Daily Archives: June 1, 2022

Quite the wreckage, huh?

17 seats down, a host of future stars put to the sword, and the Prime Minister who cant remember the cash rate sent off to Japan to meet the President who couldnt remember his predecessors name.

Most chillingly for the Liberal Party, seven of its heartland seats are now in the supercilious clutches of the Teal mafia. They are rich, they are righteous, and as Zali Steggalls effortless return in Warringah shows they are here to stay.

Fools have rushed to propose that the Liberals respond with a commensurate lurch to the left. Wiser heads have rightly pointed out that with 44.6 per cent of the National vote still lodged firmly on the Right, the Liberal ship might benefit from a conservative course-correction.

Whatever heading HMAS Liberal Party takes from here, we must be absolutely clear about the nature of the storm from which she emerges. This tempest is the long-threatening, but spectacularly sudden divorce of economic interest groups within the Australian body politic.

The Simon Holmes Court MPs represent some of the most existentially-secure communities on the planet. Their use of Teal branding heralds an abstracted political Utopia, reflecting the very real hybrid paradise in which they live: Blue is for Sydneys harbour, postcode wealth, financial and legal literacy, and an accompanying propensity for technocratic managerialism. Green is for Melbournes gardens and an idealised environmental romanticism this is not a genuine neighbourly care for our lived environment (Mosman and Toorak still love their Range Rovers), but rather the blind ambition to save humanity from itself.

Yet, of the supposed Blue (read: Liberal Party) virtues listed above, which can we honestly say is a true benchmark of an authentic Conservative ethos?

Precisely none.

In fact, these things arent virtues at all. They are identity characteristics. They are brandings accumulated by the Liberal Party thanks to exceptionally strong executive functioning during the Howard Years and the prevailing post-Thatcher-Reagan global orthodoxy.

Thatcher, Reagan, and Howard all had good reason to lean heavily on this mode of popular financialism. In their eras, economic rationalism wasuseful as an implement of practical policy, downstream from a core conservative philosophy. In the 80s and 90s, free enterprise, tax, and labour market reform, along with the democratisation of the financial system were essential to the flourishing of the family, the coherence of the community, and the strength of the nation-state. Essential you might say, to conserving the greater good.

In Australia, The Liberal Party, absent any meaningful buttressing of its philosophical underpinnings post-Howard, still relied predominantly on convincing the well-off to stick with the party of economic management well into the 21st Century.

This prolonged the growth and sustenance of a distinct metropolitan voter-class who preferenced the Liberal Party in protection of their economic wellbeing, but would not claim to be authentically conservative or in some cases even classical Liberal

These are good people. They work hard and want the best for their children. They vote intentionally, and have been artfully seduced by the magical solution the Teals offer: that is, the chance to heal the world without any meaningfulpersonal sacrifice. It is a wholly dishonest, imaginary political proposition, but one that is made possible by a misplaced obsession with financial management as a key tenet of Conservative branding.

The Teals have exploited this geo-specific concern for material well-being, and presented themselves as like-cultured economic managerialists, but with bigger better hearts. The 2022 election then, is the coming home to roost of the economic rationalists chickens.

Until now, only Australia, of all the Western nations, has remained attached to economic rationalism asthedefining article of modern Conservatism. Accordingly, only in Australia, is (or was) the nominally Conservative Party still so strongly considered to be the Party of the wealthy.

To be sure, the rich and the environmentally-conscious should still have voted for the Liberal Party. The Teals advertise a false agency and will deliver nothing that Albanese Labor doesnt already have designs on. They may well just bring chaos to Canberra, as the new, extraordinary parliamentary dynamic takes hold.

Mercifully for the battered Liberal Party, that chaos will not be their concern. What should be, is the realisation that the economic rationalists brand of politics will not provide a path back to power, nor will it recreate a constituency capable of reviving the partys electoral viability.

This is a good thing. The Liberal Party now has the privilege of perhaps two full terms to develop a full suite of authentic policies which respond to the real needs of aspirational, entrepreneurial, family-focused Australians. Though this process must begin outside the glamour seats, this doesnt mean the burghers of Warringah, Wentworth, and Kooyong wont return to the party one day. They surely will.

When they do, however, they should rejoin the Liberal fold convinced that the partys policy substance runs deeper than a sales pitch. They will not, and should not return merely because they feel the Blue team is best qualified to mind their money.

When Clinton strategist James Carville coined his famous phrase, Its the Economy, Stupid! in 1992, it resonated not just because the economy is a universal concern, but because it highlighted the political folly of ignoring the bleeding obvious.

