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Daily Archives: April 17, 2022
Making Fake Martian Dirt for Future Mars Exploration Is a New Way of Business for These Labs and Startups – The Daily Beast
Posted: April 17, 2022 at 11:36 pm
If humans have any hope of prolonged survival on another world, it will depend on the extraterrestrial ground beneath their boots. Thanks to the exorbitant cost of shipping goods and materials through spacecraft, astronauts must capitalize on what they find. On Mars, this means rocks, dust, and little else.
Researchers have dreamed up dozens of uses for Martian dirt, including as soil for planting, cement for landing pads, and, possibly, coagulants for deadly bleeding. Theres a hitch, though: Theres no Mars dirt on our planet. Absolutely none. Instead, Earth minerals must simulate Martian stuff. A cottage industry for this faux-alien matter has bloomed, offering soils tailored to resemble those found on other planets, asteroids, and the moon.
About 30 different Martian simulants have been developed according to one recent review study by materials scientists, making up for Earths complete lack of Mars dirt. Two U.S. purveyors are among the top sources: The Martian Garden in Austin and University of Central Floridas Exolith Lab. NASAs Extraterrestrial Materials Simulation Laboratory, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, also makes soil simulants and rock analogues for in-house use. So do some private spaceflight companies.
Demand has been going up steadily, planetary scientist and Exolith Lab founder Daniel Britt told The Daily Beast. The lab, which began formulating simulants in 2015, now has more than 1,000 customers. Some may buy just a few dozen pounds of the stuff. Others have picked up 10 tons of simulant in shipping containers. Exolith Lab supplied 80 times the amount of soil in 2021 than it did in 2018.
Of course, not just any dirt will do. The bottom line here is that when youre going to be operating in alien environments, theyre alien, Britt said. Earth has abundant oxygen, active tectonics, liquid water and living things that warp or corrode soil in ways that dont occur on Mars or the moon.
It requires curation, and often pulverization, to become a good stand-in for Mars soil. Rocks and minerals may be cooked to remove organic features, crushed into powder, blended, moistened, and dried out, before the simulant can be a useful research tool.
Fake Mars dirt has been mixed with human blood protein into a brick-like composite. It has been spiked with nitrogen-fixing germs to coax plants to grow. It has been sintered to create clay, then spun into a bowl on a potters wheel.
Christian Kastrup, who studies how blood clots at the University of British Columbia, hypothesizes that sterilized Mars soil might be used akin to gauze, plugging up bad wounds. A few years ago, Kastrup and his colleagues discovered that human blood plasma reacts with a mineral in Earth soil, triggering clotting.
We believe our blood naturally responds to silicates that are in soil, Kastrup told The Daily Beast. He couldnt say yet what his lab has found using Mars simulantsthe experiments are underwaybut Mars, it turns out, has those same silicates. The goal is a dressing, which astronauts might not have had space to pack, for injuries much larger than what youd use a Band-Aid for, Kastrup said.
Using Earth-bound dirt as a cosmic substitute is a practice that dates back to preparations for the Apollo missions. Various rocks were crushed into powders to predict what the early astronauts might encounter. Moon simulants are still used, too, because the real stuff is so precious. Apollo astronauts collected 842 pounds of lunar rocks, sand and dust. NASA doles that stuff out by the milligram.
The first generation of Mars soil simulants was created in the 1990s. Johnson Space Centers Mars-1 was orange soil from a Hawaiian volcano. The color was right, but the contents were lacking. It wasnt a great match to the stuff thats actually on the surface, Colorado School of Mines geology professor Kevin Cannon, who helped develop Exolith Labs Mars simulant while at UCF, told The Daily Beast
About a decade after Mars-1s debut, Greg Peters, then at the Extraterrestrial Materials Simulation Laboratory, and his colleagues created the Mojave Mars simulant. In Californias Mojave Desert rises Saddleback Mountain, redder than the surrounding landscape. Peters knew the place wellit was near a borax mine where his father had worked for decades.
Samples he gathered from the butte were promising. It turns out, its a fair chemical match to Mars, Peters, a technology manager at NASAs Armstrong Flight Research Center in California, told The Daily Beast. The simulant was well receivedNASA had about 10 tons of the stuff, and the paper describing the simulant has been cited more than 100 times.
