Daily Archives: February 15, 2022

Dr. Taubenberger predicts better evidence will emerge. He and John Oxford, emeritus professor of virology at the University of London, have been looking for flu or coronavirus in old lung tissue from patients who were ill with a respiratory disease in the years before the 1918 flu. They had hoped to find them embedded in tiny blocks of paraffin no bigger than a pinky fingernail in the Royal London Hospital, a place that has tissue from patients dating back to around 1906.

We sampled hundreds of tissues, Dr. Taubenberger said, without finding viruses. We continue to look, he said.

But, he said, with renewed interest in the 1890 pandemic, he hopes some tissues containing the Russian flu virus whatever it is might be found, perhaps lying unnoticed in the basements of museums or medical schools in different corners of the world.

Finding the tissue, though, has been challenging.

The people running institutions in which they might be housed very likely would have no way to easily access records about them, Dr. Taubenberger said. Paradoxically, genetic analysis of these samples would be less difficult than locating them in the first place.

Dr. Podolsky of Harvard and Dominic W. Hall, the curator of the Warren Anatomical Museum at Harvard, are also looking for tissue archives that might have lung tissue from that era. Mr. Hall has been reaching out to those in charge of collections of tissue samples.

On Thursday, he spoke with Anna Dhody, director of the research institute at the Mtter Museum, a collection of anatomical specimens and items from medical history in Philadelphia. She thinks items in the museums climate-controlled storage room may help.

The archive contains jars of tissue from the late 19th century, including a few whole lungs, all floating in jars of pale yellow liquid, the alcohol that was used as a preservative.

Originally posted here:

An Undiscovered Coronavirus? The Mystery of the Russian Flu - The New York Times

LONDON Camilla, the wife of Prince Charles, has tested positive for the coronavirus, four days after her husband was reported to be reinfected, Clarence House, their royal household, said on Monday.

The announcement is likely to fan further concerns about the health of Queen Elizabeth II, who was in contact with Charles, her eldest son, two days before he tested positive. Buckingham Palace has not commented on the queens condition since last week, when it said she was not exhibiting symptoms of Covid-19.

The palace has declined to say whether the queen, who is 95, had been tested for the virus. She was scheduled to hold video calls with foreign dignitaries from Windsor Castle this week, but the palace has not said whether they will go ahead.

Clarence House has been similarly circumspect with details about Camilla, who is known as the Duchess of Cornwall. It did not describe the severity of her symptoms, after saying last week that Charles was suffering mild symptoms. Charles and Camilla have both had two doses, and booster shots, of a coronavirus vaccine.

Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cornwall has tested positive for Covid-19 and is self-isolating, Clarence House said in a statement. An official said the household would not provide a running commentary on her medical condition.

Charles, who is 73 and the heir to the throne, canceled a visit to Winchester at the last minute on Thursday after testing positive. He suffered a bout of Covid early in the pandemic, months before a vaccine was available. Camilla, 74, tested negative for the virus last week and continued with her engagements.

The royal family has been extremely guarded in its discussion of health issues involving family members. Prince William, the eldest son of Charles, contracted Covid in April 2020 around the same time as his father, but the palace did not disclose it at the time, and the news only filtered out months later.

Buckingham Palace said little about the queens condition last October when she fell ill and canceled multiple public engagements. She was briefly hospitalized, a fact that the palace confirmed only after a London tabloid broke the news. People close to the palace described it as a case of exhaustion.

The palace has not confirmed that the queen, who turns 96 in April, has been fully vaccinated. The queen and her late husband, Prince Philip, did get a first dose at Windsor Castle soon after vaccines were available.

The queen thrust Camilla into the news last week for happier reasons. In a statement issued on the 70th anniversary of her accession to the throne, the queen said she hoped that when Charles succeeded her, Camilla would be known as queen a major endorsement that the couple had long sought from the monarch.

We are deeply conscious of the honor represented by my mothers wish, Charles said in a statement. As we have sought together to serve and support Her Majesty and the people of our communities, my darling wife has been my own steadfast support throughout.

