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Daily Archives: January 29, 2022
Belgian MP to Receive Entire Salary in Bitcoin Says Crypto Adoption Will Be ‘Exponential’ Featured Bitcoin News – Bitcoin News
Posted: January 29, 2022 at 11:45 pm
A member of the Brussels Parliament, Christophe De Beukelaer, says he will receive his entire salary in bitcoin this year. He believes that the technology will disrupt all industries and crypto adoption is going to be exponential.
Christophe De Beukelaer, a member of the Brussels Parliament, said in a blog post on his personal website that he will receive his 2022 salary in bitcoin.
The lawmaker explained that with the blockchain, we are at the dawn of a revolution of the same order as what we experienced with the internet 30 years ago. He believes that all sectors will be disrupted, adding that in other countries, large institutions are beginning to invest massively in crypto assets in order not to miss this gigantic opportunity.
Noting that it is the role of politicians to make the population aware of these societal changes that are coming, he stressed:
We can no longer remain ignorant of this new world. Its a bit like clinging to the carriage or the candle as cars and light bulbs appear. Adoption is going to be exponential.
To generate interest around bitcoin and the crypto industry, the lawmaker has decided to convert his entire salary for the whole of 2022 into bitcoin, the post details.
The lawmaker opined:
I am the first in Europe, but not in the world, to want to shine the spotlight on cryptocurrencies with such an approach.
He proceeded to reference the mayor of New York City, Eric Adams, who is receiving his first three paychecks in cryptocurrency. His first paycheck was recently converted into bitcoin (BTC) and ether (ETH) via Coinbase. Mayor Adams said he converted his paycheck into bitcoin to send a message that New York City is open to technology.
I think its not too late for Brussels and Belgium to be at the forefront of the cryptocurrency industry. We already have some great companies in the field but its time to position ourselves clearly and create a real ecosystem, De Beukelaer concluded.
What do you think about the lawmaker planning to receive his entire salary in bitcoin? And, do you agree with him that crypto adoption is going to be exponential? Let us know in the comments section below.
A student of Austrian Economics, Kevin found Bitcoin in 2011 and has been an evangelist ever since. His interests lie in Bitcoin security, open-source systems, network effects and the intersection between economics and cryptography.
Image Credits: Shutterstock, Pixabay, Wiki Commons
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only. It is not a direct offer or solicitation of an offer to buy or sell, or a recommendation or endorsement of any products, services, or companies. Bitcoin.com does not provide investment, tax, legal, or accounting advice. Neither the company nor the author is responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods or services mentioned in this article.
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Successfully Trading HIVE Blockchain And Other Bitcoin Proxy Stocks – Seeking Alpha
Posted: at 11:45 pm
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HIVE Blockchain Technologies Ltd. (HIVE) is a profitable company to trade when investors understand the simple elements associated with the movement of its share price.
While we'll primarily look at HIVE as a proxy for Bitcoin (BTC-USD), we'll also look at Hut 8 Mining Corp. (HUT) and Marathon Digital Holdings (MARA) in order to contrast companies trading at different price points.
The reason I'm doing that is to confirm and reinforce the fact that they move in unison with the price movement of Bitcoin no matter what the share prices of the companies are.
Another reason is to show readers that no matter how the companies break down their businesses, and no matter how financial writers and analysts point out differences between the companies, the reality is, none of that matters at this stage of Bitcoin's acceptance and growth.
As I'll prove to you, there is only one thing that matters when considering these companies, and that is the price and price movement of the flagship crypto.
It can seem daunting at times to trade HIVE and similar companies because of the noise related to Bitcoin and the companies with exposure to it. A lot of this comes from commentary on social media and other media outlets concerning the why behind Bitcoin price movements, the seemingly endless amount of price ranges offered technical analysis on both sides of the play, and the differences between the companies pointed out in a way that suggests that is what is driving the performance of the companies.
The good news is all of that can safely be brushed aside. There is only one thing any investor in Bitcoin proxy companies need to consider, and that is the price movement of Bitcoin; nothing else is relevant.
Something else to take into account is Ethereum (ETH-USD). Some of these companies have significant exposure to the second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, yet there is no reason to watch that either; it will only distract from watching Bitcoin.
The reason I mention this is obvious: the price of Bitcoin and Ethereum almost always move in unison with one another. For that reason, watching both of them is pointless. Some time back the effort was made to suggest Ethereum, and Bitcoin were decoupling, but that never played out like suggested. Again, things like that are only distractions.
Some will object to this by asserting the fundamentals of these companies are drivers of their performances as well. That's easy to disprove. Look below at the Bitcoin chart and compare it with the share price movement of HIVE, Hut 8 Mining Corp. and Marathon Digital Holdings. You'll find that the market's bid is always in unison with the price movement of Bitcoin.
I'm going on about this because it's important to understand the simplicity of investing in these types of companies. We need to discipline ourselves to ignore everything else but the price of Bitcoin.
Long into the future when price discovery for Bitcoin is known, these things could change. That time is not now.
Forget about any catalyst for these companies except the price movement of Bitcoin.
Three-month chart Bitcoin
Trading View
Three-month chart HIVE
Trading View
Three-month chart HUT
Trading View
Three-month chart MARA
Trading View
When investors think in terms of Bitcoin, the impression, because of its volatility, is that it's a very unsafe investment. That couldn't be further from the truth.
After all, what other market sector can almost guarantee that its price will regain its upward momentum after big crashes, and do it in a relatively short time? That doesn't mean there isn't any risk. The risk comes from those that take a position after much hype about the soaring price of Bitcoin, buying near the top and having to painfully watch as they're caught holding the bag.
Even those getting in near the highs will, I think, eventually generate a profit if they HODL. What they do lose is access to capital they could have deployed in other profitable companies, along with valuable time as they wait for the price of Bitcoin to jump past their entry point.
For example, if HIVE was bought when it was trading above $5.00 per share, it'll take time for the company to get back to that point and surpass it. While there's no doubt in my mind it'll go far beyond $5.00 per share, the question is how long it'll take to do so. That's the same with MARA and HUT as well.