It also inspired two Austin park rangers to develop their own faux-Martian dirt. In the mid-2010s, the pair, both space fans, launched a Kickstarter offering planters full of the Mojave soil. The Martian Garden was born. The company has since developed an in-house blend made by combining the Mojave Mars basalt with iron oxide, Mark Cusimano, one of the former rangers and Martian Gardens chief technology officer told The Daily Beast.
Martian Garden has supplied classrooms, NASA, private companies, and universities, Cusimano said, at a few pounds to 10,000 pounds an order.
We try not to kill our customers.
Daniel Britt, Exolith Lab
In Florida, meanwhile, Cannon and Britt created their simulant from scratch, based on Mars surface data collected by NASAs Curiosity rover. The rover was equipped with an X-ray diffractometer, the first robot to have such an instrument on another planet. It very nicely tells you all of the minerals that are present in the sample and in what proportions, said Cannon.
Exolith Labs Mars Global Simulant draws from sources across the planet. It has acquired rock from natural structures in Idaho and Greenland, as well as commercially available minerals, such as iron ores meant for making ceramics.
Some of these minerals are pretty tough to get, said Cannon, who now makes bespoke simulants for Kastrup and other clients. He has sourced a mineral called plagioclase, making up 40 percent to 50 percent of Mars rocks and soil, from waste at the Stillwater platinum mine in Montana.
Once collected, the minerals are crushed and mixed. At first, Exolith Labs undergraduates used sledgehammers to smash rocks to size. The lab has since subbed out the undergrads for industrial mills originally made for mining, which pulverize minerals between steel plates. Mars soil shouldnt feel like beach sand, Britt saidthe product is more jagged, without the benefit of waves to wash away the sharp points.
The result is a cocktail of rocks with names like anhydrite, ferrihydrite, hematite, magnetite, olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene. Its not a perfect mineral match to Mars. You can introduce more minor chemicals that are present in the soil, Cannon said, but it's all a trade-off between the scale, the cost and the accuracy.
In fact, perfection could be dangerous. Exact replicas of some asteroids, for example, would be illegal to market in states like California due to the space rocks high concentrations of carcinogenic chemicals. We try not to kill our customers, Britt said. Handling the material Exolith Lab provides, he added, is about as safe as sitting on beach sand.
One day, it will no longer be true that our planet lacks Martian dirt. NASAs Perseverance rover, which landed on Mars in 2020, is equipped with what Peters called the most complex mechanism thats ever been set to another planet: a 7-foot-long drill-tipped arm, which will gather samples of Mars to be sealed in tubes. If all goes well, another robotic mission will retrieve those samples and return them to Earth in the 2030s.
When that sample return happens, thats going to be a big game-changer, Cusimano said. With the genuine article in hand, scientists will perform the deepest probe yet into the contents of Mars dirt, wringing fine details from the alien matter. Earths mineral mimics should only get better.
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San Diego researchers hope to find evidence of life on Mars – KPBS
Posted: at 11:36 pm
Jessica Torres shows me a tiny glass tube she uses to sort through molecules. Torres, a researcher in a chemistry lab at San Diego State University, can tell by the molecules' movement what kind they are, and hopes to use this method to see signs of life in material gathered from Mars.
But finding life signs on the surface of Mars can seem like a daunting task theres no water, and it has punishing solar rays and a high-salt content.
If there was life to be detected on Mars, it would be in porous rocks or the underside of rocks, Torres said. Somewhere thats kind of shielded from the harsh environment that is Mars.
Life on other planets is something many imagine. But so far theres no proof that life exists anywhere but Earth. Thats why Torres and her advisor, chemistry professor Chris Harrison, are working on a way to find molecular traces of life on Mars.
But they're not talking about complex or intelligent life more likely microorganisms.
RELATED: NASA Rover Lands On Mars To Look For Signs Of Ancient Life
Harrison, an analytical chemist, said the goal of his lab is not really to find life on Mars, but to find evidence it once existed.