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Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall, Tests Positive for Covid-19 - The New York Times

Confirmed cases of COVID-19 have passed 411.9 million globally, according to Johns Hopkins University. The number of confirmed deaths has now passed 5.81 million. More than 10.35 billion vaccination doses have been administered globally, according to Our World in Data.

Singapore's Health Sciences Authority says it has granted interim authorization for Novavax's COVID-19 vaccine.

South Korea is set to begin giving out fourth doses of COVID-19 vaccines by the end of February. The country will also supply millions of additional home test kits.

China's medical products regulator has given conditional approval for Pfizer's COVID-19 drug Paxlovid. The move makes Paxlovid the first oral pill specifically developed to treat the disease to be cleared in the country.

A US decision on the use of the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in children aged from six months to four years has been delayed for at least two months after the country's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said it needed more data.

Viet Nam is set to end COVID-19 restrictions on international passenger flights from 15 February.

The Cook Islands, the South Pacific nation that has not experienced COVID-19 in its community, is preparing for its first cases after an infected traveller visited, Prime Minister Mark Brown, said yesterday.

The US FDA has authorized Eli Lilly's COVID-19 antibody drug for people aged 12 and older who are at risk of severe illness.

Norway is set to scrap nearly all its remaining COVID-19 lockdown measures, as high levels of infections are unlikely to put health services at risk, Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Stre said on Saturday.

Belgium has also announced further easing of its COVID-19 restrictions, with nightclubs reopening and concerts allowed with a standing audience.

And in France, people will no longer have to wear masks indoors in public places where entry is subject to the COVID-19 vaccine pass.

Hong Kong SAR, China, is being overwhelmed by an "onslaught" of COVID-19 infections, leader Carrie Lam has warned.

Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases per million people in selected countries.

Image: Our World in Data

The COVID Response Alliance to Social Entrepreneurs - soon to continue its work as the Global Alliance for Social Entrepreneurship - was launched in April 2020 in response to the devastating effects of the pandemic. Co-founded by the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship together with Ashoka, Echoing Green, GHR Foundation, Skoll Foundation, and Yunus Social Business.

The Alliance provides a trusted community for the worlds leading corporations, investors, governments, intermediaries, academics, and media who share a commitment to social entrepreneurship and innovation.

Since its inception, it has since grown to become the largest multi-stakeholder coalition in the social enterprise sector: its 90+ members collectively support over 100,000 social entrepreneurs across the world. These entrepreneurs, in turn, have a direct or indirect impact on the lives of an estimated 2 billion people.

Together, they work to (i) mobilize support for social entrepreneurs and their agendas; (ii) take action on urgent global agendas using the power of social entrepreneurship, and (iii) share insights from the sector so that social entrepreneurs can flourish and lead the way in shaping an inclusive, just and sustainable world.

The Alliance works closely together with member organizations Echoing Green and GHR Foundation, as well as the Centre for the New Economy and Society on the roll out of its 2022 roadmap (soon to be announced).

World Health Organization (WHO) Chief Scientist Soumya Swaminathan said on Friday that the world is not yet at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic as there will be more variants.

"We have seen the virus evolve, mutate ... so we know there will be more variants, more variants of concern, so we are not at the end of the pandemic," Swaminathan told reporters in South Africa, where she was visiting vaccine manufacturing facilities with WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

During the same visit, Dr Tedros urged African nations to back efforts to create an African medicine regulator. Tedros said that continental institutions like the planned African Medicines Agency are important because they could cut costs and help fight counterfeit or poor-quality drugs.

Indonesia will urge the G20 group of leading economies to establish a global body that can dispense emergency funds during a health crisis, functioning in a similar way to international financial institutions, its health minister said on Friday.

Under the current system, countries are "basically on their own" if they need emergency funds, vaccines, therapeutics or diagnostics, Health Minister Budi Gunadi Sadikin told a news conference, adding that Indonesia will seek to change this during its G20 presidency this year.

"There is no global health institution that has enough power or money to jump in and help, you are basically on your own," he said.

The idea adds to a proposal by Indonesia and the US last year to create an international pandemic response system.

