Daily Archives: January 19, 2022

An estimated 37,470 animal, plant, and fungi species are now listed as threatened (vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered) by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (downloaded August 2021) with most known species (72%) still to be assessed (1). Species listing on the IUCN Red List is rigorous, with multiple assessments, reviews, and consistency checks to ensure robustness of the global list (1). However, global biodiversity is not evenly spread across the globe, with just 17 megadiverse countries home to 60 to 80% of all life on earth (2). As a result, the responsibility of conserving much of the worlds biodiversity tends to fall upon these few nations, 15 of which are classified as developing economies by the United Nations (3). The range of threats contributing to the global biodiversity crisis (4) are broad, including habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive pest species, disease, and climate change (5). As the human population continues to increase and encroach on the natural world, a 10-year program has commenced (6)The United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration 20212030to help slow biodiversity loss. Fragmentation and modification of habitat reduces population size and connectivity for many species and threatened species are typically found in small, isolated populations susceptible to genetic risks and other stochastic processes (7). Conservation practitioners are more frequently using conservation translocations as a restoration tool for maintaining populations of threatened fauna and flora (8, 9). Yet, translocations can further entrench small population risks because when managing a species in a fragmented landscape, behind a fence, or on an island, natural gene flow is reduced (7). As a result, genetic management is becoming integral to the conservation of an ever-greater number of species.

Genomes, and their associated downstream applications, are powerful tools for discovery of new knowledge around species behavior and biology. They can improve our understanding of species taxonomy, provide information regarding past and future evolutionary processes, and complement current ecological survey and study methods (10). In 2018, of the 13,500 animal species on the IUCN Red List, less than 0.8% of species had published genomes on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (11); in the past 3 y this has increased slightly to 2.4% of the 15,521 listed threatened species. Although there is an increase in global genome consortia, such as the Earth Biogenome Project (10, 12), the Vertebrate Genome Project (13), and the Global Invertebrate Genomics Alliance (14), that are creating genomes for nonmodel species, genomic resources for some of our most critically endangered species are still lacking. Furthermore, developing reference genomes for species does not impact their conservation on their own, but rather it is the downstream applications and tools that use reference genomes that can significantly improve species conservation.

A recent review by Supple and Shapiro (15) highlighted that the transition to genomic technologies is only just beginning and that there needs to be an expansion in the available datasets so researchers can ask different questions applicable to conservation. Here, we reviewed the conservation-focused peer-reviewed literature to explore the trends in increasing use of genomic data in studies regarding the management of threatened or endangered species (see SI Appendix for methodological details). We identified a total of 498 papers containing a variety of sequencing methods and types of studies: 263 (52.8%) used either microsatellites, SNPs, or whole genome data, to address population genetics/genomics; and 89 (17.9%) were some form of review (SI Appendix, Table S1). Of the 212 papers that used nuclear DNA to address population genetics/genomics, there has been a marked decrease in the use of microsatellites and an increase in the use of SNPs since 2010 (Fig. 1). As expected, with genome technologies becoming more prominent in nonmodel species after 2010, there was an increase in using next-generation sequencing to improve the development of microsatellite markers (20152020) and an increased use of thousands of SNPs to improve genome-wide diversity studies (Fig. 1). More recently (since 2017) there has been a steady increase in the number of studies using resequenced whole genomes (Fig. 1). Although this is not a fully comprehensive search of all the conservation genomics/genetics works currently published, we find that even in the absence of available reference genomes for threatened species, there has been a sustained uptake of other genomic approaches in conservation genetic studies of threatened species, with many leading to explicit conservation recommendations (see refs. 1517 for more comprehensive reviews).

As Supple and Shapiro (15) (and others) point out, the suite of genomic tools available to researchers to understand both genome-wide and functional diversity within and between species and populations, can be greatly expanded when reference genome information is available, enabling more precise targeting of conservation measures (11, 15, 16). Indeed, we know that conservation practitioners use genetic information in their decision-making (SI Appendix, Table S2), particularly when it comes to managing threatened species in small populations within fragmented landscapes (18). However, the use of big data genomic approaches presents challenges for practitioners to access and interpret the available information.