Were looking for the building-block molecules that make life function, so specifically amino acids, he said. These are the little LEGO blocks that you assemble in the right sequence and you get different proteins and enzymes and the functional components of cells.
Thomas Fudge
The glass tube they use to sort out life-building molecules has a channel that's more narrow than a human hair. Molecules suspended in water pass through at different speeds, depending on their size and their electrical charge. This race through the tube could determine if you're looking at an amino acid.
If their instrument hitched a ride on a rocket and given to a Mars rover, the tube could be encased in a clear cartridge a little more than an inch long and used to study Mars' surface.
Torres said NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a partner in their study, has found a place on Earth thats a little like Mars to test such instruments: the Atacama Desert in Chile.
It does receive very low rainfall throughout the year, she said. Theyve tested their soil samples and have detected very low levels of fatty acids and other biosignatures in that soil. Which is pretty great since it means their technology would be very suitable for a Mars-like environment.
NASA has been successfully landing on Mars since the 1970s, and the first images from the planet showed a perfectly barren landscape. But eventually they did find evidence of old riverbeds, likely formed by past water flows.
RELATED: Perseverance's Video Cameras Capture Its Arrival On Mars (There's Audio, Too)
Today, the Mars rover Perseverance is parked on a dry river delta, collecting sedimentary rocks that could harbor signs of life.
Michael Meyer, NASAs lead scientist for the Mars Exploration Program, said the space agency will try to transport Mars samples to Earth. The elaborate plan is to land rocket-carrying space vehicles on Mars. Upon arrival, they send a fetch rover to obtain samples, blast them into space and deliver them to earthbound laboratories.
Matt Bowler
If scientists find proof that life once existed on Mars, that could change our conception of life in the universe, Meyer said.
What is life? What do we know? All we know is us, he said. We have one example. To any scientist one example is not enough to understand what constitutes the totality of what life is.
Finding life on Mars could show that there is nothing unique about life on Earth and that, in fact, the creation of life is just a natural part of a planets physical and chemical evolution.
If you have volcanoes, if you have water and you have these elements, given enough time, life will start. It could be that easy. We dont know, he said.
RELATED: San Diego Scientist Finds Relics Of Past Water In Martian Meteorite
The human relationship with imagined Martians dates back to the 19th century, when people talked about ways to communicate with Martians. David Brin, a science fiction author and NASA consultant, said Mars is just one of the logical places to look for life.
I think if we find life elsewhere, it would be a pretty cool thing, he said. And the number one candidate right now is not Mars, but the 10 ice-roofed water worlds we know we have in the solar system now.
Hes talking about worlds like Saturns moon Titan, and one of Jupiter's moons, Europa. Those moons either have or are believed to have liquid oceans.
Lets say we did find that life evolved on its own elsewhere that suggests that life is everywhere in the cosmos, he said. Bloody everywhere. And thats what I believe to be the case.
So far, astronomers have identified 5,000 exoplanets, so the possibilities are great. But for now, NASA and San Diego State researchers are focusing on our planetary neighbor, Mars.
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Per Aspera Will Launch The Blue Mars DLC In Early May – Bleeding Cool News
Posted: at 11:36 pm
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Raw Fury and developer Tln Industries announced this past week that they have a brand new DLC pack coming to Per Aspera next month. The DLC is being called "Blue Mars" and it will introduce players to new, ocean-size bodies of water across the once barren red planet. You'll finally be able to take advantage of having a body of water nearby and all of the benefits that come with having them. Essentially you'll be following up on the story of how you managed to change the face of the planet during the Green Mars update, and now it's time to see what you can make of the place with a ton of blue. You can check out the trailer and more info below as the DLC will be released on May 2nd, 2022.