Written by

Joe Myers, Writer, Formative Content

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

See more here:

COVID-19: Top news stories about the pandemic on 14 February | World Economic Forum - World Economic Forum

A recent study carried out by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), based on data provided by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), estimates different timeframes for coronavirus contagion depending on the type of face mask a person is using. These range from 27 minutes for somebody wearing a cloth mask to up to 25 hours for someone wearing a perfectly adjusted N95 mask (the US equivalent of an FFP2 in Europe).

In a closed space, without ventilation and no masks, an infected person can pass the virus to another in 15 minutes.

A well-fitted N95 mask lets a maximum of 10% unfiltered air through. If two people are using them, infection is unlikely.

*All infection times in this infographic have been calculated in an enclosed, unventilated space with a distance of two meters between the two people.

In a closed space, without ventilation and no masks, an infected person can pass the virus to another in 15 minutes.

A well-fitted N95 mask lets a maximum of 10% unfiltered air through. If two people are using them, infection is unlikely.

*All infection times in this infographic have been calculated in an enclosed, unventilated space with a distance of two meters between the two people.

In a closed space, without ventilation and no masks, an infected person can pass the virus to another in 15 minutes.

A well-fitted N95 mask lets a maximum of 10% unfiltered air through. If two people are using them, infection is unlikely.

*All infection times in this infographic have been calculated in an enclosed, unventilated space with a distance of two meters between the two people.

In a closed space, without ventilation and no masks, an infected person can pass the virus to another in 15 minutes.

A well-fitted N95 mask lets a maximum of 10% unfiltered air through. If two people are using them, infection is unlikely.

*All infection times in this infographic have been calculated in an enclosed, unventilated space with a distance of two meters between the two people.

These masks were in short supply in the early days of the pandemic, but now that they are commonplace, scientists and health authorities have been stressing the importance of using this kind of effective protection against coronavirus, pointing out that masks made of cloth and surgical masks are not equipped with a facial seal and are loose-fitting, thereby allowing a large quantity of aerosols to escape.

In the United States, the Joe Biden administration announced in January it would distribute 400 million N95 face masks to people across the country free of charge as part of the presidents strategy to combat the spread of the more-contagious omicron variant of the coronavirus. Since December, anybody wishing to attend the theater or a concert or use public transport in Italy has been obliged to wear a face mask of this grade to be granted access. In Spain, sales of FFP2 and FFP3 masks rose by 642% between November 2021 and January 2022 according to medical material distributor Cofares, while some Spanish regions such as Andalusia and Catalonia have asked that the wearing of this type of mask be made obligatory on public transport and during visits to senior homes.

The lack of protection against Covid-19 afforded by surgical masks is due to their loose-fitting design. Masks of this type are used to contain splashes on both sides of the fabric. During a surgical procedure, for example, they prevent the patient from being contaminated by drops of saliva from the mouths of the surgeons when they are talking, while also protecting the medical personnel from blood and other fluids from the patient. Furthermore, the filters in these masks only trap particles of between three and seven microns in size. This means that bacteria and other large aerosols are retained by the mask, but other finer aerosols, such as those that transmit the coronavirus, are able to get through.

Their loose design allows for up to 50% of the air (and aerosols) that we breathe to enter and escape.

These are designed specifically to stop infectious droplets that we emit when we speak, cough and sneeze, but not to trap the air nor the possible infectious aerosols.

During their production and professional use, tests are not carried out on the fit, only on the filtering material.

*Micron: a thousandth of a millimeter

Most of the aerosols that we breathe are smaller than 3 microns. Surgical masks do not trap these, but well-fitted N95 masks do.

Their loose design allows for up to 50% of the air (and aerosols) that we breathe to enter and escape.

These are designed specifically to stop infectious droplets that we emit when we speak, cough and sneeze, but not to trap the air nor the possible infectious aerosols.

During their production and professional use, tests are not carried out on the fit, only on the filtering material.

*Micron: a thousandth of a millimeter

Most of the aerosols that we breathe are smaller than 3 microns. Surgical masks do not trap these, but well-fitted N95 masks do.

Their loose design allows for up to 50% of the air (and aerosols) that we breathe to enter and escape.

These are designed specifically to stop infectious droplets that we emit when we speak, cough and sneeze, but not to trap the air nor the possible infectious aerosols.