The general difference is that companies trading at higher prices tend to rise quicker than a company like HIVE which trades at a lower share price.
Interestingly to me, there is never a safer time to trade proxy Bitcoin companies than during a correction. Even if there is a bounce off what is perceived to be a low that doesn't hold, it's only a matter of time before it bounces back.
That's one thing to consider when trading these companies. The volatility of Bitcoin makes it difficult to know if the entry point is coming off a real bottom, or there is more room to fall. That's why being patient is crucial to success under these conditions.
Why I say it's very safe once there is a significant correction is because I think the price of Bitcoin is nowhere close to reaching a top. If traders get in and the price goes against them, they can wait until it continues its upward move. Contrary to holding Bitcoin on its own, I think investors should think differently concerning holding over the long term with proxy companies. The reason why is Bitcoin will continue to go through significant corrections and taking profits off the table and redeploying capital allows for many opportunities to generate profits.
Set-and-forget is good for Bitcoin, but I think taking profits and keeping some dry powder available for the next correction offers better opportunity for larger gains.
The thesis of this article is companies that are proxies of Bitcoin aren't subject to the fundamentals other companies are, as it relates to the impact on their share price.
Even so, there are several things to take into consideration. They include CapEx, cash on hand, and access to capital. Investors need to know these companies can keep the doors open in case of a prolonged period of depressed Bitcoin prices. Most companies aren't in danger because Bitcoin doesn't stay down long. Nonetheless, it's important to beware of a company's balance sheet when considering taking a position in them. With that in mind, we'll look at the strategies that are best to use under the volatile economic conditions we're now under.
The first decision to make is whether or not to take a position in the first place. At times the best action to take is to sit on our cash until we're sure of the direction the market is taking.
As mentioned earlier, that's not as easy with the highly volatile and rapidly moving Bitcoin, when compared with most other asset classes. Bitcoin can drop a couple of thousand dollars, take a temporary breather, and then resume its downward trajectory.
For example, look at a three-month chart of Bitcoin and see how it can move in either direction by many thousands of dollars, even as it continues to slide. The chart may not look much different than other charts, but even some of what appear to be smaller moves can be $3,000 or more.
What that does is make it difficult to identify whether or not Bitcoin has reversed direction or not. For that reason, after a significant downward move, I think it's best to use dollar-cost averaging and position sizing as the tools to mitigate risk as a position is being built.
One thing to bear in mind concerning dollar-cost averaging is it's different than most other asset classes when taking positions in these companies. The major difference is the timeframe usually contracts with HIVE and similar companies. What may take months, a year, or even longer when using dollar-cost averaging for a typical company, can many times be completed in one day, a week. or possibly a little longer.
Looking back on the price movement of Bitcoin over the last several years, it is rare for it to consolidate for longer than three months. One exception was an approximate four-month period from the end of 2018 through March 2019.
Under those circumstances, Bitcoin was close to a bottom, so all an investor could do was to wait for the cryptocurrency to resume its upward trajectory. Because of the volatility of Bitcoin, I prefer not to look for an absolute bottom and wait for an upward price movement to confirm it before taking a position, like most of us would do with regular stocks. Again, the quick and wide movement of Bitcoin's price doesn't lend itself well to this strategy. This is why position sizing is important when dollar-cost averaging.
I've been building a position in HIVE using this technique. What I did was determine the largest amount of capital I'm willing to spend, and based upon the price movement of HIVE, have been adding to my position to lower my cost basis while increasing my share count.
With the negative catalysts and sentiment now part of the psychology of the market, I'm not quite as aggressive as I would have been under more favorable conditions. Consequently, there have been a couple of times I could have gotten a real nice price for HIVE, but I thought it could drop much further, so didn't take the opportunity. That was a mistake of omission on my part.
The reason I kicked myself for it was because I should have known better. After all, if you're dollar-cost averaging and position sizing, the whole point is to jump on the price when it drops below the recent entry points. If it drops further after adding to your position incrementally, it provides another opportunity to lower your cost basis.
While focusing on HIVE here, the same methods can be used for MARA, HUT, and other companies whose share price moves in conjunction with Bitcoin.
The key to success is to wait long enough for the price of Bitcoin to fall far enough to provide a measure of safety. As I mentioned earlier, I don't see much in the way of risk concerning the price of Bitcoin over the long term, but if we get too excited and enter too quickly, it can tie up our capital for a longer period of time than we wish, and it also decreases the amount of potential profits of the holding.
This is why once I see a significant downward move in price, I will wait a bit to see if it holds, and if it does, I take an anchor position I can work from. Under the current correction concerning the price of Bitcoin, I took a smaller initial position in order to give myself room to significantly lower my cost basis if the price of Bitcoin continues to fall in a meaningful manner.
One psychological element to consider is this: If we take a smaller position and the price of Bitcoin starts an upward run, we won't generate near the profits we would if we had taken a larger position. That's a tradeoff I'm willing to make.
HIVE and similar Bitcoin proxy companies offer an extraordinary opportunity in a tough market. Because of that potential, we need to remain disciplined in deploying our capital, being willing to take a smaller gain if it requires in order to maintain a margin of safety.
I see little, if any risk, in regard to the price of Bitcoin going forward. I think it will eventually reverse direction and head toward another record high. While I don't think it's going to be long before that happens, it should be understood that there have been times after a correction when Bitcoin took as much as several months to resume its upward move. We can't allow ourselves to be scared out of our holdings and leave a lot of profits on the table.
We do have to be aware of the risk-off trade we now face, and the fear associated with it. This is why I'm investing a lot more defensively in this sector than I normally do.
The bottom line is there is nothing else to do than watch the price movement of Bitcoin and take our opportunities to build our positions in these companies, remembering to watch the balance sheets in case they're close to becoming insolvent.
I'm not concerned at this time about the three companies mentioned in this article, but there are a lot of companies out there that could struggle immensely if the price of Bitcoin remains down for a prolonged period of time.