Get your scuba gear ready with all-new, water-based research sites, transportation, resources, and polished multiplayer mode, there are as many reasons to return to Per Aspera as there are drops of water in the ocean. Dubbed Blue Mars, this DLC will focus on the ocean elements of this planetary terraforming simulation. As shown in the latest trailer, players will now have more ways to engage with the oceanic features on the planet through the construction of ports, new reach outposts, additional buildings, and more. Blue Mars will also be compatible with the latest co-op update so that players will be able to enjoy these new features together as they fully terraform the Red Planet. There is a lot to look forward to with the Blue Mars DLC many new features will be introduced to add to the overall terraforming features of PerAspera. These new features include:
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Per Aspera Will Launch The Blue Mars DLC In Early May - Bleeding Cool News
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Putin Says American Reporter Is Too Beautiful to …
Posted: at 11:35 pm
President Vladimir Putin appeared to be channeling the stereotype of Russias uneducated working classes this week when he mocked and patronized an experienced American business journalist. Unleashing his inner gopnik during an on-stage interview, he claimed she must be too beautiful to understand his complex argument.
The exchange took place Wednesday at a Russian Energy Week panel in Moscow moderated by CNBC journalist Hadley Gamble. The reporter had pressed Putin on reports of Russia withholding gas supplies to Europe to drive up prices, and after the Russian leader dismissed the claim, she asked how Moscow could convince its European partners that its a reliable gas supplier in light of such reports.
A beautiful woman, pretty. I tell her one thing, and she says something completely different. As if she didnt hear what I said, Putin said, turning to the male members of the audience.
His chauvinistic joke came as Kremlin-owned media outlets covering Undersecretary of State Victoria Nulands visit to Russia went into overdrive to mock her as just a token female in government, lamenting the advancement of femininity in the West.
Russia Throws Tantrum Over Crazy American Women in Government
Clearly those out-dated sentiments are not so alien to Putin himself.
I will repeat it for you once again, Putin said, before insisting that Moscow has actually increased its gas supplies to Europe and that there is nothing to support [the idea] that we use energy as a kind of weapon.
Did I really say something so hard to understand? he asked.
He went on to lash out at European leaders for suggesting Moscow could be using energy as a weapon, calling them out of their minds for voicing such complete nonsense.
And while he called it politically motivated blather to suggest the Kremlin might take advantage of soaring gas prices to get German regulators to approve the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, he said such an approval would significantly relieve tensions on the energy market.
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He later noted that it was entirely possible gas prices could soon reach $100 a barrel.
In a separate interview with Gamble on the sidelines of the event, Putin appeared to react defensively to a question about whether hes given any thought to potential successors.
I prefer not to answer such questions, this is my traditional response, said Putin, 69. He went on to note that the situation allows me to run for another 6 years but I havent taken a decision in this regard.
According to a Kremlin transcript, the interview concluded with him taking a jab at the citizen who many saw as his single biggest political rival until he was thrown behind bars in a politically motivated case.
What about Mr. [Alexei] Navalny? Gamble asked the Russian president. Are you interested in improving his quality of life?
The citizen that youve mentioned is now in prison, he said.
Acknowledging that conditions in Russian prisons are not the best, Putin said hes not alone.
There are other people who also violated Russian laws, and we dont intend to put them in any exclusive conditions, including those who use political activity as a cover.
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Austrian chancellor: Putin believes he is winning
Posted: at 11:35 pm
Austrian Chancellor Karl Nehammer said in a new interview that Russian President Vladimir Putin believes he is winning the war almost two months after Russia invaded Ukraine.
Nehammer, who met with Putin last week in Moscow, said on NBCs Meet the Press that the Russian leader told him that the war is necessary, even though Western sanctions have had an impact
[Putin] thinks the war is necessary for security guarantees for the Russian Federation, Nehammer said. He doesnt trust the international community, he blames Ukrainians for genocides in the Donbas region.
So he is now in his world, but I think he knows what is going on now in Ukraine.
Nehammer added that Putin told him in German that it was better the war ends earlier than later, which led the Austrian leader to believe the Russian president knows exactly what is going on now.
The chancellor, who was the first Western leader to sit down with Putin since the start of the invasion, emphasized the need to confront Putin on alleged war crimes and the need for humanitarian corridors in Ukraine. Nehammer previously visited Kyiv, where he met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, as well as Bucha, where Russian forces killed unarmed civilians and left their bodies on the streets.
Nehammer also said on Meet the Press that he does not believe Putin will use nuclear weapons, adding that the Russian leader knows the threat of this weapon.
While Austria is not a member of NATO, it has backed sanctions against Russia as a member of the European Union.
