their vantage point but also from their partners side.
Policymakers should also be aware of the situational factors in launching new collaborative efforts. For instance, if the personalities in crucial positions do not match, collaboration should not be forced, and policymakers should wait for more favorable circumstances. However, if there is strong chemistry between leaders, they should exploit this opportunity quickly. Finally, the war in Ukraine has created an extremely supportive political environment. This situation is extraordinarily rare and can serve as the starting point for minilateral and bilateral initiatives that will pay dividends over decades.
Dr. Bence Nemeth is a lecturer (assistant professor) at the Defence Studies Department of Kings College London, where he primarily teaches military officers at the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Prior to moving to Kings, he worked in various defense policy and planning positions at the Hungarian Ministry of Defence for eight years. His book, How to Achieve Defence Cooperation in Europe? The Subregional Approach, was published by Bristol University Press in 2022.
Image: Estonian Defense Ministry
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Bilateralism and Minilateralism Are Europe's Secret Strengths - War on the Rocks
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This is already WW3′ Putin’s mouthpiece makes eerie call for ‘demilitarisation of NATO’ – Express
Posted: at 12:46 pm
Russian state TV's Olga Skabeyeva claimed that the Russian invasion of Ukraine would have been accomplished a long time ago had it not been for NATO. Ms Skabeyeva said that unless Russia responds to NATO more aggressively and stops Western forces sending long-range weapons to Ukraine, our task will be more difficult. It comes as the US pledged to send more offensive military aid to Ukraine yesterday.
The Russian state media host said: Were not exaggerating the usefulness of that Western, American, British or whatever weaponry.
Simply, we were previously demilitarising Ukraine and that mission would have been accomplished a long time ago.
Now, well have to demilitarise all of NATO. Ive already said this several times and then people gasp in shock.
But in any case this is already called World War 3. New weaponry is arriving.
Yesterday [Anthony] Blinken said that as the situation on the front changes we will somehow adjust our military aid. Well deliver long-range weaponry.
That will in any case make our task more difficult and prolong the Americans pleasure.
The US announced yesterday that they would be sending long-range missiles to Ukraine after weeks of shying away from the move.
US President Joe Biden had expressed concern that Ukraine could use longer range weapons to bomb Russian territory beyond the scope of the conflict.
READ MORE:Russian senator warns missile aid to spark war with US[REVEAL]
And so for high-value targets that allow them to keep some of the pressure off of Ukrainian forces on the front, we think these systems will be very useful.
A host of Russian voices have spoken out against the new military aid, including Russian TV commentators and official aides.
Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said the US was "intentionally adding fuel to the fire" by sending the missiles.
He added: Such supplies do not contribute to the Ukrainian leadership's willingness to resume peace negotiations.
And Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov suggested Mr Biden's announcement increased the risk of a third country being dragged into the conflict.
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This is already WW3' Putin's mouthpiece makes eerie call for 'demilitarisation of NATO' - Express
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Alt-Right Incels at Deep State Daily Stormer Site Celebrate Buffalo …
Posted: at 12:44 pm
Guest post by Alt-Right Exposed
Right on cue, the Deep State Alt Right movement has been activated in order to conflate President Trump and Republicans with racism, and hatred of women, ahead of the mid term elections.
Andrew Weev Auernheimer, webmaster of the Deep State Neo-Nazi Daily Stormer website, publicly praised the cowardly mass shooting and terrorist attack, by one of his followers, against innocent Black Americans in Buffalo, New York on March 14th.
On the Poast social media platform, WeevstatedViolence works. Terrorism works., and They have launched open war against us, and occasionally there are a few heroes that are willing to respond in kind. I support anyone that kills Democrats.
TRENDING: SHOCKING UPDATE: JUDGE IN SDNY 'WE BUILD THE WALL' CASE DOXES JUROR WHO CALLED CASE "A WITCH HUNT"
In numerous articles on the Daily Stormer, and on their Gamer Uprising forum, posters have been celebrating the attack, and calling for more violence.
Andrew Weev Auernheimer is a convicted computer hacker, who was sent to prison after being caught stealing and doxxing over 100,000 iPad users.
Mysteriously, Weev was suddenly released by Obamas Justice Department, after serving only 13 months of a 41 month sentence. As soon as he left federal prison, Auernheimer immediately started to praise convicted Oklahoma City terrorist Timothy McVeigh, and he publicly called for statues to be erected of terrorists who attacked the United States government.
Weevthen fled to Ukraine, where he suddenly had someone tattoo a swastika on his chest, and started Sieg Heiling, while attempting to align himself with Donald Trump, during Trumps 2016 presidential election campaign.
This is all eerily reminiscent of Alt-Right leaderRichard Spencersuddenly doing Sieg Heils and praising President Trump right around the same time.
It has long been considered common knowledge on right wing message boards that Andrew Weev Auernheimer cut some sort of a deal with the feds, to get out of jail early in order to infiltrate, disrupt and neutralize the right wing.
Weev, who is of of Jewish descent, according to his ownmother, ingratiated himself to Neo-Nazi Andrew Anglin, editor of a site called Total Fascism, which was later became the Daily Stormer. Anglin allowed Weev to become the webmaster of the site, despite his ethnicity and his early release from federal prison.
Weev and Andrew Anglin registered the Daily Stormer in Russia, in order to conflate Trump and conservatism with Russia, during the 2016 election. If these two were not taking orders directly from Adam Schiff, it is hard to tell how they would act any differently.
The alleged Buffalo shooter, 18-year-old Payton S. Gendron, was an avid reader, and a huge fan of the Daily Stormer. Gendron promoted and praised the site by name in his manifesto, while describing himself as a Neo-Nazi, a white supremacist, and an incel. All of these buzzwords are constantly being bandied about on the Daily Stormer and on their forum.
Gendron also shared a lot of Daily Stormer memes on a Discord channel which has long been considered an FBI honeypot on 4chan.
Weev and Anglin recently switched the sites domain to a registrar in Communist China, but the CCP dumped them after the Buffalo shooting. It seems that promoting terrorism is a bit much for even the Chinese Communist Party to stomach, at least publicly.
The site is now only accessible on the Tor network, which is park of the Deep Web, or Dark Net, where drugs and child pornography are routinely trafficked.
The official Daily Stormer forum, Gamer Uprising, is still up and running on the regular Internet. A whois search of Gamer Uprising indicates that the forum is registered in Tonga, and is hosted in the state of Washington, on the notorious vanwa.tech.
It turns out that vanwa.tech is being kept online by a shady Russian company calledDDoS-Guard, which is the host of the official website of the terrorist groupHamas. Vanwa also hosts the8chanforum, where the Buffalo shooter just happened to post and hang out on. Just a coincidence, we are sure.