During their production and professional use, tests are not carried out on the fit, only on the filtering material.

Most of the aerosols that we breathe are smaller than 3 microns. Surgical masks do not trap these, but well-fitted N95 masks do.

*Micron: a thousandth of a millimeter

These are designed specifically to stop infectious droplets that we emit when we speak, cough and sneeze, but not to trap the air nor the possible infectious aerosols.

Their loose design allows for up to 50% of the air (and aerosols) that we breathe to enter and escape.

*Micron: a thousandth

of a millimeter

During their production and professional use, tests are not carried out on the fit, only on the filtering material.

Most of the aerosols that we breathe are smaller than 3 microns. Surgical masks do not trap these, but well-fitted N95 masks do.

The N95, which is considered a high-protection mask and used in the prevention of respiratory diseases, is designed to retain fine aerosols. To achieve this, such masks are better adjusted to the contours of the face and have a filter capable of trapping up to 95% of particles measuring three microns (94% in the case of the FFP2). For an FFP2 mask to meet all the regulations you have to perform 15 or 20 different tests. In the case of surgical masks, only four are carried out: filtration of bacteria, respirability, whether or not they contaminated and if they are splash-resistant, explains Jos Mara Lagarn, a researcher at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).

The fit of a mask and its seal are more important than the filtration efficacy of its component materials when it comes to reducing leakage on the inside of the fabric. Ensuring an optimal fit is also important with these masks, as a gap between mask and face equivalent to as little as 2% of the masks surface would allow up to 50% of air to pass through unfiltered.

Recommendations for a good fit

Beards can

impede a

good fit

The best filtration and facial seal are offered by an N95 mask (N95 in Europe) that is well fitted around the head and the neck.

A knot tied in the bands of the mask improves the fit and reduces the entry and exit of aerosols.

The best recommendation to ensure a good facial seal of a surgical mask is to use a silicone mask fitter.

Recommendations for a good fit

Beards can

impede a

good fit

The best filtration and facial seal are offered by an N95 mask (N95 in Europe) that is well fitted around the head and the neck.

A knot tied in the bands of the mask improves the fit and reduces the entry and exit of aerosols.

The best recommendation to ensure a good facial seal of a surgical mask is to use a silicone mask fitter.

Recommendations for a good fit

The best filtration and facial seal are offered by an N95 mask (N95 in Europe) that is well fitted around the head and the neck.

Beards can

impede a

good fit

A knot tied in the bands of the mask improves the fit and reduces the entry and exit of aerosols.

The best recommendation to ensure a good facial seal of a surgical mask is to use a silicone mask fitter.

Recommendations for a good fit

Beards can

impede a

good fit

A knot tied in the bands of the mask improves the fit and reduces the entry and exit of aerosols.

The best recommendation to ensure a good facial seal of a surgical mask is to use a silicone mask fitter.

The best filtration and facial seal are offered by an N95 mask (N95 in Europe) that is well fitted around the head and the neck.

Tests to measure the concentration of aerosols on the interior and exterior of masks establish the minimum fit factor required to provide effective protection at 100. A good FFP2 mask has a fit factor of over 200; a surgical mask can be as low as two, explains Santos Huertas, director of research and innovation at Spanish occupational accidents and diseases insurer Asepeyo.

The type of fastening a mask has, the researcher explains, is key to ensuring an optimal fit. Masks that fit around the ears have much lower fit factors than those that are attached around the nape of the neck and the crown of the head. However, the fit of masks that use ear supports can be improved by a cardboard or plastic hook that links both straps behind the head. Whichever type of fastening is employed, it is essential to ensure that the nose piece is correctly shaped to the wearers requirement and that the mask fits the overall shape of the users face.

N95 masks are more durable than surgical masks, which lose their efficacy after around four hours of use. A disposable mask has a useful life span of around eight hours, while reusable models can last for 30 hours. Between uses, it is important to ensure that the mask is allowed to dry out, while also checking that it is in good condition, has not been damaged in any way and that its fastenings retain their elasticity.

The maximum usage time for a reusable N95 mask is up to 40 hours, but according to the exposure to the virus, experts consulted say that they can last up to 20 days.