For the latest news, weather, sports, and streaming video, head to The Hill.
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Vladimir Putin’s next move revealed as Russian President …
Posted: at 11:35 pm
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Russia observes May 9 as the anniversary of the end of the Second World War and the date appears to have been earmarked by Vladimir Putin to declare the end of the Ukraine invasion, an expert told the Mirror
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Russian leader Vladimir Putin' s next move could see him re-focus his attention to the east of Ukraine to consolidate enough land to declare a victory by May 9, an expert has told the Mirror.
Andrew Wilson, Professor of Ukrainian Studies at University College London, said this means Putin may use any means necessary to dress up the invasion as a win in the next month.
By May 9, it is unlikely Putin will have made any headway in pushing his troops further West - especially after withdrawing his military from Kyiv and Chernobyl.
Speculating on what a 'victory' will look like for Putin, Prof Wilson told the Mirror: "He may have a bit more territory in the Donbas, Mariupol may have fallen by then but only because it has been destroyed and not as an asset."
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He adds Russia may keep control of enough territory north of Crimea to create a land bridge to the Donbas 'Republics'.
Prof Wilson added: "Ukraine would be cut off from the Sea of Azov and will lose many of its ports on the Black Sea.
"This could be dressed up as a victory. Russia would have consolidated more territory than it had in 2014, but it is clearly not what Putin wanted when he started the war. "
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Yesterday, Putin's flagship Moskva missile cruise ship sunk after suffering severe damage, which Ukraine claimed was from two missile strikes.
Conflicting reports claimed two Neptune missiles sunk the ship with hundreds on board while others said the ship had a fire on board. Hours later, Moscow said the ship had sunk while it was being towed back to port.
In what appears to be a retaliation for losing a key piece of military infrastructure, Russian forces hit Kyiv with an air assault and promised more missile attacks last night.
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This week, Putin said his country's military campaign in Ukraine will continue until its goals are fulfilled.
Putin said the "special military operation" in Ukraine is necessary because the US was using Ukraine to threaten Russia - including via the NATO military alliance - and that Moscow had to defend Russian-speaking people in Ukraine from persecution.
The President claims he had no doubts Russia would achieve all of its objectives in Ukraine - a conflict he cast as both inevitable and essential to defend Russia in the long term.
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The warmongering President's comments come as Prof Wilson said Putin is looking at May 9 - which is Russia's Victory Day - to declare the new 'victory' then.
May 9 is the day that Russia observes as the end of the Second World War - which the Kremlin calls the Great Patriotic War.
Prof Wilson said: "Normally there is a massive parade in Moscow, it is a huge prestigious day so he would like to declare victory by May 9.
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"Putin's propaganda machine will depict whatever territory Russia has as a 'victory'. The Ukrainians have proved to be exceptionally good in their defensive operations as in with their spoiler operations against Russian offensives.
"They are very good at defending urban areas."
Putin has withdrawn his military - who are suffering from heavy losses and plummeting morale - from key regions of Kyiv and Chernobyl and international agencies have warned his next move could be launching a serious offensive in the East.
Prof Wilson has speculated three ways that Putin could try and achieve his 'victory'.
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He says he thinks Putin will focus all his attention on eastern Ukraine and he will instruct his troops to encircle Ukrainian forces by shelling more open areas such as cities.
The third speculation is Putin will try to increase his manpower, but the prof believes that doesn't seem very likely.
He added: "Putin has lost lots of men, and their morale is poor, and there was the possibility he would keep contract troops in the field despite their contracts running out. It seems they are relying largely on the domestic draft.
"But that is a big if of how many extra troops can they put in the field? Not many. For a huge country like Russia, their army looks disappointing."
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If Russia cannot turn the tide of the unjust war in their favour, there is real fear Putin would resort to using chemical weapons on a large scale.
Prof Wilson said: "Maybe not starting with chemicals, but maybe with the urban tactics as they did against Aleppo.
"Bombing cities from outside the cities, destroying them from afar with artillery and missiles. Then continuing the brutal terrorising of civilians and populations that we've already seen.