For most of the existence of the site, Anglin advocated Neo-Nazism, and called for the extermination of Jews, and the ethnic cleansing of all non-whites. As soon as Weev became involved, the site took an even darker turn, if that is possible, in which they started calling for the kidnapping, rape, torture, and murder of women and teenage girls, in addition to committing terrorism against all minorities.
Timeandagain, have documented how the Daily Stormer started promoting the Incel movement in the past.
The incel, or involuntary celibate movement is composed of losers who hate and demean women, because they lack proper hygiene and basic social skills. Most of them are addicted to pornography, so they do not have the courage to approach women without coming across as creepy.
Due to being constantly rejected by normal women, the incels become bitter and lash out at women, often threatening to rape them. Some, like Elliot Rodger, who is often praised on the Daily Stormer,murderedtwo people, all because of his inability to approach women.
In one recentarticle, Andrew Anglin celebrated the stabbing death of a 13 year old Florida cheerleader, Trystin Bailey, in 2021. While the rest of the world reeled back in horror at this gruesome, cowardly murder, Weev and Andrew Anglin celebrated it.
If all of this activity were confined to the Dark Web, that would be one thing. However, the incel movement that Weev and Andrew Anglin started, is beginning to become popular, even among young influencers on the right, who should know better.
The Daily Stormer is promoting and endorsing Donald Trump again, in order to, once again, conflate support for Trump with racism, terrorism, and hatred and violence against women. The exact same people did the exact same thing during the first year of President Trumps term, when they encouraged the attack on Charlottesville.
These incels and Neo-Nazis are not conservatives.
They are not traditional.
They hate Christianity and everything that the West stands for.
They are not part of our culture.
They are not American, and most importantly, they will not replace us.
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Alt-Right Incels at Deep State Daily Stormer Site Celebrate Buffalo ...
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PBS, Lincoln Project Label DeSantis, Press Secretary ‘Alt-Right’
Posted: at 12:44 pm
The Friday edition of PBS and CNN Internationals Amanpour and Company could have selected anyone to profile Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis as his name is increasingly floated as a possible 2024 presidential candidate. But, instead of picking DeSantis himself or someone close to him, NPRs Michel Martin chose Lincoln Project bomb thrower Rick Wilson, who labeled both DeSantis and press secretary Christina Pushaw as alt-right culture warriors.
Martin was confused where DeSantiss beliefs come from, considering he has an impressive resume that doesnt suggest right-wing crazy person:
I mean, he has a very, sort of, classic profile for a political figure but. I mean, he went to Yale, played baseball, like another former president, went to Harvard Law School, went into the Navy, served in Congress. He was always a very conservative member of Congress. But how do you think that this, sort of, fixation on this particular basket of issue started?
Wilson claimed the answer lies in Pushaw being some sort of alt-right troll and puppet master, He is surrounded by a small cadre of very ambitious advisers. And the chief among those advisers, who dominates every bit of his thinking now, is a woman named Christina Pushaw who comes from this very alt-right background, who comes from this background where the trolling and the social war stuff is the only thing that matters.
Pushaw has taken DeSantis who was fairly generic and caused him to be transformed into this alt-right trolling culture warrior of the first degree. Wilson then claimed, without any evidence that DeSantiss other advisors resent this, but DeSantis keeps her around because of 2024 ambitions.
It wasnt the first time Wilson accused DeSantis of doing what he has solely because of future plans. Earlier he labeled DeSantis the undisputed king of the culture war and declared that removing Disneys special tax status was equal to seeking to destroy them.
He also mispresented the states anti-Critical Race Theory law, As if you can just, like, lie to them and pretend [slavery and racism] never happened.
Finally, he attacked DeSantis from the left on abortion, which makes one wonder what he was doing when he advised Republican campaigns, And finally, his last act in this sort of culture war trifecta he's doing is he's passing one of the most restrictive abortion bills in the country. Restricting abortion at 15 weeks with, you know, the usual -- the usual new play of no exemptions for rape, incest, life of the mother.
In a segment full of burned straw men and personal attacks, Wilson claimed, once again with no evidence, that, He is not doing this because he believes these things as a governor. He's doing it because he and his advisers have decided that this is the path to the 2024 nomination for president.
If Wilson, PBS, and CNN think that not teaching little kids about gender theory is alt-right then they are doing more to mainstream it then anyone actually on the alt-right could ever dream of.
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Amanpour and Company
4/29/2022
11:38 PM ET
MICHEL MARTIN: How would you describe where Ron DeSantis, kind of, sits in the sort of, the ecosystem of our national politics right now?
WILSON: Well, I mean, look, Ron DeSantis is the undisputed king of the culture war in America right now. He is attacking a number of axes in Florida, particularly. Hes hes is accusing Disney of being a company dedicated to pedophile grooming and seeking to destroy them. He is setting up a system in Florida where where people who believe that Critical Race Theory, the imaginary demon of their -- is being taught in classrooms and will allow people to while people to sue teachers and schools that, quote/unquote, you know, "Make people feel uncomfortable for talking about slavery or racism in America." As if you can just, like, lie to them and pretend they never happened.
And finally, his last act in this sort of culture war trifecta he's doing is he's passing one of the most restrictive abortion bills in the country. Restricting abortion at 15 weeks with, you know, the usual -- the usual new play of no exemptions for rape, incest, life of the mother. So, all these things that have been happening for Ron DeSantis are built around one central premise. He is not doing this because he believes these things as a governor. He's doing it because he and his advisers have decided that this is the path to the 2024 nomination for president.
They believe the culture war -- correctly, by the way, that the only thing the Republican base cares about now is the culture war. All the other ideological predicates of the past of what, you know, when when folks like me were working inside the party and doing campaigns from from president down to dogcatcher, there was a sort of -- whether you agree with it or not, a sort of coherent ideological idea: limited government, individual liberty, free markets, the world law. Again, maybe they weren't all evenly applied. But the principle of the Republican Party wasn't, let's burn down Walt Disney because we think that they're secretly trying to groom children for a pedophile ring and, you know, under the magic kingdom.
This craziness that has infected the party is very much what Ron DeSantis is running on in '22 and '24. And and very much what motivates the Republican base in this day and age.
MARTIN: What do you think this this this -- came from with Ron DeSantis? I mean, he has a very, sort of, classic profile for a political figure but. I mean, he went to Yale, played baseball
WILSON: Went to Harvard.
MARTIN: -- like another former president, went to Harvard Law School, went into the Navy, served in Congress. He was always a very conservative member of Congress. But how do you think that this, sort of, fixation on this particular basket of issue started?
WILSON: Sure, well, I can tell you why. He is surrounded by a small cadre of very ambitious advisers. And the chief among those advisers, who dominates every bit of his thinking now, is a woman named Christina Pushaw who comes from this very alt-right background, who comes from this background where the trolling and the social war stuff is the only thing that matters.