The Australian Liberal Party must not make that mistake.

Ben Crocker is a Constitutional Fellow at The American Conservative and Centre for the Study of Statesmanship in Washington DC. Twitter: @RealBenCrocker

Got something to add? Join the discussion and comment below.

See the original post here:

It's the economy, stupid - The Spectator Australia

For more than 20 years, writer and broadcaster Jon Ronson has been exploring the darker and odder corners of contemporary society. His latest podcast series, Things Fell Apart, goes back three or four decades to find the origin stories for our current vicious culture wars in the words of some of the key protagonists: a film-maker who kick-started the modern anti-abortion movement; the radio host who ignited a moral panic about satanic child abuse; a transgender women thrown out of a feminist music festival. We spoke ahead of his trip to Dublin to present a live version of the podcast.

What is a culture war?

The best definition I read was the battle for dominance over conflicting values. It tends to stay away from economic matters. The first two great culture wars of the modern era were about diversity of thought in school textbooks and about abortion . . . Whats so interesting about the latter is how the Christian right were manipulated into being anti-abortion. After Roe v Wade, it was only the Roman Catholics who were protesting quite quietly and peacefully outside clinics. The Christian right were ambivalent, pro-choice even. And this weird father and son, through a very odd set of circumstances, manipulated Christian evangelists into being anti-abortion. Its such a fascinating and unexpected story.

Arguments over abortion are something were familiar with in Ireland. You can draw a direct political line from the original Roe v Wade decision to what happened with our own Eighth Amendment. But the stories you describe are all American. Are the culture wars essentially American?

There were a few British stories I could have done. But it struck me that, when Christian evangelists were prodded into becoming warriors in the early 1970s in America, and from that came the rise of Jerry Falwell and the Moral Majority, the escalation of conflict on both sides that followed on from that all took place in America. Those were the pebbles thrown into the pond and thats what I was looking for. The ripples were what then happened in Europe and everywhere else, but the pebbles did seem to be American stories.

Jon Ronson: Is there something inherent about the way that we live on the internet that is doing something to our brains thats very new and destructive?

The way America inhabits our consciousness now is of a different order from what it was 30 or 40 years ago. I was always drawn to America. Ive always been drawn to mystery. I went to Broadmoor for [his book] The Psychopath Test, to what used to be called the Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane this is in England, of course and I turned to a nurse and I said, God, I feel so lucky to be in Broadmoor. The nurse looked at me like I was nuts and said, Well, weve got some spare beds if you like. Thats how I feel when I go to America. But also, of course, we do live in their world. We live in the world that Trump created, we live in the world that the tech utopians created, the libertarians, the culture warriors.

And theres a sense that their present is our future.

Well, they often say it starts in California, moves to the east coast and then moves to Europe.

One of the most moving and positive of the stories that you tell involves Tammy Faye Bakker. It has a happy ending, which many of the others dont, and it comes across as a cri de cur for empathy.

Tammy Faye Bakker was a televangelist who was kind of troubled. She had anxiety issues. She had a drug dependency. The other televangelists would mock and ridicule her and so shed put a load of make-up on as a suit of armour and then theyd tell her she looked like a French whore. So shed put on even more make-up. She was spiralling. Her peer group were very homophobic. Jerry Falwell convinced Ronald Reagan to not say the word Aids in public for four years. But because they were bullying and mocking Tammy and she felt so alone, she found herself identifying more with the objects of their scorn. And so, one day in 1985, on her little TV show, Tammys House Party, which was an afternoon chat show for Christian housewives, she invited a gay pastor with full-blown Aids onto the show. What happened next was . . . I called the episode A Miracle, because it was nothing short of a miracle.

I did find my eyes were getting a little moist by the end.

Me too. I would get emails from people saying, I was driving up the M6 and I had to pull over because I was crying so hard.

That story centres on a TV evangelist. Another one is about a a film-maker. Theres one about an actor, another that starts off with a talk radio host. One happens at a music festival and theres another one about an online comedian. So, when we talk about the culture wars, is that because everything thats fought out now in the public sphere has blurred into or is indistinguishable from entertainment?

I never noticed that connection between the different protagonists of the show until you just said it and youre absolutely right. Yeah, theres a dysfunctional relationship between these different power bodies. When it comes to social media and the mainstream media, it was so interesting, when Twitter started, your namesake, Graham Linehan, was the person who got me into Twitter. He said this was 2008 Youve got to join Twitter, its the place where no one fights.