"The conventional armed forces haven't given Russia the victory that they have hoped for and there is the fear that they will use chemical weapons because they can't win by other means."
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It comes as Britain is working urgently to verify reports that Russian forces may have launched a chemical attack in Ukraine, the UK Foreign Secretary has said.
Liz Truss became one of the first Western senior politicians to speak out this week as Britain warned all options are on the table if the use of chemical weapons is established.
It follows unconfirmed reports from the besieged port city of Mariupol, whose mayor said more than 10,000 civilians have died in weeks of fighting.
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Austrian chancellor: Putin ‘in his own war logic’ – POLITICO
Posted: at 11:35 pm
The Austrian leader recently visited the devastated Ukrainian city of Bucha to see for himself what Russian forces had done there. He said he discussed the carnage with Putin.
I did the trip to Moscow to confront President Putin with that which I saw, he told Todd. You know, it was not a friendly conversation. It was a frank and tough conversation. And I told him what I saw. I saw the war crimes. I saw the massive loss of the Russian army.
Austrias chancellor said it is imperative the world continues to confront Putin about what he and his forces are doing.
What is necessary is to confront him all the time with that which is going on in Ukraine, Nehammer said.
I think this is necessary. You know, at the end of our talks, he told me in German its better the war ends earlier than later. So I think he knows exactly whats going on now. And we have to confront him. In other words, we have to look in his eyes and we have to confront him with that, what we see in Ukraine.
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Austrian chancellor: Putin 'in his own war logic' - POLITICO
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Zelensky warns the world to ‘prepare’ for Putin to unleash a nuclear attack – New York Post
Posted: at 11:35 pm
President Volodymyr Zelensky warned that the world should prepare for Russian leader Vladimir Putin to use nuclear weapons in his invasion of Ukraine and urged air-raid shelters and anti-radiation medicine to be readied for the potential calamity.
In an interview with CNN that aired Sunday, Zelensky was asked whether Putin would deploy chemical or nuclear tactical weapons to further his military goals in Ukraine.
Not only me all of the world, all of the countries have to be worried because it can be not real information, but it can be truth, Zelensky told host Jake Tapper in an interview from his presidential office in Kyiv.
Chemical weapons, they should do it, they could do it, for them the life of the people, nothing. Thats why, Zelensky said. We should think not be afraid, not be afraid but be ready. But that is not a question for Ukraine, not only for Ukraine but for all the world, I think.
In an interview with Ukrainian media Saturday night, Zelensky warned of the real possibility of a nuclear attack.
We shouldnt wait for the moment when Russia decides to use nuclear weapons. We must prepare for that, the Ukrainian leader said.
Anti-radiation medicine and air raid shelters would be needed, he said,noting that Russiacan use any weapon, Im convinced of it.
The Russian military has experienced a number of setbacks, including having to pull back from the area around Kyiv and its suburbs because of ferocious fighting by Ukrainian forces.
Following the retreat, Russia lost its most powerful naval ship, the guided missile cruiser Moskva, when it sank last week in the Black Sea after being hit by a Ukrainian missile attack.
CIA Director William Burns said last week that a desperate Putin, seeing his forces suffer heavy losses at the hands of the Ukrainians, may resort to using nuclear weapons.
Given the potential desperation of President Putin and the Russian leadership, given the setbacks that theyve faced so far, militarily, none of us can take lightly the threat posed by a potential resort to tactical nuclear weapons or low-yield nuclear weapons, Burns said during a speech last Thursday at Georgia Tech University.
Russian forces that withdrew from Kyiv have since regrouped and are preparing for a full-scale attack in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine where Russian-backed militias have been backing separatist groups since the invasion of Crimea in 2014.
Zelensky said that combat, which could be reminiscent of the open field battles from World War II, could influence the entire fight for Ukraine and vowed that his forces will not yield.
This is why it is very important for us to not allow them, to stand our ground, because this battle it can influence the course of the whole war, Zelensky said on CNN.
Because I dont trust the Russian military and Russian leadership.That is why we understand that the fact that we fought them off and they left, and they were running away from Kyiv from the north, from Chernihiv and from that direction it doesnt mean if they are able to capture Donbas, they wont come further towards Kyiv, he said.