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Successfully Trading HIVE Blockchain And Other Bitcoin Proxy Stocks - Seeking Alpha
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‘Easter Bunny cartoon cash’ how Bill Maher called the Bitcoin crash – MarketWatch
Posted: at 11:45 pm
Young peoplewere already feeling depressed about their future retirement prospects, according to polls.
Still more following the collapse of all their cryptocurrency bets, one suspects.
More than $1 trillion has been wiped off the notional value of cryptocurrencies suchas Bitcoin, Ethereum and the like in just a few months according to a Washington Post report, citing data from industry website CoinMarketCap.com.
Its 10 months since HBO talk show host BillMahercalled the crypto boom a joke and Easter Bunny cartoon cash, and urged his viewers to get out. Prices went up for a while before coming back down. Bottom line: Bitcoin is now a third lower than it was when Maher took the air, and Dogecoin, another cryptocurrency he highlighted, has fallen by more than half.
The losses fall heaviest on millennials, those in their 20s and 30s, because they are the most likely to own cryptocurrencies. According to a recent poll, about 31% of those aged 18 to 29 have used or bought a cryptocurrency, compared to just 8% of those aged 50 to 64.
The losses may also be felt more heavily among people of color, if a University of Chicago poll is to be believed. It found that 44% of cryptocurrency traders were from ethnic groups other than Caucasians, and 41% were women. Cryptocurrencies are opening up investing opportunities for more diverse investors, which is a very good thing, said UCs Angela Fontes in July.
Millennials were already worrying about their retirement prospects even before the crypto rout.
Last July, 72% of them told the National Institute for Retirement Security that they were concerned they wouldnt be able to achieve a financially secure retirement. Two-thirds said they were more anxious about their retirement prospects in the wake of the Covid crisis.
Millennials are supposed to face tougher prospects for retirement due to a confluence of factors, especially high student debt. However they are likely to benefit if the aftermath of the Covid crisis includes higher wages.
The latest slump in cryptocurrencies is nothing new. Their prices have soared and crashed repeatedly since they were first invented over a decade ago.
Fans can accurately say that all these currencies in total still sport a total notional value of $1.7 trillion, meaning that owners of cryptocurrencies have collectively created that amount of money out of nothing. Bitcoins price is still more than 6 times what it was 5 years ago.
But whether that wealth could be converted into genuine or fiat moneycashis another matter.
Incidentally, claims that cryptocurrencies are a havendigital gold, as some saidthat can diversify or stabilize a portfolio have suffered something of a setback since the start of the year. While the S&P 500 SPY, +2.48% stock index has fallen 7% and the U.S. bond index AGG, +0.07% 2%, Bitcoin BTCUSD, -0.99% has, er, fallen 26%.
Meanwhile gold GLD, -0.30% has risen 1%.
The standard argument in financial planning is that those who are young, in their 20s and 30s, can most afford to lose money onspeculationand investments because they have the most time to recover. But the argument is flawed. Money lost on investments in your youth is arguably more costly than money lost later, not less costly.
Thats because when youre young your investment dollars are much scarcer. And because its the money you invest when youre young that really has time to grow into something big.
A single dollar invested at 30 and earning, say, 5% a year will grow to $5.50 by the time youre 65.
Invested at age 50, it will grow to only $2 and change.
(A real investment return of 5% a year, meaning 5% above inflation, has been a long-term average from the stock market.)
What happens if the cryptocurrencies dont recover? Likely answer: Finger-pointing, lawsuits, and largely pointless extra regulations.
As reported in the Washington Post article,
The crypto crash has put pressure on Washington regulators to impose stricter rules on the industry and raised fresh questions about the dangers of cryptocurrency for the average investor.
Youre going to get more people calling their elected representatives, generally unhappy about crypto or feeling they were wronged in some way, said Ian Katz, managing director of Capital Alpha Partners, a Washington policy analysis firm. All regulators and members of Congress want to appear to be alert behind the wheel, and if this turns out to be a continued bloodbath, it increases the impetus for action.
Among the ironies: One of the things crypto fans like about these currencies is their alleged freedom from the political and legal system.
Incidentally, it was much the same after the dot-com crash. Back then Washington ended up passing the Sarbanes-Oxley regulations, to protect ordinary people from financial fraud and the ruthless, rampaging capitalism they loved when they thought they were making money. I notice that these regulations didnt seem to stop Bernie Madoff from continuing his fraud for years, and did nothing to stop the subprime bubble and subsequent financial collapse. On the other hand, from my direct experience I can report that the regulations were really, really good at discouraging analysts, economists and other financial experts from talking to the press.
As for crypto? Any young person whos lost money should look at how much and multiply the figure by about 5. Thats how much the losses have taken out of their future retirement funds.
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'Easter Bunny cartoon cash' how Bill Maher called the Bitcoin crash - MarketWatch
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Whale Watch: A Deep Dive Into the Concentrations of Large Crypto Holders Featured Bitcoin News – Bitcoin News
Posted: at 11:45 pm
Three months ago the crypto economy was worth more than $3 trillion and since then, digital currency prices have slid a great deal in value, as crypto assets have been sold and distributed across many hands. Over the last decade, fluctuating price cycles have made it so some addresses, typically referred to as crypto whales, have been able to accumulate vast quantities of coins. Moreover, a few crypto projects have also seen whales accumulate a majority of a tokens circulating supply via the initial distribution process.
The subject of whales is a popular one in the world of cryptocurrencies, as the entities have always been a force to be reckoned with. Whales are large crypto asset holders who own more tokens than the average person, and they are called whales because their giant holdings can move markets, much like whales in the ocean that can shake up boats and cause massive waves.
After more than a decade of people launching thousands of alternative crypto assets, years of digital currency trading, and the ever-changing price cycles, whale concentrations have changed over the years. The following is a look at the current concentration of large holders and crypto whales throughout the crypto economys top digital assets by market valuation. The concentration of large holders list and its onchain data derive from coincarp.com and intotheblock.com statistics.