Thats Graham banned by Twitter Linehan.

Yes. But back in 2008, we couldnt have imagined what would happen. I think the mainstream media first thought, Oh, well just ignore it and it will go away. And then it didnt go away, so then the mainstream thought, Well control it. Well do these articles on who are the 10 best tweeters in the media. That was the snake coming into the Garden of Eden, because suddenly it became performative. And then, when when social media completely outsmarted and beat the mainstream media, the mainstream became like the nerdy kid in the school playground, sucking up to the school bully. As journalists were supposed to be fearless, but when we saw people getting torn apart on social media, we shut up. We didnt say anything, because we were scared. Which is the opposite of the bravery journalists are supposed to display.

Although a lot of your stories begin before the internet.

Yes.

I have a theory, which is that the digital age actually began in the 1970s and the 1980s with the invention of cable and satellite TV, and thats the point where you get this collision between the 60s social revolution and a counter-revolutionary backlash, with this media revolution also happening.

And that thing I was just talking about before, about how the mainstream media was sucking up to the new media, that was also happening in the 70s and the 80s with the satanic panic. Christian radio stations were doing these stories about how people were getting kidnapped and made to take part in satanic ceremonies and how satanists had taken over day-care centres. All this nonsense. But it didnt stay on Christian radio. CNN started doing shows about it. So once again the mainstream media saw something brewing that was full of conflict and dizziness and destabilisation and lunacy and thought, Oh, we can use that.

The satanic panic episode is fascinating, because it doesnt map easily to the binary of the culture wars that we have now. You talk to a teacher who was falsely accused and wrongly convicted of the most terrible abuse of children, none of which had happened.

The thing that I found most interesting about that is the people who piled in on this woman in the early 80s, Kelly Michaels, they werent rural right-wing Christians from a southern state who you might imagine would believe in these crazy satanic ideas. These were progressives. This was an upmarket part of New Jersey, a nice part of town. Theyre the ones who believed it, just like quite often on social media when somebody gets piled in on for something they didnt do, the instigators are progressives. They could be well-educated, they can be wealthy. It just shows that no one is immune to irrational thoughts that lead us into ruining peoples lives.

I do wonder whos winning the culture wars.

Well, Id say the ultimate winners are the tech billionaires, these libertarian utopians. Whoever wins or loses the actual war itself, they win whatever happens.

And who are the losers?

To be honest, right now Id say that the left are doing worse than the right. The left had an excellent run with #MeToo and Black Lives Matter and the new diversity in the culture. Im very glad, by the way, to have lived through that period. I love the fact that movies now arent just white people . . . But you see with the backlash of Joe Rogan, Elon Musk and Jordan Peterson, the pendulum has swung in the other direction, people have sort of been manipulated and propagandised. They now all see the left as these awful people who just want to ruin your life if you say something slightly wrong. And everybody has to be gender-fluid and all these sorts of clichs. But I think theyve been manipulated into being more fearful and more angry than they should be. I would say that the Rogans and the Musks are now winning.

There can sometimes be a lazy equivalence drawn between both sides, but the anti-rationalism and anti-enlightenment position of the far right is also visible on the extremes of the progressive left.

Obviously you always have to be careful about both-sidesing things because of the possibility of false equivalence, but also, both-sidesing something has become so unfashionable because people do it for bad reasons that those of us who actually think its kind of an interesting thing to do, we have to tread carefully. But yeah, I agree with what you just said. The other thing is that the average age of a QAnon devotee is like 40 to 60, so theyre the ones who are going to start the civil war, then at least theyre all pretty old.

Most western societies are getting old. Old people banging angrily on their computers is essentially whats driving our politics.

Yeah, exactly. Luckily at least theyre not going to take to the streets quite as much if theyre 60, so thats one bit of good news.

Youre unlikely to have 70-year-old brownshirts.

Right, exactly. So, I personally think that all this talk about impending civil war is overblown, but I do think theres a danger of making it happen. My next story, in fact, Im working on now is about this topic.

Racism is obviously a hotter topic in America than it is here but its a hot topic everywhere.

Yes.

You talked to Robin di Angelo, an extremely controversial figure in the US. Shes at the centre of this argument over what the right call critical race theory (CRT), although the left says CRT is something else entirely. Essentially its addressing concepts such as implicit bias, inherent structural racism and white privilege. You interviewed her and I thought it was interesting you seemed sympathetic to some of what she had to say and less so to other parts.