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Zelensky warns the world to 'prepare' for Putin to unleash a nuclear attack - New York Post
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Coons Says ‘Putin Will Only Stop When We Stop Him’ When Pressed on US Troops – Newsweek
Posted: at 11:35 pm
Senator Chris Coons, a Delaware Democrat, warned Sunday that Russian President Vladimir Putin "will only stop when we stop him" as he was pressed about whether the United States should send troops to support Ukraine in the ongoing war.
Putin launched the full-scale invasion of Russia's Eastern European neighbor on February 24, drawing swift international condemnation. The U.S. and NATO allies quickly implemented severe sanctions targeting the Russian economy and Moscow elite, while also transferring billions of dollars in weapons and humanitarian aid to Ukraine.
The Biden administration has been consistent, however, in repeatedly asserting that U.S. troops will not get involved directly in the conflict. Coons suggested in remarks during an address to the University of Michigan last week that there could be a point where U.S. troops are sent.
"We are in a very dangerous moment where it is important that on a bipartisan and measured way we in Congress and the administration come to a common position about when we are willing to go the next step and to send not just arms but troops to the aid in defense of Ukraine," the senator, who sits on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said. "If the answer is never, then we are inviting another level of escalation in brutality by Putin."
During an interview with CBS News' Face the Nation, host Margaret Brennan pressed him on the suggestion that U.S. boots on the ground should be an option under consideration.
"Are you arguing that President Biden was wrong when he said he would not send troops to Ukraine? Are you asking him to set a red line?" Brennan asked.
Coons didn't answer directly. Instead, he said that "those of us in Congress who have a critical role in setting foreign policy and in advising the president in terms of his decisions at commander in chief, need to look clearly at the level of brutality."
The senator said that if Putin "is allowed to just continue to massacre civilians, to commit war crimes throughout Ukraine without NATO, without the west coming more forcefully to his aid, I deeply worry that what's going to happen next is that we will see Ukraine turn into Syria."
"The American people cannot turn away from this tragedy in Ukraine. I think the history of the 21st century turns on how fiercely we defend freedom in Ukraine, and that Putin will only stop when we stop him," Coons asserted.
Representative Adam Kinzinger, an Illinois Republican, shared a similar assessment in a Sunday tweet.
"It's time to understand that Ukraine must win... and negotiation is not in the cards at the moment," the GOP lawmaker, who has been a staunch supporter of providing Ukraine with further assistance since the outset of the Russian invasion, wrote in the Twitter post. "Our generations are getting a lesson that our grandparents understood: the only way to defeat evil is to destroy it."
Biden, as well as Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky, have accused Putin's forces of committing war crimes and carrying out a genocide in Ukraine. International journalists and Ukrainian officials have reported instances of civilians being shot in the back of the head with their hands tied behind their back, as well as mass graves containing hundreds of bodies in areas the Russians occupied for several weeks.
However, the U.S. and NATO remain deeply concerned about escalation and being drawn into the conflict. As Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, followed by the U.S., analysts fear a direct conflict between the West and Russia significantly increases the risk of nuclear conflict.
Austria's Chancellor Karl Nehammer, who on Monday became the first Western leader to sit down with Putin since he launched the war, told NBC News' Meet the Press on Sunday that the Russian president "knows exactly what's going on." He contended that Western leaders need to continue to "confront" the Russian president directly.
"We need to look in his eyes and confront him with what we see in Ukraine," the Austrian leader said.
Zelensky, in an interview with CNN's State of the Union on Sunday, stressed that Ukraine is still hoping for further dialogue with Russia, but he lamented that talks appear to be growing less likely to resolve the war.
"We must find at least some dialogue with Russia if they are capable and if we are still ready. But the chances of this are growing less by the day," the Ukrainian president said.
Putin declared on Tuesday that peace talks with Ukraine had failed. "We have again returned to a dead-end situation for us," the Russian leader said at a news conference.
Newsweek reached out to the Russian embassy for comment.
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Putin says peace talks with Ukraine are at dead end, goads the West – Reuters.com
Posted: at 11:35 pm
LONDON, April 12 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday peace talks with Ukraine had hit a dead end, using his first public comments on the conflict in more than a week to vow his troops would win and to goad the West for failing to bring Moscow to heel.