And and she has become the most prominent adviser around him. She directs every strategic decision inside the administration now. And and as she gained power, he shifted from being that, sort of, traditional Tea Party-ish Republican, who was fairly generic in almost every way. You know, decent accomplishments, decent educational background, you know, limited government constitutional conservative on paper.
Once Pushaw came into his orbit, he transformed into this alt-right trolling culture warrior of the first degree. And it is -- you know, in Tallahassee and among his many advisers, there's been a little grumbling about it but no one no one can take her out of that role because he views her position as being so vital because it's raised him $100 million from small door donors. It's given him, you know, something like 75 hits on Fox News in the last year. It's given him this enormous central prominence as the -- as a person that Trump fears the most who will run against him in '24.
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PBS, Lincoln Project Label DeSantis, Press Secretary 'Alt-Right'
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Alt Right Journalist Whos Lost Every Lawsuit Over Banned Accounts …
Posted: at 12:44 pm
from the failboat-sets-sail-again dept
Laura Loomer still thinks she can sue her way back onto Facebook and Twitter. In support of her argument, she brings arguments that failed in the DC Appeals Court as well as a bill for $124k in legal fees for failing to show that having your account reported is some sort of legally actionable conspiracy involving big tech companies.
For this latest failed effort, she has retained the services of John Pierce, co-founder of a law firm that saw plenty of lawyers jump ship once it became clear Pierce was willing to turn his litigators into laughingstocks by representing Rudy Giuliani and participating in Tulsi Gabbards performative lawsuits.
Laura Loomer has lobbed her latest sueball into the federal court system and her timing could not have been worse. Her lawsuit against Twitter, Facebook, and their founders was filed in the Northern District of California (where most lawsuits against Twitter and Facebook tend to end up) just four days before this same court dismissed Donald Trumps lawsuit [PDF] alleging his banning by Twitter violated his First Amendment rights.
Trump will get a chance to amend his complaint, but despite all the arguments made in an attempt to bypass both the First Amendment rights of Twitter (as well as its Section 230 immunity), the courts opinion suggests a rewritten complaint will meet the same demise.
Plaintiffs main claim is that defendants have censor[ed] plaintiffs Twitter accounts in violation of their right to free speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution Plaintiffs are not starting from a position of strength. Twitter is a private company, and the First Amendment applies only to governmental abridgements of speech, and not to alleged abridgements by private companies.
Loomers lawsuit [PDF] isnt any better. In fact, its probably worse. But it is 133 pages long! And (of course), it claims the banning of her social media accounts is the RICO.
The lawsuit wastes most of its pages saying things that are evidence of nothing. It quotes several news reports about social media moderating efforts, pointing out whats already been made clear: its imperfect and it often causes collateral damage. What the 133 pages fails to show how sucking at an impossible job is a conspiracy against Loomer in particular, which is what she needs to support her RICO claims.
The lawsuit begins with the stupidest of opening salvos: direct quotes from Floridas social media law, which was determined to be unconstitutional and blocked by a federal judge last year. It also quotes Justice Clarence Thomas idiotic concurrence in which he made some really dumb statements about the First Amendment and Section 230 immunity. To be sure, these are not winning arguments. A blocked law and a concurrence are not exactly the precedent needed to overturn decades of case law to the contrary.
It doesnt get any better from there. Theres nothing in this lawsuit that supports a conspiracy claim. And whats in it ranges from direct quotes of news articles to unsourced claims thrown in there just because.
For instance, Loomers lawsuit quotes an authoritarians George Soros conspiracy theory as though thats evidence of anything.
On or about May 16, 2020, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbn and the Hungarian Government called Defendant Facebooks oversight board not some neutral expert body, but a Soros Oversight Board intended to placate the billionaire activist because three of its four co-chairs include Catalina Botero Marino, a board member of the pro-abortion Center for Reproductive Rights, funded by Open Society Foundations Soross flagship NGO and Helle Thorning-Schmidt, former Prime Minister of Denmark, who is unequivocally and vocally anti- Trump and serves alongside Soros and his son Alexander as trustee of another NGO, and a Columbia University professor Jamal Greene who served as an aide to Senator Kamala Harris (D-CA) during Justice Kavanaughs 2018 confirmation Hearings.
Or this claim, which comes with no supporting footnote or citation. Nor does it provide any guesses as to how this information might violate Facebook policy.
Defendant Facebook allows instructions on how to perform back-alley abortions on its platform.
Loomers arguments dont start to coalesce until were almost 90 pages into the suit. Even then, theres nothing to them. According to Loomer, she relied on Mark Zuckerbergs October 2019 statement that he didnt think its right for tech companies to censor politicians in a democracy. This statement was delivered five months after Facebook had permanently banned Loomer. Loomer somehow felt this meant she would have no problems with Facebook as long as she presented herself as a politician in a democracy.
In reliance upon Defendant Facebooks promised access to its networks, Plaintiffs Candidate Loomer and Loomer Campaign raised money and committed significant time and effort in preparation for acting on Defendant Facebooks fraudulent representation of such promised access to its network.
On or about November 11, 2019, Loomer Campaign attempted to set up its official campaign page for Candidate Loomer as a candidate rather than a private citizen.
On November 12, 2019, Defendant Facebook banned the Laura Loomer forCongress page, the official campaign page for Candidate Loomer, from its platform, and subsequently deleted all messages and correspondence with the campaign.
On page 94, the RICO predicates begin. At least Loomer and her lawyer have saved the court the trouble of having to ask for these, but theres still nothing here. The interference with commerce by threats or violence is nothing more than noting that Facebook, Google, and Twitter hold a considerable amount of market share and all deploy terms of service that allow them to remove accounts for nearly any imaginable reason. No threats or violence are listed.
The Interstate and Foreign Transportation in Aid of Racketeering Enterprises section lists a bunch of content moderation stuff that happened to other people. Fraud by Wire, Radio, or Television consists mostly of Loomer reciting the law verbatim before suggesting Facebook and Procter & Gamble schemed to deny her use of Facebook or its ad platform. Most of the fraud alluded to traces back to Zuckerberg saying Facebook would allow politicians and political candidates to say whatever they wanted before deciding that the platform would actually moderate these entities.
Theres also something in here about providing material support for terrorism (because terrorists use the internet), which has never been a winning argument in court. And theres some truly hilarious stuff about Advocating Overthrow of Government which includes nothing about the use of social media by Trump supporters to coordinate the raid on the US Capitol building, but does contain a whole lot of handwringing about groups like Abolish ICE and other anti-law enforcement groups.