The leading crypto asset bitcoin (BTC) is the oldest digital currency in the world based on blockchain technology, and it is assumed that BTC had a very fair distribution process. It is also assumed that Satoshi Nakamoto may own around 750,000 to 1 million BTC, which sit in addresses holding unspent block rewards. This means Satoshis stash is spread out and the inventors concentration of ownership is not easy to find. Intotheblock.com metrics shows BTCs concentration of large holders today is 10%.
Intotheblock.com leverages the total holdings of whales (addresses that own more than 1% of the circulating supply) and Investors (addresses that own between 0.1% and 1% of the circulating supply). Coincarp.com data on January 28, 2022, indicates that the top ten bitcoin addresses hold 5.30% of the current BTC supply in circulation. The top 20 largest BTC holders own 7.26% of the supply, and the top 50 bitcoin addresses own 10.78%. Onchain metrics further indicate that there are 40,301,661 bitcoin holders today.
Ethereum metrics are different as Intotheblock.com stats show concentration by large holders is 42%, which is much higher than BTCs concentration of whales. Coincarp.com data shows that theres 185,912,265 ethereum holders and ETHs top ten addresses hold 23.39% of the current supply. The top 20 ether holders possess 27.06% of the supply and the top 50 own 33.02%. Regarding the top 100 wallet addresses by ether balance, these hold 39.58% of the current ETH supply.
Binance coins (BNB) concentration of large holders data is not available on Intotheblock.com. Coincarp.com metrics, however, indicate that the top ten BNB addresses possess 88.23% of the supply. Onchain stats further show there are 321,134 BNB holders today. The top three BNB addresses are operated by Binances exchange platform, as the richest BNB holder is an exchange wallet with 52.02% of the BNB supply. The second-richest BNB wallet operated by Binance holds 27.14%, while 3.55% of the supply is also held by the third-largest address owned by the trading platform. BNB metrics indicate that more than 82% of the BNB supply is held by Binance operated wallets.
According to stats, there are 325,604 cardano (ADA) holders on January 28, 2022. Intotheblock.com metrics show that ADAs concentration by large holders data today is 17%. Data shows that the top 10 addresses hold 4.36% of the ADA supply, while the top 20 own 5.86% of the supply. The number one richest ADA wallet currently possesses 1.37% of the ADA supply. 100 ADA holders hold 16.76% of the 34,186,794,009 ADA in circulation today.
While XRPs Intotheblock.com metrics are null, Coincarp.com data shows that the top ten holders own 78.02% of the XRP supply. The top five XRP wallets are operated by exchanges, as the richest wallet operated by Binance holds 26.91% of the XRP supply. The top 20 XRP wallets hold 80.93% of the supply, and the top 100 addresses currently possess 85.99% of the XRP in circulation today, which is currently around 47,736,918,345 tokens.
Statistics show that theres a current supply of 314,967,774 SOL in circulation. The top ten addresses hold 10.11% of the SOL supply today, while the largest holder owns 1.58% of the SOL in circulation. The top 20 SOL wallets possess 15.77%, the top 50 hold 26.82%, and the top 100 solana (SOL) wallets hold 34.64% of all the SOL in existence. The number of wallets that hold a fraction of SOL or more today is 8,383,421 holders.
Data shows that the top eight coins by market valuation today have different concentrations of large holders known as whales. Stablecoins also have a concentration of large holders and the top ten tether (USDT) ERC20 wallets hold 26.79% of the current supply. The top ten usd coin (USDC) wallets currently hold 36.22% of the supply. 10.64% of the USDC supply is held by Maker dao while Binance holds 5.62% of all the ERC20-based tethers.
Digital currency proponents dont like large concentrations of whale holders as they could dump their coins on the market to make people panic sell. It is well known that at times large holders of any financial asset can collude and dump hoards of assets on the open market to make the price drop lower. While initially scaring the market, in the end whales make off after a dump because they simply buy back when the panic selling drops prices lower. Traditionally, because of the concentration of large holder levels and illiquid markets, crypto whales grow much larger after bear market cycles.
What do you think about the top eight coins and the concentration of large holders? Let us know what you think about this subject in the comments section below.
Jamie Redman is the News Lead at Bitcoin.com News and a financial tech journalist living in Florida. Redman has been an active member of the cryptocurrency community since 2011. He has a passion for Bitcoin, open-source code, and decentralized applications. Since September 2015, Redman has written more than 5,000 articles for Bitcoin.com News about the disruptive protocols emerging today.
Image Credits: Shutterstock, Pixabay, Wiki Commons
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only. It is not a direct offer or solicitation of an offer to buy or sell, or a recommendation or endorsement of any products, services, or companies. Bitcoin.com does not provide investment, tax, legal, or accounting advice. Neither the company nor the author is responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods or services mentioned in this article.
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Whale Watch: A Deep Dive Into the Concentrations of Large Crypto Holders Featured Bitcoin News - Bitcoin News
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US Unveils Bill Giving Treasury Secretary ‘Unchecked and Unilateral Power’ to Ban Crypto Transactions, Advocate Warns Regulation Bitcoin News -…
Posted: at 11:45 pm
A new bill introduced in the U.S. has a provision that would essentially give the Treasury Secretary unchecked and unilateral power to ban cryptocurrency transactions, warned crypto advocacy organization Coin Center. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen will be able to prohibit any crypto transactions without any process, rulemaking, or limitation on the duration of the prohibition.
Jerry Brito, executive director of Coin Center, a D.C.-based think tank focused on the public policy issues facing cryptocurrencies, warned about the America COMPETES Act of 2022 in a series of tweets Wednesday. The bill was introduced in the House of Representatives on Tuesday.
Noting that the America COMPETES Act of 2022 will very likely pass in some form, Brito explained that it contains the special measures provision proposed by Connecticut Congressman Jim Himes that would be disastrous not just for cryptocurrency but for privacy and due process generally. He continued:
The so-called special measures provision would essentially give the Treasury Secretary unchecked and unilateral power to ban exchanges and other financial institutions from engaging in cryptocurrency transactions.