Addressing the war in public for the first time since Russian forces retreated from northern Ukraine after they were halted at the gates of Kyiv, Putin promised that Russia would achieve all of its "noble" aims in Ukraine.
In the strongest signal to date that the war will grind on for longer, Putin said Kyiv had derailed peace talks by staging what he said were fake claims of Russian war crimes and by demanding security guarantees to cover the whole of Ukraine.
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"We have again returned to a dead-end situation for us," Putin, Russia's paramount leader since 1999, told a news briefing during a visit to the Vostochny Cosmodrome 3,450 miles (5,550 km) east of Moscow.
Asked by Russian space agency workers if the operation in Ukraine would achieve its goals, Putin said: "Absolutely. I don't have any doubt at all."
Russia will "rhythmically and calmly" continue its operation but the most important strategic conclusion was that the unipolar international order which the United States had built after the Cold War was breaking up, Putin said.
Putin said Russia had no choice but to fight because it had to defend the Russian speakers of eastern Ukraine and prevent its former Soviet neighbour from becoming an anti-Russian springboard for Moscow's enemies.
The West has condemned the war as a brutal imperial-style land grab targeting a sovereign country. Ukraine says it is fighting for its survival after Putin annexed Crimea in 2014 and on Feb. 21 recognised two of its rebel regions as sovereign.
Putin dismissed the West's sanctions, which have tipped Russia towards its worst recession since the years following the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union, as a failure.
"That Blitzkrieg on which our foes were counting did not work," Putin said. "The United States is ready to fight with Russia until the last Ukrainian - that is the way it is."
Putin, who had been ubiquitous on Russian television in the early days of the war, had largely retreated from public view since Russia's withdrawal from northern Ukraine two weeks ago.
His only public appearance in the past week was at the funeral of a nationalist lawmaker, where he did not directly address the war. On Monday he met the visiting chancellor of Austria at a country residence outside Moscow but no images of that meeting were released.
'BUCHA IS FAKE'
Putin dismissed Ukrainian and Western claims that Russia had committed war crimes as fakes.
Since Russian troops withdrew from towns and villages around the Ukrainian capital Kyiv, Ukrainian troops have been showing journalists corpses of what they say are civilians killed by Russian forces, destroyed houses and burnt-out cars.
Reuters saw dead bodies in the town of Bucha but could not independently verify who was responsible for the killings. Ukraine says Russia is guilty of genocide and U.S. President Joe Biden has accused Putin of war crimes and called for a trial.
Putin said he had told Western leaders to think a little about destruction by the United States of the Syrian city of Raqqa, the former de facto capital of the Islamic State caliphate, and in Afghanistan.
"Have you seen how this Syrian city was turned to rubble by American aircraft? Corpses lay in the ruins for months decomposing," Putin said. "Nobody cared. No one even noticed."
"There was no such silence when provocations were staged in Syria, when they portrayed the use of chemical weapons by the Assad government. Then it turned out that it was fake. It's the same kind of fake in Bucha." read more
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons has found that poison gas was used repeatedly in Syria, including in Ghouta, an opposition-held suburb of Damascus. Russia has objected to those findings that implicated its ally Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.
Washington and its allies have denied targeting civilians in the 2017 air strikes on Raqqa, a Syrian city that had become the headquarters of the Islamic State militant movement the U.S.-led coalition was fighting.
Putin, who says Ukraine and Russia are essentially one people, casts the war as an inevitable confrontation with the United States, which he accuses of threatening Russia by meddling in its backyard.
Sixty one years to the day since the Soviet Union's Yuri Gagarin blasted off into the history books by becoming the first man in space, Putin drew an analogy between Soviet space successes and Russia's defiance today.
"The sanctions were total, the isolation was complete but the Soviet Union was still first in space," he said.
"We don't intend to be isolated," Putin added. "It is impossible to severely isolate anyone in the modern world - especially such a vast country as Russia."
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Writing by Guy FaulconbridgeEditing by Peter Graff, Tomasz Janowski and Gareth Jones
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
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