All of this somehow culminates in Loomer demanding [re-reads Prayer for Relief several times] more than $10 billion in damages. To be fair, the ridiculousness of the damage demand is commensurate with the ridiculousness of the lawsuit. Its litigation word soup that will rally the base but do nothing for Loomer but cost her more money. Whatevers not covered by the First Amendment will be immunized by Section 230. Theres no RICO here because, well, its never RICO. This is stupid, performative bullshit being pushed by a stupid, performative journalist and litigated by a stupid, performative lawyer. A dismissal is all but inevitable.
Filed Under: 1st amendment, conspiracy, content moderation, john pierce, laura loomer, mark zuckerberg, rico, section 230, terms of serviceCompanies: facebook, twitter
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Alt Right Journalist Whos Lost Every Lawsuit Over Banned Accounts ...
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Johnny Depp-Amber Heard Verdict: The Actual Malice of the Trial – The New York Times
Posted: at 12:44 pm
The Johnny Depp-Amber Heard defamation trial was, from gavel to gavel, a singularly baffling, unedifying and sad spectacle. Now that it has ended with the jury finding in favor of Depp on all questions and in favor of Heard on only one, its clear that the confusion was the point.
Why did Depp, who had already lost a similar case in Britain, insist on going back to court? A public trial, during which allegations of physical, sexual, emotional and substance abuse against him were sure to be repeated, couldnt be counted on to restore his reputation. Heard, his ex-wife, was counting on the opposite: that the world would hear, in detail, about the physical torments that led her to describe herself, in the Washington Post op-ed that led to the suit, as a public figure representing domestic abuse.
Even before the verdict came in, Depp had already won. What had looked to many like a clear-cut case of domestic violence had devolved into a both sides melodrama. The fact that Heards partial victory, which involved not Depps words but those spoken in 2020 by Adam Waldman, his lawyer at the time, can be spun in that direction shows how such ambiguity served Depp all along. As one commenter on The New York Times site put it, Every relationship has its troubles. Life is complicated. Maybe they were both abusive. Who really knows what happened? The convention of courtroom journalism is to make a scruple of indeterminacy. And so we found ourselves in the familiar land of he said/she said.
We should know by now that the symmetry implied by that phrase is an ideological fiction, that women who are victims of domestic violence and sexual assault have a much harder time being listened to than their assailants. I dont mean that women always tell the truth, that men are always guilty as charged, or that due process isnt the bedrock of justice. But Depp-Heard wasnt a criminal trial; it was a civil action intended to measure the reputational harm each one claimed the other had done. Which means that it rested less on facts than on sympathies.
In that regard, Depp possessed distinct advantages. He isnt a better actor than Heard, but her conduct on the stand was more harshly criticized in no small part because hes a more familiar performer, a bigger star who has dwelled for much longer in the glow of public approbation. He brought with him into the courtroom the well-known characters he has played, a virtual entourage of lovable rogues, misunderstood artists and gonzo rebels. Hes Edward Scissorhands, Jack Sparrow, Hunter S. Thompson, Gilbert Grape.
Weve seen him mischievous and mercurial, but never truly menacing. Hes someone weve watched grow up, from juvenile heartthrob on 21 Jump Street to crusty old salt in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise. His offscreen peccadilloes (the drinking, the drugs, the Winona Forever tattoo) have been part of the pop-cultural background noise for much of that time, classified along with the scandals and shenanigans that have been a Hollywood sideshow since the silent era.
In his testimony, Depp copped to some bad stuff, but this too was a play for sympathy, of a piece with the charm and courtliness he was at pains to display. That he came off as a guy unable to control his temper or his appetites was seen, by many of the most vocal social media users, to enhance his credibility, while Heards every tear or gesture was taken to undermine hers. The audience was primed to accept him as flawed, vulnerable, human, and to view her as monstrous.
Because hes a man. Celebrity and masculinity confer mutually reinforcing advantages. Famous men athletes, actors, musicians, politicians get to be that way partly because they represent what other men aspire to be. Defending their prerogatives is a way of protecting, and asserting, our own. We want them to be bad boys, to break the rules and get away with it. Their seigneurial right to sexual gratification is something the rest of us might resent, envy or disapprove of, but we rarely challenge it. These guys are cool. They do what they want, including to women. Anyone who objects is guilty of wokeness, or gender treason, or actual malice.
Of course there are exceptions. In the #MeToo era there are men who have gone to jail, lost their jobs or suffered disgrace because of the way theyve treated women. The fall of certain prominent men Harvey Weinstein, Leslie Moonves, Matt Lauer was often welcomed as a sign that a status quo that sheltered, enabled and celebrated predators, rapists and harassers was at last changing.
A few years later, it seems more likely that they were sacrificed not to end that system of entitlement but rather to preserve it. Almost as soon as the supposed reckoning began there were complaints that it had gone too far, that nuances were being neglected and too-harsh punishments meted out.
This backlash has been folded into a larger discourse about cancel culture, which is often less about actions than words. Cancellation is now synonymous with any criticism that invokes racial insensitivity, sexual misbehavior or controversial opinions. Creeps are treated as martyrs, and every loudmouth is a free-speech warrior. Famous men with lucrative sinecures on cable news, streaming platforms and legacy print publications can proclaim themselves victims.
In the courtroom. A defamation trialinvolving the formerly married actors Johnny Depp and Amber Heard just concludedin Fairfax County Circuit Court in Virginia. Here is what to know about the case:
Ms. Heards op-ed. Mr. Depps suit was filed in response to an op-edMs. Heard wrote for The Washington Post in 2018 in which she described herself as a public figure representing domestic abuse. Though she did not mention her former husbands name, he and his lawyers have argued that she was clearly referring to their relationship.
The domestic abuse claims. In the 2020 trial, Ms. Heard accused her former husband of assaulting her first in 2013, after they began dating, and detailed other instances in which he slapped her, head-butted her and threw her to the ground. Mr. Depp has since accused herof punching him, kicking him and throwing objects at him.
The verdict. After a six-week trial, the jury found Mr. Depp was defamed by Ms. Heardin her op-ed, but also that she had been defamed by one of his lawyers. Mr. Depp was awarded $15 million in compensatory and punitive damages, but the judge capped the punitive damages total in accordance with legal limits for a total of $10.35 million. The jury awarded Ms. Heard $2 million in damages.
Which is just what Depp did. And while he accused Heard of doing terrible things to him in the course of their relationship and breakup, the lawsuit wasnt about those things. It was about words published under her name, none of which were Johnny Depp. In a sentence the jury found false and malicious, after describing herself as representing domestic abuse Heard wrote that she felt the full force of our cultures wrath for women who speak out. This time she surely has.