Currently, the law requires that Treasury engage in a public rulemaking before instituting a prohibition, Brito said, adding that the secretary can impose a surveillance special measure through a simple order, but its duration is limited to 120 days and must be accompanied by a public rulemaking.
The Coin Center executive outlined that the new provision would do three things.
Firstly, it would Add certain transmittal of funds to the list of things that can be banned by the Secretary. Secondly, it would Eliminate all public notice and comment requirements. Moreover, it would Eliminate the 120-day limitation for measures imposed without regulation.
He warned that If adopted into law, this provision would be disaster not just for crypto but for privacy and democratic public process related to *all* types of financial transactions, elaborating:
It empowers the Secretary to prohibit any (or indeed all) cryptocurrency transactions (or any other kind of transaction) without any process, rulemaking, or limitation on the duration of the prohibition.
What do you think about the America COMPETES Act of 2022? Let us know in the comments section below.
A student of Austrian Economics, Kevin found Bitcoin in 2011 and has been an evangelist ever since. His interests lie in Bitcoin security, open-source systems, network effects and the intersection between economics and cryptography.
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US Unveils Bill Giving Treasury Secretary 'Unchecked and Unilateral Power' to Ban Crypto Transactions, Advocate Warns Regulation Bitcoin News -...
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – Genome.gov
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DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the central information storage system of most animals and plants, and even some viruses. The name comes from its structure, which is a sugar and phosphate backbone which have bases sticking out from it--so-called bases. So that "deoxyribo" refers to the sugar and the nucleic acid refers to the phosphate and the bases. The bases go by the names of adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine, otherwise known as A, C, T, and G. DNA is a remarkably simple structure. It's a polymer of four bases--A, C, T, and G--but it allows enormous complexity to be encoded by the pattern of those bases, one after another. DNA is organized structurally into chromosomes and then wound around nucleosomes as part of those chromosomes. Functionally, it's organized into genes, of which are pieces of DNA, which lead to observable traits. And those traits come not from the DNA itself, but actually from the RNA that is made from the DNA, or most commonly of proteins that are made from the RNA which is made from the DNA. So the central dogma, so-called of molecular biology, is that genes, which are made of DNA, are made into messenger RNAs, which are then made into proteins. But for the most part, the observable traits of eye color or height or one thing or another of individuals come from individual proteins. Sometimes, we're learning in the last few years, actually, they come from RNAs themselves without being made into proteins--things like micro RNAs. But those still are relatively the exception for accounting for traits.
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The Structure and Function of DNA – Molecular Biology of …
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Biologists in the 1940s had difficulty in accepting DNA as the genetic material because of the apparent simplicity of its chemistry. DNA was known to be a long polymer composed of only four types of subunits, which resemble one another chemically. Early in the 1950s, DNA was first examined by x-ray diffraction analysis, a technique for determining the three-dimensional atomic structure of a molecule (discussed in Chapter 8). The early x-ray diffraction results indicated that DNA was composed of two strands of the polymer wound into a helix. The observation that DNA was double-stranded was of crucial significance and provided one of the major clues that led to the Watson-Crick structure of DNA. Only when this model was proposed did DNA's potential for replication and information encoding become apparent. In this section we examine the structure of the DNA molecule and explain in general terms how it is able to store hereditary information.
A DNA molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains composed of four types of nucleotide subunits. Each of these chains is known as a DNA chain, or a DNA strand. Hydrogen bonds between the base portions of the nucleotides hold the two chains together (). As we saw in Chapter 2 (Panel 2-6, pp. 120-121), nucleotides are composed of a five-carbon sugar to which are attached one or more phosphate groups and a nitrogen-containing base. In the case of the nucleotides in DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose attached to a single phosphate group (hence the name deoxyribonucleic acid), and the base may be either adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). The nucleotides are covalently linked together in a chain through the sugars and phosphates, which thus form a backbone of alternating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate (see ). Because only the base differs in each of the four types of subunits, each polynucleotide chain in DNA is analogous to a necklace (the backbone) strung with four types of beads (the four bases A, C, G, and T). These same symbols (A, C, G, and T) are also commonly used to denote the four different nucleotidesthat is, the bases with their attached sugar and phosphate groups.
DNA and its building blocks. DNA is made of four types of nucleotides, which are linked covalently into a polynucleotide chain (a DNA strand) with a sugar-phosphate backbone from which the bases (A, C, G, and T) extend. A DNA molecule is composed of two (more...)
The way in which the nucleotide subunits are lined together gives a DNA strand a chemical polarity. If we think of each sugar as a block with a protruding knob (the 5 phosphate) on one side and a hole (the 3 hydroxyl) on the other (see ), each completed chain, formed by interlocking knobs with holes, will have all of its subunits lined up in the same orientation. Moreover, the two ends of the chain will be easily distinguishable, as one has a hole (the 3 hydroxyl) and the other a knob (the 5 phosphate) at its terminus. This polarity in a DNA chain is indicated by referring to one end as the 3 end and the other as the 5 end.
The three-dimensional structure of DNAthe double helixarises from the chemical and structural features of its two polynucleotide chains. Because these two chains are held together by hydrogen bonding between the bases on the different strands, all the bases are on the inside of the double helix, and the sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside (see ). In each case, a bulkier two-ring base (a purine; see Panel 2-6, pp. 120121) is paired with a single-ring base (a pyrimidine); A always pairs with T, and G with C (). This complementary base-pairing enables the base pairs to be packed in the energetically most favorable arrangement in the interior of the double helix. In this arrangement, each base pair is of similar width, thus holding the sugar-phosphate backbones an equal distance apart along the DNA molecule. To maximize the efficiency of base-pair packing, the two sugar-phosphate backbones wind around each other to form a double helix, with one complete turn every ten base pairs ().
Complementary base pairs in the DNA double helix. The shapes and chemical structure of the bases allow hydrogen bonds to form efficiently only between A and T and between G and C, where atoms that are able to form hydrogen bonds (see Panel 2-3, pp. 114115) (more...)