It was no mean feat to make a big series about the culture wars and not elicit much controversy, but the one thing I got criticised for was that people thought I was a little bit too soft on Robin di Angelo. And I think the reason why is because all the things you just said implicit bias, systemic racism those things really do exist. To say that they dont is blinding yourself to the possibility of learning more about how the world works and also of making things a little bit better. Thats why I agree with her about that stuff. What I disagree with is. . . well, two things, actually. Firstly I think she would want people to be ashamed and to learn from that shame. Im not sure I agree with wanting people to have such negative emotions. The other thing, going back to the civil war question, is that when she talks about implicit bias, unconscious racism, I think those are really good points. [But] when people talk about how the radical right in America are driven by racism and racism is their main agenda, I think history and evidence shows thats not true, actually.

A rally against critical race theory being taught in schools in Leesburg, Virginia. Photograph: Andrew Caballero-Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images

Is this all a superimposition of ideas which are rooted in very specific parts of American history and an attempt to universalise them in an almost quasi-religious way? This sense of guilt, that everyone or every white person has original sin. That does have a quasi-religious element to it.

I agree. If youre born with white privilege, thats it, theres nothing you can do because you just have to try and make amends. That feels pretty religious to me.

And the other part, which you mention in your interview, is that if you define everybody by their race and by the guilt which they bear, youre inviting an intensified sense of identity and opposition based on racial identity from the very people youre trying to convert.

I think thats true. I mean ultimately identity politics just turns people away from each other. Its not a place where I want to be. I want to be in a place where everybody treats each other with curiosity and empathy and humanity and compassion. Identity politics is all about tribalism, withdrawing from each other, grievance. Saying all of that, I feel Ive learned a lot from the left these past four or five years. #Metoo and Black Lives Matter, all of those things, have taught me a lot. You can see the positives but also identify the fact that theres some real negatives.

Theres a line in the introduction to the podcast: During these last few years, Jon has watched friends get caught up in the online culture wars to such a degree that theyve lost everything, their careers, their wellbeing.

Ive sat here and just watched it unfold on social media. People losing everything. Successful writers get too involved in a particular culture war and the next thing they know theyve lost their family, theyve lost their reputation, theyve lost their livelihood. I dont know, are they the canaries in the coalmine? Are we all going to go that way? Is there something inherent about the way that we live on the internet that is doing something to our brains thats very new and destructive? That was the question and then I thought: how will I tell that story? The answer I came up with is Im going to go back to the beginning and tell origin stories to see how we got this way, how we ended up here.

Jon Ronson brings Things Fell Apart to Liberty Hall Theatre, Dublin on June 10th. singularartists.ie

He will be at the Festival of Writing & Ideas, Borris House, Carlow, on June 11th and 12th. festivalofwritingandideas.com

This is an edited transcript of an episode of the Irish Times Inside Politics podcast. Listen to the full conversation at irishtimes.com/podcasts

Read the original post:

Jon Ronson: In 2008 Graham Linehan told me 'Join Twitter, the place where no one fights' - The Irish Times

Looking back on the Middle Ages, who are the most important people of this era? Here is a list of men and women that were influential in medieval times and who forged an enduring legacy. They include leaders, scholars, writers and warriors.

To create this list, we have deliberately chosen to have five people from each century between the sixth and fifteenth this ensures that we are not just choosing people from later periods, but gives a more balanced look at the whole of the Middle Ages. Here are our fifty entries (which actually covers 52 people) for the most important individuals from the medieval world.

Clovis I King of the Franks (c.466 511)

As the Western Roman Empire crumbled in the fifth century, new powers would emerge in Europe. A Frankish leader named Clovis would be one of the most important figures in this era, first uniting his people, then conquering neighbours to create a state that spread over much of France, the Low Countries, and western Germany.

Clovis was not only the founder of the Merovingian Dynasty, which would rule for another 250 years, but he also converted (along with his people) to Roman Catholicism, which helped to establish that form of Christianity in Western Europe. As Katherine Scherman observed, Clovis was a consummately successful king, the author of Frankish supremacy and a founder of modern France.

Boethius Roman official and philosopher (c. 477 524)

A Roman politician and official, Boethius had made a name for himself as a writer. However, it would be his final work that would make him famous he would be unjustly imprisoned by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, and while awaiting his execution, Boethius would write The Consolation of Philosophy, a text on the philosophy of faith and reason. It would become the most important work in philosophy during the Middle Ages, and continues to be widely read around the world. Among his words is:

Balance out the good things and the bad that have happened in your life and you will have to acknowledge that you are still way ahead. You are unhappy because you have lost those things in which you took pleasure? But you can also take comfort in the likelihood that what is now making you miserable will also pass away.