Misogyny isnt the subtext of American political rage and social dysfunction; all too often, its the plain text. The links between domestic violence and mass shootings are chilling and well documented, though rarely cited in arguments about policy and prevention. The mobs of social media mobilize against women with special frequency and ferocity, often using the language of righteous grievance. Gamergate, a campaign of harassment directed at women who wrote about video game culture, pretended to be about ethics in journalism. The alt-right in the months before the 2016 election and its post-Trump progeny specialize in targeted misogyny. The TikTok hordes that went after Amber Heard over the past few months took a page from that book.
Depps victory is also theirs. The rage of men whose grievances are inchoate and inexhaustible found expression in a 58-year-old movie stars humiliation of his 36-year-old former wife. I have to wonder: Are men OK? Thats a sincere question. Does the blend of self-pity, vanity, petulance and bombast that Depp displayed on the stand represent how we want to see ourselves or our sons? Thats a rhetorical question. The answer is yes.
Not all men, though. Right? Now that the trial is over, well find new things to be ambiguous about, new venues where indeterminacy can serve as an alibi for the same old cruelty, and for its newer iterations. Johnny Depp is being embraced as a hero in some quarters, but his victory extends even to those who will allow themselves to feel troubled by the outcome of the trial and then move on. Some of us may wince a little when we watch Pirates of the Caribbean or Donnie Brasco, but well probably still watch. Theyre pretty good movies, and its not as if they can be expunged from the collective memory. That hasnt happened to Louis C.K., or Woody Allen, or Michael Jackson, or Mel Gibson, or even Bill Cosby. Some of them have gone to court, some have faced public censure and disgrace, but they all remain woven into the fabric of the culture, and their behavior is too. We may not entirely forget, but we mostly forgive.
Lets at least be clear about what that means. It means that we value the comfort and self-regard of men, especially famous ones, more than we value the safety and dignity of women, even famous ones.
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Johnny Depp-Amber Heard Verdict: The Actual Malice of the Trial - The New York Times
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How To Keep Meat Juicy With Science : Short Wave – NPR
Posted: at 12:44 pm
EMILY KWONG, HOST:
You're listening to SHORT WAVE...
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
KWONG: ...From NPR.
So a few weeks ago, I had a few of my closest friends over...
THOMAS LU, BYLINE: Hello.
BERLY MCCOY, BYLINE: Hello. Hi.
LU: Oh, my. Look at - what, what?
MCCOY: I know.
KWONG: ...Aka, some of the members of team SHORT WAVE - you may recognize the voices of Thomas Lu and Berly McCoy - for an experiment in the culinary arts.
REGINA BARBER, BYLINE: I'm kind of jealous I was on the wrong coast, but a culinary arts experiment - are you saying you tried to cook something new?
KWONG: That's right, Regina Barber, and I used all of my creative impulses.
Sliding off this pan like kids down a waterslide into the wok - whee, I'm going to be a dish.
BARBER: (Laughter) I love it.
KWONG: You know, you got to talk to your food. I sent my friends outside, so it was just me cooking with Berly, our cat Zuko...
(SOUNDBITE OF CAT MEOWING)
BARBER: I love the name - go "Fire Nation."
KWONG: ...And possibly the most versatile pan in the kitchen - the wok.
BARBER: Everyone should get one.
KWONG: Seriously, we have a whole episode about woks coming out in a few weeks...
BARBER: Awesome.
KWONG: ...Featuring this guy.
KENJI LOPEZ-ALT: I'm Kenji Lopez-Alt. I am a he/him.
BARBER: Oh right, the cookbook author - "Food Lab."
KWONG: Uh huh.
BARBER: Doesn't he have those videos where he records his cooking from his head?
KWONG: Yeah, something like that.
LOPEZ-ALT: The GoPro was sitting in the kitchen, and I was about to cook something, so I just stuck it on my head, and I was, like, looking at my YouTube channel, and I was like, oh, this one video I have has, like, a million-something views, and it was just making a grilled cheese sandwich with a GoPro on my head.
KWONG: Kenji is all about demystifying the process of cooking. He peppers the pages of his cookbooks with science explainers so people can understand what's happening in, let's say, the wok, and why. So today, for the first time in a while, we have a SHORT WAVE Micro Wave.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
BARBER: Ooh, I love our Micro Waves - our mini episodes with a little bit of science, and it's followed by some listener mail.
KWONG: That's right. And today, in this microwave, we're going to break down the science behind a cooking technique called velveting for making the perfect stir-fry, where the meat stays tender and the veggies are crisp.
BARBER: Velveting - it's not just for upholstery.
KWONG: That's right.
BARBER: (Laughter).
KWONG: You're listening to SHORT WAVE - the daily science podcast from NPR.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
KWONG: So, Regina, what is your relationship to the cooking pan known as the wok?
BARBER: I actually have two woks. One is pretty old and nicely seasoned. I use woks to mostly, like, stir-fry vegetables and make big noodle dishes.
KWONG: Oh, it sounds so good. I have a wok that was salvaged from a thrift shop, and it's perfectly seasoned, too - such a find. We use it for stir-frying, steaming, simmering. But there's this thing that can happen in wok cooking where you're making stir fry, right? And your vegetables are crisping up all nice, but you're simultaneously drying out your meat.
BARBER: Yeah, I actually hate that.
KWONG: Yeah. And I always wondered, like, how, in Chinese restaurants, they kept the meat so tender.
BARBER: Totally.
KWONG: It provides that contrast with the rest of the stir fry. And the answer, my friend, is velveting.
LOPEZ-ALT: The name is called velveting because it gives the meat a very tender, velvety texture because it's already essentially cooked through.
KWONG: So think about restaurant stir-fry. You know how the chicken is kind of slick and, like, shiny?
BARBER: Yeah, it's. It's almost, like, unnaturally smooth.
KWONG: Well, that's because it has gone through this velveting process, where you marinate lean meats like chicken or pork loin or fish in a slurry of cornstarch and pre-cook it.
LOPEZ-ALT: So it actually makes the stir-frying process easier because you don't have to try and cook the meat through. It's ready to accept the sauce because it already has this layer of cornstarch on the outside. So all you have to do, then, is stir-fry your aromatics and vegetables, add your meat, add your sauce, and toss it all together. And it - you know, essentially, you do it to lean meats to give them that very, very sort of tender, velvety texture.
BARBER: It sounds so delicious.
KWONG: Right? What I learned from Kenji is that if you prepare this velveting marinade, it kind of acts like a sealant, protecting the meat from the direct heat of the wok and keeping the juices inside.
LOPEZ-ALT: As the meat cooks, and if it's exuding any juices from the inside, those juices, instead of going out in the pan and sort of steaming away, they get trapped in this layer of egg white and cornstarch.
BARBER: I want to make this now. Tell me more about the velveting marinade. Like, what's in it?
KWONG: OK, so Berly and I made Kenji's velvet chicken with snap peas - very simple. First, we cut up some chicken...
(SOUNDBITE OF KNIFE SLICING)
KWONG: ...And we coated it in a marinade of egg whites...