The DNA double helix. (A) A space-filling model of 1.5 turns of the DNA double helix. Each turn of DNA is made up of 10.4 nucleotide pairs and the center-to-center distance between adjacent nucleotide pairs is 3.4 nm. The coiling of the two strands around (more...)
The members of each base pair can fit together within the double helix only if the two strands of the helix are antiparallelthat is, only if the polarity of one strand is oriented opposite to that of the other strand (see and ). A consequence of these base-pairing requirements is that each strand of a DNA molecule contains a sequence of nucleotides that is exactly complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its partner strand.
Genes carry biological information that must be copied accurately for transmission to the next generation each time a cell divides to form two daughter cells. Two central biological questions arise from these requirements: how can the information for specifying an organism be carried in chemical form, and how is it accurately copied? The discovery of the structure of the DNA double helix was a landmark in twentieth-century biology because it immediately suggested answers to both questions, thereby resolving at the molecular level the problem of heredity. We discuss briefly the answers to these questions in this section, and we shall examine them in more detail in subsequent chapters.
DNA encodes information through the order, or sequence, of the nucleotides along each strand. Each baseA, C, T, or Gcan be considered as a letter in a four-letter alphabet that spells out biological messages in the chemical structure of the DNA. As we saw in Chapter 1, organisms differ from one another because their respective DNA molecules have different nucleotide sequences and, consequently, carry different biological messages. But how is the nucleotide alphabet used to make messages, and what do they spell out?
As discussed above, it was known well before the structure of DNA was determined that genes contain the instructions for producing proteins. The DNA messages must therefore somehow encode proteins (). This relationship immediately makes the problem easier to understand, because of the chemical character of proteins. As discussed in Chapter 3, the properties of a protein, which are responsible for its biological function, are determined by its three-dimensional structure, and its structure is determined in turn by the linear sequence of the amino acids of which it is composed. The linear sequence of nucleotides in a gene must therefore somehow spell out the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. The exact correspondence between the four-letter nucleotide alphabet of DNA and the twenty-letter amino acid alphabet of proteinsthe genetic codeis not obvious from the DNA structure, and it took over a decade after the discovery of the double helix before it was worked out. In Chapter 6 we describe this code in detail in the course of elaborating the process, known as gene expression, through which a cell translates the nucleotide sequence of a gene into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
The relationship between genetic information carried in DNA and proteins.
The complete set of information in an organism's DNA is called its genome, and it carries the information for all the proteins the organism will ever synthesize. (The term genome is also used to describe the DNA that carries this information.) The amount of information contained in genomes is staggering: for example, a typical human cell contains 2 meters of DNA. Written out in the four-letter nucleotide alphabet, the nucleotide sequence of a very small human gene occupies a quarter of a page of text (), while the complete sequence of nucleotides in the human genome would fill more than a thousand books the size of this one. In addition to other critical information, it carries the instructions for about 30,000 distinct proteins.
The nucleotide sequence of the human -globin gene. This gene carries the information for the amino acid sequence of one of the two types of subunits of the hemoglobin molecule, which carries oxygen in the blood. A different gene, the -globin (more...)
At each cell division, the cell must copy its genome to pass it to both daughter cells. The discovery of the structure of DNA also revealed the principle that makes this copying possible: because each strand of DNA contains a sequence of nucleotides that is exactly complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its partner strand, each strand can act as a template, or mold, for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. In other words, if we designate the two DNA strands as S and S, strand S can serve as a template for making a new strand S, while strand S can serve as a template for making a new strand S (). Thus, the genetic information in DNA can be accurately copied by the beautifully simple process in which strand S separates from strand S, and each separated strand then serves as a template for the production of a new complementary partner strand that is identical to its former partner.
DNA as a template for its own duplication. As the nucleotide A successfully pairs only with T, and G with C, each strand of DNA can specify the sequence of nucleotides in its complementary strand. In this way, double-helical DNA can be copied precisely. (more...)
The ability of each strand of a DNA molecule to act as a template for producing a complementary strand enables a cell to copy, or replicate, its genes before passing them on to its descendants. In the next chapter we describe the elegant machinery the cell uses to perform this enormous task.
Nearly all the DNA in a eucaryotic cell is sequestered in a nucleus, which occupies about 10% of the total cell volume. This compartment is delimited by a nuclear envelope formed by two concentric lipid bilayer membranes that are punctured at intervals by large nuclear pores, which transport molecules between the nucleus and the cytosol. The nuclear envelope is directly connected to the extensive membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is mechanically supported by two networks of intermediate filaments: one, called the nuclear lamina, forms a thin sheetlike meshwork inside the nucleus, just beneath the inner nuclear membrane; the other surrounds the outer nuclear membrane and is less regularly organized ().
A cross-sectional view of a typical cell nucleus. The nuclear envelope consists of two membranes, the outer one being continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (see also Figure 12-9). The space inside the endoplasmic reticulum (the ER lumen) (more...)
The nuclear envelope allows the many proteins that act on DNA to be concentrated where they are needed in the cell, and, as we see in subsequent chapters, it also keeps nuclear and cytosolic enzymes separate, a feature that is crucial for the proper functioning of eucaryotic cells. Compartmentalization, of which the nucleus is an example, is an important principle of biology; it serves to establish an environment in which biochemical reactions are facilitated by the high concentration of both substrates and the enzymes that act on them.
Genetic information is carried in the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Each molecule of DNA is a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs. Duplication of the genetic information occurs by the use of one DNA strand as a template for formation of a complementary strand. The genetic information stored in an organism's DNA contains the instructions for all the proteins the organism will ever synthesize. In eucaryotes, DNA is contained in the cell nucleus.
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Applied DNA to Deploy Linea 1.0 COVID-19 Assay for Rapid Detection of New Omicron Subvariant BA.2 – Business Wire
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STONY BROOK, N.Y.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: APDN) (the Company), a leader in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based DNA manufacturing and nucleic acid-based technologies, announced today that its wholly-owned clinical laboratory subsidiary, Applied DNA Clinical Labs, LLC (ADCL), intends to deploy its Linea 1.0 COVID-19 Assay (the Linea 1.0 Assay or the Assay), part of ADCLs Linea COVID-19 diagnostics and testing portfolio, for the rapid detection of samples containing a mutation profile that is indicative of the BA.2 subvariant (BA.2) of Omicron in COVID-19-positive samples.