Benedict of Nursia Italian monk (480 548)

When people think of the Middle Ages, monks and nuns often come to the top of mind. Christian monastic institutions were important and powerful places in both Europe and the Middle East, centres of learning and religion. Benedict of Nursia was a key person in the rise of monasteries, for he wrote the Rule of Saint Benedict in 516. This text offered a guide and rules on how monasteries should be run and how those who took monastic vows should live. Widely used, even today, it would help Benedict be regarded as the Patron Saint of Europe.

Justinian I Byzantine emperor (482 565)

The Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565, Justinians reign would mark a revival of the Byzantine Empire. Militarily, the Byzantine armies would see conquests in the Middle East, North Africa and Italy, expanding the empire significantly. Just as importantly, his government did a major rewrite of Roman law codes, and much of this has endured in the civil law of many countries today. Meanwhile Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, with the impressive church of Hagia Sophia, would become one of the most important cities of the medieval world.

Justinians rule had its supporters and detractors, including the contemporary writer Procopius, who presented us with two versions of the emperor. In one work he praises the emperor for taking over the State when it was harassed by disorder, has not only made it greater in extent, but also much more illustrious, but in another calls Justinian out for being deceitful, devious, false, hypocritical, two-faced, cruel, skilled in dissembling his thought, never moved to tears by either joy or pain, though he could summon them artfully at will when the occasion demanded, a liar always, not only offhand, but in writing, and when he swore sacred oaths to his subjects in their very hearing.

Khosrow I Sassanid emperor (c.512 579)

The challenge of the growing Byzantine Empire would be met by Khosrow I, the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 531 to 579. Under his reign, the Sassanids pushed the Byzantines back, and this empire would grow to dominate the Middle East. Khosrow, considered to be a Philosopher King, helped to make Iran a cultural and economic power, and even though the Sassanids would fall in the following century, their legacy would carry on into the Islamic world.

Pope Gregory I (c.540 604)

One of only three popes to be nicknamed The Great, Gregorius Anicius was selected for the Papacy in 590 and would drastically reform and improve its administration. He is remembered for the missionizing activities carried out in parts of Europe to convert peoples to Christianity, and for refocusing the Churchs charitable efforts. Gregory I is now considered one of the most important figures in Papal history.

Shtoku Taishi Japanese prince (574 622)

Although he never became emperor, this prince is often considered to be the founder of the Japanese nation. Serving as de facto ruler of the country between 593 and 622, Shtoku was instrumental in creating a centralized government for Japan, bringing in the religion of Buddhism, and establishing connections with China. It is from him that Japan would be called the Land of the Rising Sun.

Muhammad Islamic religious figure (570 632)

Perhaps the most important person on this list, Muhammad ibn Abdullah was the founder of the religion of Islam. According to this faith, he was a divinely-inspired prophet who received revelations from God that are recorded in the Quran. Muhammad would form a community around the cities of Mecca and Medina in the Arabian Peninsula, and begin converting the Arabic people. The Islamic religion grew throughout the Middle Ages, becoming one of the key cultural and religious institutions of the era.

Taizong Chinese emperor (599-649)

Li Shimin was one of the co-founders of the Tang Dynasty in China and, after the death of his father, would become its emperor from 626 to 649. Taking on the name Taizong, he would build up an empire over much of East Asia and usher in a golden age for Chinese history.

Today he remains an exemplar of a wise ruler and administrator. Reflecting on his own reign, Taizong said:

Ive learned the principles of good governance and put them into practice. Our country was going downhill, but it is now in good shape. Foreign barbarians used to invade China, but they are now our vassals. Im very lucky, for Ive done better than many rulers in history. I want to make sure that my rule has a good beginning and a good ending.

Ali Islamic caliph (600 661)

Al ibn Ab lib, the son-in-law and companion to Muhammad, who was an important figure in the religion of Islam, but also the catalyst for a major rift in the Muslim community. After Muhammads death in 632, many believed that Ali should have succeeded him, but ultimately he would not become Caliph until the year 656. However, his reign would be marked by power struggles and civil war, and would end with his assassination. The political disagreements over his claim to leadership of the Islamic faith would eventually create the Sunni and Shia factions, the two largest branches of the religion.

Wu Zetian Chinese empress (624-705)

For about fifty years, Wu Zetian was the most important person in China, first as the empress consort, then as empress dowager to two of her sons, and finally becoming the only woman in Chinese history to officially rule as Empress from 690 to 705. Her rule was marked by both increasing prosperity within China and military victories abroad, but also by growing corruption and a brutal secret police regime.