(SOUNDBITE OF EGG CRACKING)
KWONG: ...Cornstarch...
(SOUNDBITE OF CONTAINER LID OPENING)
KWONG: ...And a water-based liquid.
(SOUNDBITE OF LIQUID BEING POURED)
KWONG: You can use soy sauce or stock or Shaoxing wine.
BARBER: Like rice wine, right?
KWONG: Yeah.
BARBER: OK, so why those ingredients specifically?
KWONG: Well, the water-based liquid provides flavor and color. The egg whites - upon cooking, they create that loose matrix of protein, kind of setting up around the meat and protecting it from the heat. But the real star in this marinade is cornstarch.
BARBER: Love it.
KWONG: Cornstarch is raw starch. It's just extracted from the endosperm of corn, and it has this amazing property.
LOPEZ-ALT: Starch, essentially - like, it swells in water. And so it thickens water, and it turns it into this, you know, sort of, like, gel matrix as it heats.
KWONG: A single grain of starch can swell to 30 times its original size...
BARBER: Wow.
KWONG: ...Upon contact with heat. So when you coat chicken with a marinade based in cornstarch, it prepares the meat to later absorb sauces from the stir-fry and keeps the meat's juices trapped inside during cooking.
BARBER: This is super interesting. I love his phrase gel matrix. So after you marinate the chicken in this, like, cornstarch slurry, like, what's next?
KWONG: All right. Next is kind of a high-wire act of heat and courage. You want the coating to stick evenly, so the next step is basically to precook the meat in boiling water or oil.
BARBER: Ooh.
KWONG: So, yeah, we're putting the chicken that's coated with the cornstarch into hot water. This is called passing through. And in Chinese restaurants, actually, they do it with oil. We're just doing it with water because - a little healthier, maybe a little less scary.
BARBER: Ooh. Wait - what did the meat, like, look like after it was passed through?
MCCOY: I would have never thought to do this. This is...
KWONG: Right?
MCCOY: ...Such a...
KWONG: Doesn't it look like chicken you get at a Chinese restaurant, though - how it's kind of soft and doughy and spongy?
MCCOY: Totally.
KWONG: Then it was time for the wok.
(SOUNDBITE OF FOOD SIZZLING IN WOK)
KWONG: We added the chicken to a bath of delectable lemon ginger sauce...
(SOUNDBITE OF LIPS SMACKING)
KWONG: ...Those snap peas, and the final dish was...
Oh, my gosh, it's so good. Ooh.
BARBER: (Laughter) I'm still jealous.
KWONG: All I'm saying is that, by the power of cornstarch vested in me, I will be velveting my proteins for my wok from here on out.
BARBER: I think I will too.
KWONG: OK.
BARBER: But for now, Em, ready for some listener mail?
KWONG: I'm ready. Let's hear it.
BARBER: Listener Leah Maria Park (ph) writes, (reading) your piece about Chien-Shiung Wu really moved me. She's just so inspiring for me, as an Asian-read girl - which I think she means people assume she is Asian. She goes on to say, (reading) I also relate to Jada because I still don't know a lot about my grandma's life story, who passed when I was 13. I was just not interested in much of it at the time, and now I wish I had asked her. Thanks for bringing the story to us.
KWONG: Hmm. Oh, that's beautiful.
BARBER: It is beautiful.
KWONG: I also lost my grandmother very young, and, yeah, sometimes I think this kind of reporting is definitely, like, in her memory, you know?
BARBER: Yeah.
KWONG: What is the next letter?
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Cyberpunk 2077: Gangs of Night City Announced – TechRaptor
Posted: at 12:42 pm
RPG fans are familiar with the troubled production that was Cyberpunk 2077. CD Projekt Red's interactive journey through Night City, while eventually given a new lease on life thanks to a next-gen console update, was critically lambasted, leading not just to poor reception but a lawsuit settlement with investors. But this adaptation of Mike Pondsmith's influential setting did lead to some well-received tabletop game experiences including the Cyberpunk Red TTRPG and the skirmish-based miniatures game Cyberpunk Red: Combat Zone. Now, CMON Entertainment has announced their latest board game project, Cyberpunk 2077: Gangs of New York, will be coming to Kickstarter.
The announcement for Cyberpunk 2077: Gangs of Night City happened this afternoon on a live stream by CMON Entertainment. This stream, which is archived on their official YouTube channel, went into further detail about the game. You and up to three other players play as gang leaders in the far future metropolis of Night City as you fight for control over territory. Taking control of either the Maelstrom, Tiger Claw, the Valentinos, or Voodoo Boys gangs, each with their own unique strengths and weaknesses, you work to control the city. You will need to manage both your Street Cred as well Eurodollars in order to recruit more units to your side. Much like the TTRPG, these units are broken up into three archetypes: Solo, Netrunner, and Techie respectively.
What makes the Cyberpunk 2077: Gangs of Night City stand out is that it is an area control board game with narrative choice. While the developers didn't fully explain how this will be managed in-game, the idea is that various events will occur as the game progresses, changing the rules of engagement between players. This can lead to different endings to the game depending on how players react to these events. The developers were quick to emphasize that was not a campaign experience but a competitive experience, citing influences like Rising Sun and Blood Rage.
But with this narrative backdrop, CMON did mention that Cyberpunk 2077: Gangs of Night City is still set within the canon of the world of Cyberpunk, specifically a few years before the player-controlled cyberpunk V entered the scene. To emphasize this, the developers confirmed that in addition to hiring regular gang members, you can also invest in specialist units. Those units include named characters from Cyberpunk 2077: Viktor, Kerry Eurodyne, River Ward, Goro Takemura, Judy Alvarez, T-Bug, Jackie Welles, Nix, Rogue, and Johnny Silverhand (somehow).
The Kickstarter campaign for Cyberpunk 2077: Gangs of Night City is not live yet. However, a preview page is up which will notify you when it has gone live.
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Grand Theft Auto LOSES to Cyberpunk: The sweariest modern day video games revealed – Express
Posted: at 12:42 pm
While most critics focus on violence in video games, we don't tend to hear much about all of the bad language. A new study carried out by FandomSpot has explored the use of profanity in video games, putting together a list of where it appears most often. Specifically, the list looks at IMDBs most popular 18+ video games, and which titles feature the most curse words. Does Grand Theft Auto take the trophy, or is the sweariest video game something completely different?
While Grand Theft Auto appears multiple times in the top 15 games with the most swear words, it's Cyberpunk 2077 that tops the list.
Cyberpunk 2077 contains more than 720 curse words, edging out GTA 4 with 691 swear words, and sequel GTA 5 with 669.
With a total of 501 curse words, Grand Theft Auto San Andreas appears at five, below The Last of Us Part 2 with 523 swear words in fourth.