Low exposure to the virus

Ventilated spaces and

with few people.

* Provided that the mask remains dry

and is properly fitted.

High exposure to the virus

Hospitals and areas with high amounts

of people.

Tests carried out with high levels of virus showed that it can remain active up to 72 hours in an N95. Four N95 masks alternated every 72 hours could last up to 20 days.

The maximum usage time for a reusable N95 mask is up to 40 hours, but according to the exposure to the virus, experts consulted say that they can last up to 20 days.

Low exposure to the virus

Ventilated spaces and

with few people.

* Provided that the mask remains dry

and is properly fitted.

High exposure to the virus

Hospitals and areas with high amounts

of people.

Tests carried out with high levels of virus showed that it can remain active up to 72 hours in an N95. Four N95 masks alternated every 72 hours could last up to 20 days.

The maximum usage time for a reusable N95 mask is up to 40 hours, but according to the exposure to the virus, experts consulted say that they can last up to 20 days.

Low exposure to the virus

Ventilated spaces and

with few people.

* Provided that the mask remains dry

and is properly fitted.

High exposure to the virus

Hospitals and areas with high amounts of people.

Four N95 masks alternated every 72 hours could last up to 20 days.

Tests carried out with high levels of virus showed that it can remain active up to 72 hours in an N95.

Here is the original post:

How long does it take to catch coronavirus depending on the type of mask you're wearing? - EL PAS in English

For Immediate Release: February 11, 2022 Statement From: Janet Woodcock, M.D. Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs - Food and Drug Administration

Peter Marks, M.D., PhD. Director - Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has been notified by Pfizer that new data have recently emerged regarding its emergency use authorization request for the use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine in children 6 months through 4 years of age. As part of its rolling submission, the company recently notified the agency of additional findings from its ongoing clinical trial. Based on the agencys preliminary assessment, and to allow more time to evaluate additional data, we believe additional information regarding the ongoing evaluation of a third dose should be considered as part of our decision-making for potential authorization.

Therefore, the FDA is postponing the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee meeting originally scheduled for Feb. 15. This will give the agency time to consider the additional data, allowing for a transparent public discussion as part of our usual scientific and regulatory processes for COVID-19 vaccines. We will provide an update on timing for the advisory committee meeting once we receive additional data on a third dose in this age group from the companys ongoing clinical trial and have an opportunity to complete an updated evaluation.

Since the early days of the pandemic, we have always followed the science in this ever-changing situation. Given the recent omicron surge and the notable increase in hospitalizations in the youngest children to their highest levels during the pandemic so far, we felt it was our responsibility as a public health agency to act with urgency and consider all available options, including requesting that the company provide us with initial data on two doses from its ongoing study. The goal was to understand if two doses would provide sufficient protection to move forward with authorizing the use of the vaccine in this age group. Our approach has always been to conduct a regulatory review thats responsive to the urgent public health needs created by the pandemic, while adhering to our rigorous standards for safety and effectiveness. Being able to begin evaluating initial data has been useful in our review of these vaccines, but at this time, we believe additional information regarding the ongoing evaluation of a third dose should be considered.

The agency will ensure the data support effectiveness and safety before authorizing a COVID-19 vaccine for use in our youngest children. In the meantime, the best way to protect children, including when they are at school or daycare, is to practice social distancing and masking in accordance with public health recommendations, and for their family members and caregivers to get vaccinated or receive a booster dose when eligible.

###

Boilerplate

The FDA, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, protects the public health by assuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biological products for human use, and medical devices. The agency also is responsible for the safety and security of our nations food supply, cosmetics, dietary supplements, products that give off electronic radiation, and for regulating tobacco products.

02/11/2022

The rest is here:

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Postpones Advisory Committee Meeting to Discuss Request for Authorization of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for...

A child wears a KN95 mask for kids in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. (Tiffany Hagler-Geard/Bloomberg via Getty Images)

Each week, we answer frequently asked questions about life during the coronavirus crisis. If you have a question youd like us to consider for a future post, email us at goatsandsoda@npr.org with the subject line Weekly Coronavirus Questions. See an archive of our FAQs here.