In the words of historian Ann Paludan, Wu Zetian was an extraordinary woman, attractive, exceptionally gifted, politically astute and an excellent judge of men. With single-minded determination, she overcame the opposition of the Confucian establishment through her own efforts, unique among palace women by not using her own family.

Bede English monk (672 735)

Often called The Venerable Bede, this monk lived in northern England, and developed a reputation as one of the leading scholars of his time. He wrote dozens of works on a range of subjects, including theology, science and music. His use of the Anno Domini system of dating the years would prove influential towards it being adopted throughout Europe and then the wider world. Bedes most famous work is Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (An Ecclesiastical History of the English People) it is the most important source of English history in the early Middle Ages, and is widely studied and praised by modern historians.

Xuanzong Chinese emperor (685 762)

Beginning his 44-year reign in 712, this emperor at first put an end to state corruption and brought in better administration. He founded the Imperial Academy of Letters, writes Ann Paludan, and the atmosphere at court an harmonious blend of Confucian rationalism, Daoist individualism and an openness to new ideas attracted scholars, painters, poets, and musicians. There was even a remarkable engineering feat in 724 the Pu Jin Bridge was built to cross the Yellow River.

However, the reign of the Xuanzong would be viewed as the beginning of the decline of the Tang Dynasty, first with the defeat at the Battle of Talas, and then the An Lushan Rebellion, which lasted from 755 to 763. Xuanzong would retire as emperor in 756.

Li Bai (701-62) and Du Fu (712-70) Chinese poets

The Tang Dynasty is often considered one of the high points in Chinese civilization, with the country flourishing economically and culturally. It is not surprising that several of the most important people on this list came from this period, including Li Bai and Du Fu.

About a thousand poems Li Bai wrote have survived to the present day, such as Quiet Night Thoughts:

Before my bed theres a pool of lightI wonder if its frost on the groundLooking up, I find the moon brightThen bowing my head, I drown in homesickness

With Du Fu, nearly 1500 of his poems still exist. He was deeply affected by the An Lushan Rebellion, even being taken prisoner at one point, and his writings reflected this, including Facing Snow:

After the battle, many new ghosts cry,The solitary old man worries and grieves.Ragged clouds are low amid the dusk,Snow dances quickly in the whirling wind.The ladles cast aside, the cup not green,The stove still looks as if a fiery red.To many places, communications are broken,I sit, but cannot read my books for grief.

The reason we place these two men together is because of the deep friendship they shared with each other, first meeting in the year 744. They would write to each other for the rest of their lives, including poems such as this joke by Li Bai:

I ran into Du Fu by a Rice Grain Mountain,In a bamboo hat with the sun at high noon.Hasnt he got awfully thin since our parting?It must be the struggle of writing his poems.

Al-Mansur Abbasid caliph (c.714 775)

The founder of Baghdad, and considered at least the co-founder of the Abbasid Dynasty, Abu Jafar Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur first played a key role in the toppling of the Ummayads. When his brother Saffah died in 754, al-Mansur became the second Abbasid caliph and would be instrumental in establishing the power of the dynasty.

Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph (786809)

If the first few Abbasid caliphs established this dynasty, it was Harun al-Rashid who made it famous. Reigning from 786 to 809, this caliph had mixed results militarily but has been credited with making Baghdad a centre of culture and learning. Harun was a major figure in the establishment of Bayt al-ikmah (House of Wisdom) as a library and educational centre that attracted leading scholars. Furthermore, he promoted much music and poetry, and develop a reputation that would even lead to him becoming a key character in the One Thousand and One Nights.

Harun al-Rashid also made diplomatic alliances with the Tang Dynasty in China and the Carolingians in Western Europe. As one chronicler concluded, so great were the splendour and riches of his reign, such was its prosperity, that this period has been called the Honeymoon.

Charlemagne Carolingian emperor (742-814)

After becoming King of the Franks, Charles would spend the next 46 years building a state that stretched across much of western and central Europe. His power would rise until he would be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in the year 800.

The Carolingian Empire founded by Charlemange would dominate Europe for most of the ninth century, and the institutions they created or revived would endure for centuries afterward. Moreover, this era would see a Renaissance in learning and culture, as Charlemanges court would become a home for scholars and artists.

Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, is remembered as one of the most important people in European history, even being called the Father of Europe. Historian Janet L. Nelson describes him as a man who was by any standards extraordinary: a many-sided character whose sixty-five years of life and doings were driven by unremitting physical energy and intellectual curiosity.

Kkai Japanese monk (774 835)

Called The Grand Master, Kkai is a major figure in the development of Buddhism in Japan. In 804, he would travel to China to study the religion. Returning to Japan two years later, he found the Shingon school of Buddhism, which soon found support among the countrys elite. Several important temples were built by him, including a complex at Mount Kya, which today is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Al-Jahiz Arabic writer (776 869)

Nicknamed The Bug-Eyed, he spent over fifty years in Baghdad working as a writer and scholar, penning at least 140 works. Al-Jahizs interests range from animals to eloquence, racial identity to humour, and even whether it was better to be right or left-handed.

Arb al-Mamnya Arabic singer and poet (797 890)

This is the person who would be the least known to the modern world, yet was probably the most famous person in the world when she lived. You could call Arb the diva of the Middle Ages, as she was a singer, poet, composer, calligrapher, chess player and socialite. Sold into slavery at the age of 10, music would be the career that would bring to the courts of the Abbasid elite. Anecdotes of her life and many relationships eight rulers were among her lovers reveal a woman with sharp wit and keen intelligence.

To you treachery is a virtue you have many faces and ten tongues.Im surprised my heart still clings to you in spite of what you put me through.

Arb would not only survive the fractious conflicts within the Abbasid court, but became fabulously wealthy and long-lived. In the words of one admirer:

She is the sun and the other women are starsIf she appears, they set and become invisible.

Abu Bakr al-Razi Iranian physician (c.865 c.925)

Known in the Western world as Rhazes, he is considered a hugely important figure in the history of medicine. Serving as the head of hospitals in Baghdad and Rey, al-Razi would write over two hundred works related to the field, and was known for his work in experimental medicine, the use of pharmacies, pediatrics, obstetrics and ophthalmology. He was also an important writer on medical ethics, and is known for this statement:

The doctors aim is to do good, even to our enemies, so much more to our friends, and my profession forbids us to do harm to our kindred, as it is instituted for the benefit and welfare of the human race, and God imposed on physicians the oath not to compose mortiferous remedies.

Al-Razi is also known for works in alchemy, metaphysics and philosophy.

Rollo Norse warrior (d. between 928-933)

This Viking leader would make a deal with the King of France in the year 911 he and his followers would convert to Christianity and protect the kingdom from other Norse raiders. In return, Rollo would be given lands in northern France, in what is today known as Normandy. Rollo and his descendants, the Normans, would become major players in European history for the new couple of centuries, as they would fight and conquer places such as England, southern Italy and other parts of the Mediterranean.

Abd al-Rahman III Iberian caliph (890-961)

Partway through his nearly 50-year reign, Abd al-Rahman III would create the Caliphate of Crdoba, which ruled over much of Iberia and parts of North Africa. During his reign, the city of Crdoba would become one of the largest cities in the world, with an estimated population of 400,000, and its prosperity led it to become a centre of learning and culture. Meanwhile,

For all of his achievements, al-Rahman has an interesting view of his own life and reign. He wrote:

I have now reigned above fifty years in victory or peace; beloved by my subjects, dreaded by my enemies, and respected by my allies. Riches and honours, power and pleasure, have waited on my call, nor does any earthly blessing appear to have been wanting to my felicity. In this situation, I have diligently numbered the days of pure and genuine happiness which have fallen to my lot: they amount to Fourteen. O man! place not thy confidence in this present world!

Otto I Holy Roman Emperor (912 973)

Otto the Great gained his nickname for his impressive military achievements as well as his ability to forge the disparate German states into one kingdom. He is noted also for his victory at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, which stopped the Magyars advance into Europe, and for his conquests of parts of Italy. Ottos dynasty would last until the early eleventh century, and their patronage of the arts and sciences would be deemed a renaissance.

Taizu Chinese emperor (937-76)

Zhao Kuangyin was a military commander during a period when China had been split into competing dynasties and kingdoms, but he led a coup detat against his own ruler and became the first emperor of the Song Dynasty. Taking the imperial name Taizu, his own reign (960-976) would see most of China reunified again as well as rapid improvements in government and academics. The Song Dynasty would last for more than 300 years.

Ferdowsi Persian writer (940 1019/1025)

Abul-Qsem Ferdowsi Tusi is the author of Shahnameh (Book of Kings), the epic poem that tells the mythical and historical past of Iran. The massive poem, about 50,000 couplets in length, took about 33 years to complete and has become one of the important literary works in history, a national epic not just in Iran, but throughout central Asia.