Other games in the top ten include Until Dawn, Red Dead Redemption 2, Detroit: Become Human, The Witcher 3 and the original Last of Us.
It's worth emphasising that the list is made up of IMDB's 15 most popular 18+ video games, which means other, less critically acclaimed titles may have more bad language.
Indeed, the all-time record holder is actually Scarface: The World is Yours, which launched for the PS2 and Xbox back in 2006.
The Scarface video game adaptation contains a staggering 5,688 uses of the "F word" alone, which is enough to earn it a Guinness World Record.
As for IMDB's most popular 18+ video games, you can see the full list below...
1. Cyberpunk 2077 (722)
2. Grand Theft Auto IV (691)
3. Grand Theft Auto V (669)
4. The Last of Us: Part II (523)
5. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (501)
6. Until Dawn (393)
7. Red Dead Redemption II (347)
8. Detroit: Become Human (331)
9. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (277)
10. The Last of Us (84)
11. Batman: Arkham City (26)
12. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (22)
13. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (17)
14. Borderlands 3 (14)
15. Batman: Arkham Knight (5)
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Grand Theft Auto LOSES to Cyberpunk: The sweariest modern day video games revealed - Express
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Scale, context, and heterogeneity: the complexity of the social space | Scientific Reports – Nature.com
Posted: at 12:38 pm
Results are organized in two sub-sections: (4.1) Community detection from the Twitter dataset, and (4.2) Spatial patterns based on income composition data extracted from the US Census Bureau dataset.
The extraction of global communication patterns can be inferred from Twitter. Figure1 shows Twitter activity on a global scale. Nodes correspond to the physical location where tweets were sent. These nodes are displayed in a heatmap where yellow to red regions concentrate more activity. The map obviously shows certain similarity with a global population map, where the most densely populated regions are highlighted. However, some particularities are evident. China, India, and other countries located in southeastern Asia show much lower node densities in comparison to their actual demographic weight. One potential explanation is because the accessibility to the Internet is restricted for people with limited resources, but also because they have their own national microblogging services and social networks. In the case of the African continent, its actual demographic weight is clearly underestimated.
Global heatmap showing tweets location. Main hotspots are shown in red. This figure was generated using ArcGIS Desktop and Mapbox.
The interconnectivity between nodes is estimated based on mentions or retweets. It is represented by flows (Fig.2a). The spatial networks show different configurations based on the regions where tweets come from and go to. Thus, a very dense global network emerges between the United States, Europe, and some other particular hotspots. Additionally, we observe other densely connected local networks in small regions such as Japan, East Asia, India, South Africa, and some particular regions in Latin America. Zooming into the United States mainland (Fig.2b), the interconnectivity between both coastline sectors and the entire eastern half of the country becomes more evident.
Flows of interconnectivity between users via mentions or retweets: (a) global scale, and (b) the United States mainland. To make the display clearer, we apply a thinning algorithm for reducing line densities. We reduce the total number of links by 90% in (a) and 95% in (b). This figure was generated using ArcGIS Desktop and Mapbox.
These maps reflect the spatial heterogeneity of global human dynamics. The traditional dominance of some western countries is also reflected in Twitter. Nodes summarize regions where the wealth is concentrated. Thus, the global networks topology is a proxy for dominant mobility flows traced by migrations, commercial relationships, and preferred trade routes across the globe. This interconnectivity shows aspects related to cultural dominance, where the majority of the western countries share the same entertainment industry (and knowledge of a common language). Local networks represent regions with enough cultural, geopolitical, or economical affinity for ruling communication within their influence areas.
The collective identity is the common structure of beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors that result from our association in communities. Axelrod35 argues that thecollective behavior is mostly determined by an evolving and complex process of human interactions and information accumulationover time. We learn by imitation and therefore, weare prone to become similar to those that we are exposed to and frequently interact with. Initial differences between communities behaviors are reinforced over time, which leads to their eventual divergence and the emergence of multiple cultures.
Fragmentation and clustering of thesocial space allows to detect communities where people preferably interact with each other by defining the way that trade routes are predominant. Hedayatifar et al.32 found a significant correlation between the level of communication and the topology shown by international trade networks. Geographical distances and neighborhood relationships are two relevant factors36, but not the only ones. Historical past, geopolitical relationships, and cultural influence between countries are equally important for understanding the map of global interactions on Twitter.
For community detection, we map the Twitter dataset into a lattice composed of a regular grid with 100km wide cells. We then run the Louvain algorithm to partition the whole network into regions and to identify the clusters with the highest interconnectivities. On a global scale, we identify 14 major communities (Fig.3a) and 86 minor communities or sub-communities from the subsequent fragmentation of the first ones (Fig.3b). Clusters imply specific cross-cultural, cross-national, and/or cross-linguistic associations. In the Americas, three large communities are differentiated due to language. But once we run the algorithm in successive iterations, minor communities emerge in Latin America. It is noticeable that throughout the fragmentation process some of the clusters are equivalent to nations (Brazil, India, and several European countries), whereas in the case of the United States, it is internally partitioned into different sub-communities within, showing a rich cultural diversity.
Node clustering and detection of communities/sub-communities at a global scale from Twitter dataset. We detect (a) 14 major communities and (b) 86 sub-communities. Consistent partitions were obtained over 85% of realizations. To make the display clearer, we apply a thinning algorithm for reducing line densities. We reduce the total number of links by 90%. This figure was generated using ArcGIS Desktop and Mapbox.
Further zooming into the dataset and running the algorithm for a particular region allows us to refine the results. In Fig.4, we show communities and sub-communities across the mainland United States. In this case, we overlay a grid of 10km wide cells (see Hedayatifar et al.33). As it is evident, the internal clustering differs according to the scale, showing relevant changes in both the number and size of the partitions. The reduced number of communities detected corresponds mostly to vast regions surrounding the most populated cities in the US central states (Fig.4a). Most communities are far more extensive than their own states, which is obvious as the number of communities is lower than the number of states. This effect is particularly clear with the integration of North and South Carolina into one single cluster, but also in New England. On the other hand, the state of California is internally partitioned into two different communities due to the influence of San Francisco in the north and Los Angeles in the south. At this scale, the number of sub-communities increases substantially up to 216, as shown in Fig.4b. Again, some states show a clear homogeneity with a unique dominant cluster (Maine, Montana, and Wyoming), whereas the great majority show a clear diversity of sub-communities inside.
Node clustering and detection of communities/sub-communities from Twitter dataset in the United States mainland. We detect (a) 39 major communities and (b) over 216 sub-communities. Consistent partitions were obtained over 85% of realizations. To make the display clearer, we apply a thinning algorithm for reducing line densities. We reduce the total number of links by 40%. This figure was generated using ArcGIS Desktop and Mapbox.