Australia is one of the 17 megadiverse nations. Separating from other continents over 42 to 53 million y ago (19, 20) means many of the species in Australia are unique, with 87% of mammals, 45% birds, 93% reptiles, 94% amphibians, and 92% of plants endemic to the island continent (21). However, many Australian species have seen marked declines since European settlement in 1788, with 1,774 species (480 animals; 1,294 plants, as of 2016) listed as threatened under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (22). Various recovery and other conservation plans have been put in place by the Australian, State, and Territory Governments with actions to address threats and support the long-term recovery of these species. Globally, Australia has the worst record of mammal extinctions in the world. Multiple species have faced population declines of over 90% in the past two decades (23). The loss of Australian mammal species is largely due to predation by introduced species and changes to fire regimes (23, 24), with our first mammal extinction attributed to anthropogenic climate change declared in 2016 (25). Apart from managing species in often increasingly fragmented landscapes, to address the challenges of rapidly declining populations, many threatened species are increasingly being managed in large, fenced areas, in zoological/botanic garden insurance populations, and on offshore islands. Consequently, genetic diversity and gene flow are reduced for many species and this needs to be accounted for in ongoing management actions.

Conservation biologists and practitioners have a range of technological tools at their disposal to address the various challenges of conserving biodiversity (26). However, for many conservation practitioners there is often an implementation gap between research and development of new tools and their application in conservation practice (27). One such research implementation gap that has been widely discussed is the use of genomics and associated tools for conservation of threatened species (2830). Although recent reviews (see refs. 15 and 3133) discuss the value of genomes for conservation and protection of biodiversity, as sequencing technology improves, there are increasing requirements around genome quality, bioinformatic knowledge, and handling of big data. This creates an ever-widening researchimplementation gap between the creation of genomic resources by genome biologists and bioinformaticians and the application of these resources in conservation management by conservation practitioners.

Bioplatforms Australia (Bioplatforms), a nonprofit organization that supports Australian Life Science research by investing in state-of-the-art infrastructure and expertise in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics, has invested in a number of genome initiatives over the past 10 y, producing genomic resources for Australian species (Table 1). The focus of many of these initiatives has been on reference genome production, comparative genomics, and phylogenomics to resolve species taxonomy for conservation application. Building on the success of these programs, the mission of the Threatened Species Initiative (TSI), launched in May 2020, is to bridge the implementation gap between the production of genomic resources and their application in conservation management (https://threatenedspeciesinitiative.com/). From the outset, TSI has been developed in direct consultation with governmental threatened species managers and other conservation practitioners, around their needs and knowledge gaps (SI Appendix, Table S2). It brings together genome biologists, population biologists, bioinformaticians, population geneticists, and ecologists with conservation agencies across Australia, including government, zoos, botanic gardens, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs). Our objective is to create a foundation of genomic data to advance our understanding of representative Australian threatened species, in addition to fast-tracking genomic information to conservation end-users through online resources and open-access data. We aim to empower conservation practitioners to leverage genomic information to tackle critical biological and conservation issues, including genetic data to inform translocations, captive breeding, seed banking, and ongoing population management.

Environmental genome initiatives that have been supported by Bioplatforms Australia that have produced genomic resources for Australian wildlife and plant species

Studies from New Zealand/Aotearoa (28) and Australia (34) show that conservation practitioners know the value of using genetic data in conservation decision-making, but access to easily interpretable information is lacking. In Australia, projects such as Devil Tools & Tech (34) and Restore & Renew (35) have shown that by creating partnerships between academic researchers and conservation practitioners, the latest genome technologies and techniques can be applied in real-time to conservation decision-making. It was the success of these programs with specific species and their philosophy of open access to the latest research data that led to the development of the TSI. TSIs goal is to undertake applied research that has direct management applications, while ensuring the research is innovative and novel for peer-review publication and to attract competitive research funding.