Ibn Sina Persian scholar (980-1037)

Also known as Avicenna, he worked as a physician in parts of Central Asia and Iran, eventually becoming a court physician to the powerful Buyid Dynasty. He would write over 450 works, of which about 240 have survived, that cover a wide range of topics including philosophy, physics and psychology. Ibn Sina is most famous for The Canon of Medicine, completed in 1025, which would be the most influential work on the subject for at least 500 years.

Rajendra Chola I Indian emperor (c.971 1044)

Even before he succeeded his father as the ruler of the Chola Empire in 1014, Rajendra had an impressive military career, helping to expand the state across southern India. More major victories followed during his reign, including an impressive naval campaign that crossed the Bay of Bengal to target states in present-day Malaysia and Indonesia.

The reigns of Rajendra and his father Rajaraja are considered the high point of the Chola Dynasty, which lasted until the year 1279. Merchants from this empire came to dominate trade over the Indian Ocean, while Rajendra established a new capital at Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

Gregory VII Pope (1073-1085)

Hildebrand of Sovana, the son of a blacksmith, entered church service and by the late 1040s was working as an official within the Papacy. He would rise to the top of the Catholic Church, serving as Pope from 1073 to his death in 1085.

As Pope Gregory VII, he is remembered for his efforts to reform the Papacy and the Church, including promoting the idea of papal authority over secular rulers. This would lead to the Investiture Controversy between him and the Holy Roman Emperor, leading to the famous Walk to Canossa incident. Gregorys efforts at promoting the Papacy would be the start of an era where Popes had great influence over European politics for the rest of the Middle Ages.

William I King of England and Duke of Normandy (c. 1027-1087)

Becoming the Duke of Normandy as a young boy in 1035, it seemed that he would not have a long reign. However, William endured and asserted control of his territory. However, he is even better known for his invasion of England in 1066, where he defeated King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and took the English throne. Now known as William the Conqueror, he established a powerful state that controlled both sides of the English Channel.

Peter Abelard French scholar (1079-1142) and Hlose dArgenteuil French abbess (c.1100 1163)

Peter Abelard was already a well-known scholar in France when he became the tutor to a Parisian woman named Hlose in 1116. These two intellectuals soon developed a passionate romance, which included a secret marriage and the birth of a child. However, their affair ended in tragedy with Abelard being castrated, the couple separated and having to live the rest of their lives in monasteries. Peter and Hlose continued to write to each other, and their relationship is the most remembered love story from the Middle Ages.

Li Qingzhao Chinese poet (1084-1156)

Although only about a hundred of her poems have survived, Li Qingzhao is considered one of the greatest poets in Chinese history. She wrote about topics including loneliness, having to become a refugee, losing her husband, and happier topics, like the poem Joy of Wine:

I remember in Hsi TingAll the many timesWe got lost in the sunset,Happy with wine,And could not find our way back.When the evening came,Exhausted with pleasure,We turned our boat.By mistake we found ourselves even deeperIn the clusters of lotus blossoms,And startled the gulls and egretsFrom the sand bars.They crowded into the airAnd hastily flapped awayTo the opposite shore.

Hildegard of Bingen German abbess (c.1098 1179)

Mystic, writer, abbess Hildegard was a powerful personality within the Catholic Church during the twelfth century. Through her letter writing and correspondence with many church and political figures, she became very influential. Hildegard was a prolific writer, penning books on medicine, philosophy, music and even plays. Today, she remains a widely-read spiritual figure.

Minamoto no Yoshitsune Japanese warrior (c.1159 1189)

One of the most famous samurai warriors in the history of Japan, Yoshitsune was a successful military commander in the 1180s. With The Tale of the Heike and other works, his legend and popularity grew, to the point where Yoshitsune has become a leading example of Japanese martial culture.

Saladin Ayyubid sultan (c.1137-1193)

Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadi, better known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty that ruled over Egypt and Syria. His victories against the Crusader States have earned him much fame in both Western and Middle Eastern history as one of the most persons of the Crusades era.

Maimonides Jewish scholar (11381204)

Moses ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides, is the leading Jewish figure of the Middle Ages. Living in Morocco and then Egypt, his most important job was as the personal physician to Saladin. While he wrote on a wide range of topics, his most famous dealing with Jewish theology and law, as well as philosophy including The Guide for the Perplexed.

Original post:

The 50 Most Important People of the Middle Ages - Medievalists.net