ADCL believes the Linea 1.0 Assay has clinical utility as a genomic surveillance solution to enable public health authorities to detect and assess BA.2 spread via the reflex testing of COVID-19 positive samples with the Linea 1.0 Assay. When used as a reflex test, the Company believes the Linea 1.0 Assay allows for the rapid and inexpensive identification of positive COVID-19 samples that are indicative of BA.2 relative to costly and time-consuming next-generation sequencing.
First identified in November 2021, BA.2 is a descendant of the Omicron variant (BA.1) but differs in some of its genetic traits, including certain mutations in the spike protein, which may make it somewhat harder to detect via S-gene target failure (SGTF") on certain third-party assays. SGTF was used globally to track the spread and prevalence of the Omicron variant (BA.1). In silico analysis of the BA.2 subvariant conducted by ADCL indicates that BA.2 will likely result in a unique detection signature on the Linea 1.0 Assay that is distinct from BA.1 and other currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and/or interest. The Linea 1.0 Assays ability to identify samples containing a mutation profile indicative of BA.2 via SGTF is possible due to the Assays unique double S-gene target design.
BA.2 has been identified in nearly 50 countries, including the U.S., U.K., Israel, and Denmark, where the subvariant accounts for almost half of Omicron cases. According to Denmarks Statens Serum Institute, the country's top infectious disease authority, preliminary calculations suggest BA.2 could be 1.5 times more infectious than BA.1. On January 27, 2022, the New York State Health Department, the State in which most ADCLs COVID-19 testing clients reside, confirmed its first cases of BA.2. The subvariant has been sequenced in at least 20 States.
Deploying Linea 1.0 Assay towards BA.2 potentially positions ADCL for incremental testing demand while also offering clinical utility to epidemiologists presently analyzing BA.2 to determine its characteristics and their clinical significance to understand better how the subvariant might shape the nations pandemic response going forward. As a result of the Assays double S-gene target design, we believe public health officials can be ahead of the curve in case of BA.2 prevalence, stated Dr. James A. Hayward, president and CEO of Applied DNA.
About Applied DNA Sciences
Applied DNA is commercializing LinearDNA, its proprietary, large-scale polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based manufacturing platform that allows for the large-scale production of specific DNA sequences.
The LinearDNA platform has utility in the nucleic acid-based in vitro diagnostics and preclinical nucleic acid-based drug development and manufacturing market. The platform is used to manufacture DNA for customers as components of in vitro diagnostic tests and for preclinical nucleic acid-based drug development in the fields of adoptive cell therapies (CAR T and TCR therapies), DNA vaccines (anti-viral and cancer), RNA therapies, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) based therapies, and gene therapies.
The LinearDNA platform also has non-biologic applications, such as supply chain security, anti-counterfeiting and anti-theft technology. Key end-markets include textiles, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, and cannabis, among others.
Leveraging its deep expertise in nucleic acid-based technologies, the Company has also established safeCircle, a high-throughput turnkey solution for population-scale COVID-19 testing. safeCircle is designed to look for infection within defined populations or communities utilizing high throughput testing methodologies that increase testing efficiencies and provide for rapid turn-around-times.
Visit adnas.com for more information. Follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn. Join our mailing list.
The Companys common stock is listed on NASDAQ under ticker symbol APDN, and its publicly traded warrants are listed on OTC under ticker symbol APPDW.
Applied DNA is a member of the Russell Microcap Index.
Forward-Looking Statements
The statements made by Applied DNA in this press release may be forward-looking in nature within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements describe Applied DNAs future plans, projections, strategies, and expectations, and are based on assumptions and involve a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the control of Applied DNA. Actual results could differ materially from those projected due to its history of net losses, limited financial resources, limited market acceptance, the possibility that Applied DNAs assay kits or testing services could become obsolete or have its utility diminished and the unknown amount of revenues and profits that will results from Applied DNAs testing contracts. Further, the uncertainties inherent in research and development, future data and analysis, including whether any of Applied DNAs or its partners future diagnostic candidates will advance further in the research process or receiving authorization, clearance or approval from the FDA, equivalent foreign regulatory agencies and/or the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), and whether and when, if at all, they will receive final authorization, clearance or approval from the FDA, equivalent foreign regulatory agencies and/or NYSDOH, the unknown outcome of any applications or requests to FDA, equivalent foreign regulatory agencies and/or the NYSDOH, the unknown limited duration of any EUAs from the FDA, changes in guidance promulgated by the CDC, FDA, CMS an/or NYSDOH relating to COVID-19 testing, whether and when, if at all, the FDA will review any EUA request, disruptions in the supply of raw materials and supplies, continued mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and various other factors detailed from time to time in Applied DNAs SEC reports and filings, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on December 9, 2021, and other reports we file with the SEC, which are available at http://www.sec.gov. Applied DNA undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, unless otherwise required by law.
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Monumental Project Underway To Sequence the Genome of Every Complex Species on Earth – SciTechDaily
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The Earth Biogenome Project, a global consortium that aims to sequence the genomes of all complex life on earth (some 1.8 million described species) in ten years, is ramping up.
The projects origins, aims, and progress are detailed in two multi-authored papers published on January 18, 2022. Once complete, it will forever change the way biological research is done.
Specifically, researchers will no longer be limited to a few model species and will be able to mine the DNA sequence database of any organism that shows interesting characteristics. This new information will help us understand how complex life evolved, how it functions, and how biodiversity can be protected.
The project was first proposed in 2016, and I was privileged to speak at its launch in London in 2018. It is currently in the process of moving from its startup phase to full-scale production.
The aim of phase one is to sequence one genome from every taxonomic family on earth, some 9,400 of them. By the end of 2022, one-third of these species should be done. Phase two will see the sequencing of a representative from all 180,000 genera, and phase three will mark the completion of all the species.