The Louvain algorithm for community detection dynamically fragments the territory, showing its spatial heterogeneity across different scales. Thus, to properly understand the complex reality, we must first understand the spatial context where the algorithm is applied. For instance, the human interactions captured by the Twitter dataset transcend the traditional administrative boundaries. Zooming into multiple scales allows us to understand much better such interactions, and their effect on the markets, commercial agreements, and business opportunities, or even to avoid conflicts. The scalable structure of communities was recently used for implementing adaptive responses to COVID-19 restrictions in the United States. Buchel et al. 37 proposed to consider multiscale social bubbles for lifting shelter-at-home and mobility restrictions. Dwellers created social bubbles to minimize infection rates locally, while the different US states proposed travel zones to minimize transmissibility between remote areas. The analysis of mobility patterns has contributed to define the limits of human interactions and to assess the effects of the policies adopted by authorities, providing valuable information to policy-makers for adopting more effective travel restrictions, as well as quarantine policies that minimize the disruption of socio-economic activities.
Some of the most influential factors behind the complexity of thesocial space are related to household income. From a social andbehavioral perspective, income determines our lifestyle and world perception. Eagle et al.38 demonstrated that wealthy people travel more frequently and to more places. There is also a positive payoff in some cities between commuting farther for better jobs, while keeping better housing conditions39,40. Other studies analyze the correlation between social diversity and economic prosperity. Yong41 showed how the wealthiest regions develop much more complex and heterogeneous social networks where the emergence of labor opportunities can occur more easily.
Depending on the spatial scale and level of data aggregation, income composition allows to differentiate between an urban world, increasingly dynamic and wealthy, and a rural world in crisis. However, at local scales, we can also observe how some well-known urban regions arerelatively poor, and some rural regions are relatively wealthy. In this way, the spatial scale is very relevant for properly understanding the complexity behind income-related human dynamics.
In the last few decades, the ideological and political division between rural and urban regions has escalated in the United States and other western countries42,43. Many policy experts attribute the spread of reactionary movements against globalization to the increasing confrontation between rural and urban voters. Just a few years ago, Brexit or the Trump victory in the 2016 US Presidential election were the most notable examples of these reactionary movements. Traditional division between American voters shows an evident spatial pattern that is always mentioned in media: while the Democratic Party concentrates most of its votes in the urban regions in the two coastlines, the Republican Party is the most voted in the central states. However, this spatial pattern is more complex than a simple division between the rural and urban America, especially in the face of a very polarized electoral scenario44,45.
Results from the 2016 US Presidential election showed that rural people accounted for only about 15% of the national population. Although rural voters preferred Trump and they certainly contributed to Republicans victory, they were not enough to swing the elections results on its own nor to support the media rhetoric of a rural revolt46. Instead, Trump combined rural and small city over-performance in the industrial midwest. In other words, Trump voters were not so rural. In fact, the majority of Trump voters came from suburban areas where dwellers commute to work in some medium or large city. However, this spatial pattern diverges depending on the context and other additional factors. For example, the Latino vote in Florida is different from other statesin the US. This pattern is particularly explained by the importance of Latin American voters, some of whom are residents with mediumhigh incomes living in the most important cities. Politically, neither the Blue America is so blue, nor the Red America is so red in political terms.
Figure5 shows the income composition in the United States by considering the influence of the mesh size in data aggregation. Each individual node corresponds to a census tract, whose area is roughly equivalent to a neighborhood with 25008000 people. Data aggregation is conducted by applying a circular buffer whose radius ranges from 2 up to 1000km. Mesh size considers all the nodes within the buffer, showing an interconnected effect all in all. The larger the buffer size, the higher the computational costs are.
Income composition in the United States mainland by considering different aggregation levelsfrom 2 to 1000km. Regions below national average income are shown in blue, while regions above national average income are shown in red. White-colored regions that emerge as gaps show regions with similar values to the national average. This figure was generated in Python using the library #Cartopy.
Different income compositions emerge according to the level of data aggregation. With smaller buffers, a very granular pattern shows a high entropy and spatial diversity. As buffer size increases, complete cities emerge as wealthy areas in contrast to poorer and extensive rural areas showing an evident polarization of urban versus ruralregions. Significant differences in wealth between cities emerge at a aggregation distance of 100km. Larger distances draw the Eastern and Western sectors as the only wealthy regions, whereas Central America is shown as a large economically deprived region.
On the other hand, zooming into New York City (Fig.6) we can understand much better the income composition across intra-urban scales. At short distances, neighborhoods in blue have a low average income. However, these fade with buffers larger than 20km showing the whole city as a wealthy region.
Income composition in New York City by considering different aggregation levelsfrom 2 to 1000km. Regions below national average income are shown in blue, while regions above national average income are shown in red. White-colored regions that emerge as gaps show regions with similar values to the national average. This figure was generated in Python using the library #Cartopy.
A similar approach is conducted for analyzing income composition across the United Statesover time. Figure7 shows the evolution from the year 1969 to 2017 considering six individual years and two unique aggregation levels: 100 and 1000km. The methodology used is the same as applied before, but instead of census tracts, we estimate spatial patterns using counties due to data limitations. This exercise enables us to validate the previous results obtained with the census tracts, but also to substantively reduce computational costs due to the lower number of nodes.
Income composition in the United States mainland over time by considering different aggregation levels: (a) 100km and (b) 1000km. Six years are represented: 1969, 1979, 1989, 2000, 2010, and 2017. Regions below national average income are shown in blue, while regions above national average income are shown in red. White-colored regions that emerge as gaps show regions with similar values to the national average. This figure was generated in Python using the library #Cartopy.
At an aggregation distance of 100km, we can observe the high spatial diversity between rich and poor regions. The wealth concentration is mostly dominated by the metropolitan areas showing the division between rural and urban regions. Just a few cities concentrate most of the national wealth47. In general, we can observe how poverty and wealth present a consistent structure over time. The poorest regions located in the southeastern sector remain poor, whereas the wealthiest regions located in the northeast coast corridor and California coastline remain wealthy over time. However, the boundary between poverty and wealth has been shifting over time. In particular, certain regions located in the central states have fluctuated between wealth and poverty over time. Additionally, some cities have collapsed at some point, leading to an impoverishment of the surrounding regions due to their high dependence on those cities. In network science, this demonstrates the high collapse risks in hyper-connected systems motivated by cascading effects. This is particularly significant in the Detroit region, which was wealthy in the past, but it became increasingly poor in recent years.
At larger aggregation distances, the income composition is enormously simplified showing 23 vast regions whose borders have shifted over time. Wealth is mostly concentrated on the East and West coastlines, whereas the central region is mostly distressed. In the most recent decades, industrial relocation processes and the strong attraction of the most populated cities explain the decline of vast inland regions.
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