Our approach to engineering and building a bridge for the current genomic researchimplementation gap is threefold: 1) use genome sequencing technologies that meet the needs of the conservation end-users while maximizing the limited conservation resources available (both funding and sample access), so genomic data can be developed for as many threatened species as possible; 2) develop an on-line interface where TSI project teams can obtain protocols and use a set of established bioinformatic tools and workflows to provide genetic outputs in a standardized reporting format for conservation practitioners; and 3) open-data access, where genomic data will be open access but other related metadata may be restricted due to threatened species and indigenous sensitivities (36). To ensure seamless delivery of the larger project, a pilot phase was commenced in August 2020, to test and bed down workflows and pipelines to ensure outputs were fit-for-purpose for conservation management and decision-making. Eight species (two birds: eastern bristlebird, Dasyornis brachypterus and orange-bellied parrot, Neophema chrysogaster; two marsupials: eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, and western barred bandicoot, Perameles bougainville; two mammals: ghost bat, Macroderma gigas and Hastings River mouse, Pseudomys oralis; one fish: swan galaxias, Galaxias fontanus; and one plant: native guava, Rhodomyrtus psidioides) were selected for the pilot phase through consultation with the Australian, State, and Territory threatened species managers. Note, the Australian Amphibian and Reptile Genomics (AusARG) project commenced at the same time as the TSI and is undertaking similar activities for reptiles and amphibians, so these taxa were not included in the initial TSI pilot phase. The species were grouped into five scenarios to enable comprehensive testing of the different stages of the TSI conservation genomics pipeline: 1) the species has no reference genome, no population genetic data; 2) the species has closely related species with a reference genome, but no population genetic data; 3) the species has no reference genome, and population genetic data exists; 4) the species has a reference genome, or conspecific genome, some population genetic data, and is subject to conservation action which mixes genetically distinct populations; and 5) the species has no reference genome, but short-read data exists, and some population genetic data exists.

This pilot phase was followed by a Request for Partnership round in early 2021, and with a second scheduled for early 2022. In the Request for Partnership academic researchers are encouraged to select species from a preselected list of threatened species, which has been prioritized by the Australian Federal, State, and Territory government agencies. Initially it was anticipated that the current TSI funding (AUD$1.4M) would be able to provide genomic resources for between 40 and 50 threatened plant, animal, and invertebrate species over its 3-y lifespan. In 2021, this goal was superseded, with 61 species currently supported by the program from across Australia (Fig. 2 and SI Appendix, Table S3), representing extinct in the wild (n = 3), critically endangered (n = 16), endangered (n = 17), vulnerable (n = 15), and data-deficient species (n = 9). Note, one least concern species is supported to investigate its value as a genetic rescue surrogate for a critically endangered species. Participating project teams are encouraged to leverage other funding opportunities using TSI resources as seed funding; this will see a multiplier effect from the base investment and provide genomic resources for more species. Of the 61 species projects, there are over 130 project team members representing government (46%), academia (35%), and nongovernment/conservation organizations (19%). All participating project teams are encouraged to work with local Aboriginal nations where possible and provide tangible on-ground conservation outcomes as part of their projects.

Species involved in the TSI by: (A) geographical location, noting some species are found in more than one State or Territory; (B) IUCN threat status: extinct in the wild (EW), critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), vulnerable (VU), least concern (LC), data deficient (DD); and (C) taxa. Base Australia map by Free Vector Maps (https://freevectormaps.com/).

There are more than 30 genomes of Australian species, with 40 draft genomes in development through the Bioplatforms Australia initiatives. These genomes have used a variety of sequencing technology over the years, including whole-genome shotgun approach with Sanger sequencing [e.g., Tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii (37)]; Illumina platform [e.g., Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii (38)]; PacBio RS II platform with Illumina HiSeq [e.g., koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (39)], and 10X Genomics linked-read sequencing on NovaSeq. 6000 [e.g., brown antechinus, Antechinus stuartii (40)]. Some of these genomes may be now classified as low-quality by todays genome standards, but their conservation application has been significant. For example, the original 2012 Tasmanian devil genome (38) (Table 2) has been used with much success for the management of both wild and captive populations of this endangered species (see full review, ref. 11)]. The Tasmanian devil genome allowed for the development of conservation-based tools, such as species-specific microsatellite markers, characterization of immune gene families, blocking primers for use in metagenomics studies, as a few examples (11). The 2018 koala genome (39) (Table 2), is permitting a large-scale genomic survey of the species to understand both genome-wide and functional diversity in light of the recent Australian megafires, which saw more than 126,000 km2 of habitat burned (41). This genomic survey will inform potential future management actions around habitat restoration and translocations for a globally recognized species. Other draft genomes for the woylie [Bettongia penicillate ogilbyi (42)] have been used in real-time (as the genome was assembled) to inform management actions and translocation success for both the woylie (43), and other cogeneric species (16), such as the boodie (Bettongia lesueur). It should be noted that most of these genomes are not chromosome length assemblies, although the recently released koala chromosome assembly (https://www.dnazoo.org/assemblies/Phascolarctos_cinereus, January 2021) has improved the 2018 assembly (Table 2). During the 17 y between the human genome being published (44, 45) and the chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved assembly being released (46), the original genome exponentially changed human medicine and our understanding of Homo sapiens. As a result, the TSI Steering Committee has opted to fund long-read genome data [HiFi reads of PacBio Sequel II system (47)] with associated species-specific transcriptome data for more species to meet conservation needs, rather than focusing on producing chromosome-length assemblies for a few species. Project teams are encouraged to seek funding to facilitate chromosome-length assemblies in the future using HiC (48) technology. Appropriately collected and stored tissue samples are being archived where possible within Australian museum collections to ensure future assemblies use the same specimen (49).