DNA sequence.
The grand aim of the Earth Biogenome Project is to sequence the genomes of all 1.8 million described species of complex life on Earth. This includes all plants, animals, fungi, and single-celled organisms with true nuclei (that is, all eukaryotes).
While model organisms like mice, rock cress, fruit flies, and nematodes have been tremendously important in our understanding of gene functions, its a huge advantage to be able to study other species that may work a bit differently.
Many important biological principles came from studying obscure organisms. For instance, genes were famously discovered by Gregor Mendel in peas, and the rules that govern them were discovered in red bread mold.
DNA was discovered first in salmon sperm, and our knowledge of some systems that keep it secure came from research on tardigrades. Chromosomes were first seen in mealworms and sex chromosomes in a beetle (sex chromosome action and evolution has also been explored in fish and platypus). And telomeres, which cap the ends of chromosomes, were discovered in pond scum.
Comparing closely and distantly related species provides tremendous power to discover what genes do and how they are regulated. For instance, in another PNAS paper, coincidentally also published on January 18, my University of Canberra colleagues and I discovered Australian dragon lizards regulate sex by the chromosome neighborhood of a sex gene, rather than the DNA sequence itself.
Scientists also use species comparisons to trace genes and regulatory systems back to their evolutionary origins, which can reveal astonishing conservation of gene function across nearly a billion years. For instance, the same genes are involved in retinal development in humans and in fruit fly photoreceptors. And the BRCA1 gene that is mutated in breast cancer is responsible for repairing DNA breaks in plants and animals.
The genome of animals is also far more conserved than has been supposed. For instance, several colleagues and I recently demonstrated that animal chromosomes are 684 million years old.
It will be exciting, too, to explore the dark matter of the genome, and reveal how DNA sequences that dont encode proteins can still play a role in genome function and evolution.
Another important aim of the Earth Biogenome Project is conservation genomics. This field uses DNA sequencing to identify threatened species, which includes about 28% of the worlds complex organisms helping us monitor their genetic health and advise on management.
Until recently, sequencing large genomes took years and many millions of dollars. But there have been tremendous technical advances that now make it possible to sequence and assemble large genomes for a few thousand dollars. The entire Earth Biogenome Project will cost less in todays dollars than the human genome project, which was worth about US$3 billion in total.
In the past, researchers would have to identify the order of the four bases chemically on millions of tiny DNA fragments, then paste the entire sequence together again. Today they can register different bases based on their physical properties, or by binding each of the four bases to a different dye. New sequencing methods can scan long molecules of DNA that are tethered in tiny tubes, or squeezed through tiny holes in a membrane.
Chromosomes consist of long double-helical arrays of the four base pairs whose sequence specifies genes. DNA molecules are capped at the end by telomeres.
But why not save time and money by sequencing just key representative species?
Well, the whole point of the Earth Biogenome Project is to exploit the variation between species to make comparisons, and also to capture remarkable innovations in outliers.
There is also the fear of missing out. For instance, if we sequence only 69,999 of the 70,000 species of nematode, we might miss the one that could divulge the secrets of how nematodes can cause diseases in animals and plants.
There are currently 44 affiliated institutions in 22 countries working on the Earth Biogenome Project. There are also 49 affiliated projects, including enormous projects such as the California Conservation Genomics Project, the Bird 10,000 Genomes Project and UKs Darwin Tree of Life Project, as well as many projects on particular groups such as bats and butterflies.
Written by Jenny Graves, Distinguished Professor of Genetics and Vice Chancellors Fellow, La Trobe University.
This article was first published in The Conversation.
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Angelo Colon-Ortiz appeals ruling on DNA that allegedly ties him to killing of Vanessa Marcotte – MassLive.com
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Angelo Colon-Ortizs defense counsel announced in Worcester Superior Court Thursday an appeal of a judges recent pretrial ruling to admit DNA evidence allegedly linking the Worcester man to the murder of Vanessa Marcotte, who was killed while jogging in Princeton in 2016.
Ortiz-Colons attorneys John Gregory Swomley and Eduardo Masferrer announced the appeal in a Thursday morning status review in the case.
The appeal comes after Worcester Superior Court Judge Janet Kenton-Walker ruled to deny a motion from Colon-Ortizs defense to suppress DNA evidence collected from the defendant, which argued that state troopers who went to his home to collect the sample did not get his knowing and voluntary consent for the sample due to translation issues and seized the DNA without a search warrant or probable cause.
Marcotte, a 27-year-old Google employee who lived in New York, was visiting her mothers home in Princeton in August 2016 when she went out for a jog. She never returned home, and her body was found on Aug. 7 in the woods off Brooks Station Road, not far from her mothers home.
The sample collected from Colon-Ortiz later matched DNA found underneath Marcottes fingernails during an autopsy, according to officials. He has been charged with murder.
The defense last year said it believed that the DNA waiver police provided to their client was improperly and inadequately translated into Spanish and did not properly state the rights being waived or that consent was being given to police to obtain a DNA sample.
The DNA sample was collected from Colon-Ortiz on March 16, 2017, according to court records.
Police collected the DNA sample during a visit to Colon-Ortizs apartment from state troopers Robert Parr, Michael Travers and Thiago Miranda as part of an investigation into the death of Marcotte. A witness account and DNA profile led police to identify Colon-Ortiz as a person of interest in the case.
Kenton-Walker denied the motion on Jan. 11, but called the consent form Massachusetts State Police used to collect a buccal DNA swab from Colon-Ortiz, the product of carelessness, court records show.
Considering the totality of the circumstances in this case, the consent form, together with the interview with the police, conveyed that information, Kenton-Walker wrote. The other information in the form, while important and valuable, did not defeat Colon-Ortizs free and voluntary decision to consent to providing a DNA sample.
The next status review for Colon-Ortiz will be held on April 7.
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Angelo Colon-Ortiz appeals ruling on DNA that allegedly ties him to killing of Vanessa Marcotte - MassLive.com
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