Do kids really need masks if theyve been vaccinated and had COVID?

Most kids who were either recently infected or vaccinated should have a strong enough immune response to protect them from getting COVID for several weeks or longer, says Dr. Abraar Karan, an infectious disease physician at Stanford University.

The combination of being vaccinated and having had COVID induces stronger immunity than just one or the other, he says in an email. Of course, if they are immunocompromised, [the decision not to mask] will be more complicated and parents should consult with their physicians.

In general, though, recent infection and vaccination makes the risk of getting COVID so low that the extra benefit of a mask is negligible, says Seema Lakdawala, an associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine who specializes in respiratory viruses with pandemic potential.

That could change over the next year if a new variant comes along that doesnt care very much about your recent omicron infection, says Dr. Emily Landon, an infectious disease specialist and chief hospital epidemiologist at University of Chicago Medicine.

But for now, if your vaccinated kid has recently recovered from COVID, the choice of whether to mask is up to you and your child, as long as youre not violating any mandates.

Many parents in this situation choose to keep masking their children because its part of the social contract of all of us trying to get through this together, Lakdawala says. If one kid stops wearing a mask to school, another may decide to opt out as well, she points out, since keeping track of everyone who got COVID and who is vaccinated is not feasible.

If you and your child decide to forgo masking, make sure your child is not pressuring classmates to take theirs off.

If your kid is the only one not wearing a mask and theyre trying to push other kids to not wear masks, even though it may be best for them to [mask], she says, thats not OK. So its really important to talk with your kids in mask-optional settings about not trying to influence others and to be really tolerant of what they need.

So if I really dont want my elementary school-age kids to get COVID, whats the best way to protect them?

First, get your 5- to 12-year-old vaccinated, doctors and experts say. In a study published online Wednesday, scientists in Israel found that vaccinated children were half as likely to catch COVID as their unvaccinated peers. But this protection was short-term. After about five months, the rate of infection was almost the same for vaccinated and unvaccinated teenagers.

Even as case rates are plunging in some areas, multi-layered strategies are still necessary. Lakdawala compares the situation to a battlefield.

If were at war with the virus, the vaccine is our armor, she says. That helps us from getting badly beaten. But it doesnt help us win, so we also need a mask as a shield that helps us block the virus, and then other ways to fight back like ventilation and ways to clean the air as a sword.

Parents should check whether their schools are up-to-date on their ventilation and air cleaning systems. That could include opening doors and windows at certain times of the day when classrooms are busiest, according to Lakdawala, and using portable air cleaners or a built-in air filtration system. Teachers wearing masks can also make a dent in classroom transmission. According to a study from Germany published in December, teachers wearing masks at school was a more effective strategy at reducing transmission of the virus than students wearing masks.

Everyone wants kids to be in school and learning and interacting safely, Lakdawala says. So we need to continue to think about all of the ways to reduce risk in all environments.

And what about masks for the kids?

Many experts have recommended upgrading to high-filtration respirators during the omicron surge. Indeed, these respirators (N95s, KN95s, KF94s) may be the only masks that are helpful against omicron.

N95 masks arent available for children, but KN95 and KF94s are. Such masks could help kids in situations that call for added caution. If your kids environment includes spending time with anyone at higher risk of complications from COVID, for example, keep that person in mind when making decisions about masking, advises Landon.

If their best friend has Type 1 diabetes and has been battling some infections recently or has a primary immunodeficiency and has to take immunoglobulin infusions, then your kid should be [extra careful], she says. If your kid wants to keep being friends with that kid, they need to wear a mask all the time.

But for many families, KN95s or KF94s arent a viable option. They are much more expensive than cloth or surgical masks and less reusable than cloth masks. On top of that, a child needs to wear the mask consistently to make it effective.

Sheila Mulrooney Eldred is a freelance health journalist in Minneapolis. She has written about COVID-19 for many publications, including The New York Times, Kaiser Health News, Medscape and The Washington Post. More at sheilaeldred.pressfolios.com. On Twitter: @milepostmedia.

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See the article here:

Coronavirus FAQ: What's the best way to protect school-age kids from COVID? - Alaska Public Media News