Assembly features of Tasmanian devil (38), koala (39) and Hi-C scaffolded koala genomes (dnazoo.org)

Sampling requirements for high-quality genomes can be extremely difficult to meet for threatened species, particularly those that are listed as critically endangered (49, 50). Many long-read technologies require nonfragmented DNA, which is most easily obtained from tissue samples that are flash-frozen or freshly collected. While relatively large amounts of fresh, preferably young, leaves are required for the high molecular weight DNA extraction needed for assembling a plant genome, collecting leaf tissue for genotype by sequencing is less stringent and requires significantly smaller amounts of silica-dried tissue (and can even work from herbarium specimen). Given the static nature of plants, and the small population size of many of the most threatened species, sometimes most living individuals can be sampled (51). For animal species, however, collecting fresh tissue samples that need to be flash-frozen from cryptic species is more problematic. It is also impractical in a large geographic country like Australia 7.69 million km2, with a relatively small human population (25.4 million), where access to liquid nitrogen in remote locations is logistically challenging and transport networks from remote locations are limited, resulting in difficulties transporting samples to laboratory facilities in a timely manner. Furthermore, many Australian animal species are small, and so blood volumes greater than 100 to 500 L may not be achievable.

Although sequencing costs in the United States, Europe, and China are relatively low, the nature of distance and small turnover in other parts of the world means that discounted sequencing costs tend not to be available for many. Of the 17 megadiverse nations (2), the United States has the cheapest sequencing. To ensure the full value of genomic resources for the conservation of global biodiversity, it is important to invest in local conservation communities and empower them to develop resources within country. For many threatened and endemic species, sending samples to the United States, Europe, and China may be also be constrained by international (e.g., CITES) and national (e.g., United States Endangered Species Act; Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act) biosecurity, trade regulations, and permit requirements. Furthermore, for many Indigenous and First Nations peoples the natural world, and their affiliation with it, holds cultural significance, meaning that movement of samples, or even extracted DNA, across international borders is often restricted. This brings to the fore potential issues with sampling and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (52, 53). Globally we need to embed indigenous principles into genomic research (36, 54), and be able to facilitate genome projects within nations, often where sequencing is not cheap. This requires us to rethink what kinds of genomes we are seeking to produce to effect change in conservation practice and ensure the genomic resources, and associated downstream tools that are created, are utilized to their full potential (50).

TSI is also producing supporting population genetic data (for up to 190 individuals) for species that require it to inform conservation management action (Fig. 3). This will not cover all the population genetic data that will be required for some species, but rather is a launchpad for coinvestment into using genetic data for conservation management. Reduced representation sequencing (RRS) has been selected for population genetic data, although it does have limitations for some population analyses, such as runs of homozygosity (RoH), identification of alleles within species genes, or effective population sizes. For these analyses, whole-genome resequencing (WGS) is needed but is also currently costly for many taxa with larger genomes (e.g., mammals, amphibians). Either double-digest RADseq (55) (ddRAD) or Diversity Arrays Technology (56) (DArTseq), have been selected as the sequencing methods of choice for TSI population genetics, as both are readily available within Australia from commercial providers and will ensure that the bioinformatic workflows are useful across the range of taxa to be undertaken in this project. Our current workflow can either align RRS data to a reference genome or be used de novo (57). Using species-specific transcriptome data to annotate the genomes allows for conservation managers to have access to functional data, particularly around gene families that are not conserved between species, such as the immune genes.

Components and the interoperable framework of the TSI. Currently, smaller working groups are supporting the development of workflows and protocols for sample collection and storage, bioinformatics, and standardized reporting.

To facilitate the long-term uptake of genetic data into population monitoring and management, TSI is also trialing the use of low-density SNP arrays, where reduced subsets of informative SNP loci identified through the above WGS and population genomic approaches are selected and optimized for high-throughput automated genotyping. SNP arrays can be flexibly designed to contain loci targeted to specific conservation applications: for example, to ascertain population structure and monitor neutral and adaptive genetic diversity (5860), assess parentage and kinship (61, 62), and monitor introgression/hybridization (63). Besides the initial investment in SNP discovery and multiplex primer design, downstream genotyping costs are highly affordable (e.g., MassARRAY iPlex system AUD$11 per sample per 50-plex) with minimal requirements for data analysis, making the routine genetic analysis of populations accessible to a wider array of end-users. Furthermore, SNP genotyping systems, such as MassARRAY, are suitable for application with noninvasive samples (scats, hair) (64), expanding the utility of the method in wildlife monitoring scenarios. We advocate for developing arrays and calling SNPs against reference genomes to ensure future use of the data as SNP locations will be known. As more high-quality reference genomes become available and sequencing costs reduce, WGS will become the norm. In the interim however, using RRS data aligned to a draft reference genome can permit a wide-range of conservation actions for a species [see Brandies etal. (11)].

A key aim of the TSI is to develop an online platform, an applied conservation genomics hub, to empower nongeneticists to be able to use these genomic resources in their conservation decision-making. The TSI is committed to developing such a platform (Fig. 3). The Hub will host protocols for sample collection and storage, in addition to a suite of existing analytical pipelines and workflows [e.g., STACKS (57), dartR (65), Sequoia (66)] with a user-friendly interface that has point-and-click options, rather than a command-line interface. The outputs from these workflows can be used to answer some of the most common conservation management questions (SI Appendix, Table S2). Users will be able to manipulate their data for their specific species, but the output report will be standardized, with different modules for different management questions. The report will be in a simple, consistent format to ensure that conservation practitioners are receiving the same information for their species in a standardized way so they can become familiar with summary methods for genetic data. Reports will include standard genetic metrics (such as heterozygosity, inbreeding, relatedness) in addition to an appendix with sequencing methods used, number of filtered SNPs, filtering used, and compute requirements for the datasets. Standardizing the reporting will assist with reproducibility over time. Users who are creating the reports will also have the option to add more outputs/variables if they so desire. By standardizing the output report, we aim to further promote the education of the conservation practitioners in the use of genetic data in the management practice and encourage the uptake of longer-term genetic monitoring in-line with the Convention of Biological Diversity targets (67, 68). This is perhaps TSIs biggest innovation, because while techniques can change and initial interpretations might be complex, once baseline genomic information is developed and there is standardized management reporting, cheap, effective, long-term monitoring tools can become a reality.

We fully recognize that this online platform and associated standardized reporting will not be a simple task to achieve, as there are many nuances in the interpretation of genetic data for management purposes. However, with the ever-widening gap between genome biologists and conservation practitioners, we need to develop solutions to bridge this divide. Not knowing how to interpret and use the information, nor how it is generated or who to contact, are a few of the reasons that have been flagged by conservation practitioners for why they are not routinely using genetic data in their management practice (28). The platform will be a living, iterative system, which we anticipate will start small and grow with time, use, need, and technological development. TSI has recognized that we need to start to fill this niche, as the gap between the genome biologists and the conservation practitioners is widening each year as the costs of sequencing reduce, bioinformatics becomes more challenging, and the need for genomic resources for conservation management increases.

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Threatened Species Initiative: Empowering conservation action using genomic resources - pnas.org

After much of Los Angeles went dark in the spring of 2020 amid the growing SARS-CoV-2 threat, two UCLA scientists and their small teambegan working late nights on the fifth floor of the Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, developing technology that would pave the way for the UCLA community to safely return to campus.

The safer-at-home orders had shut down all but the few core campus activities and services deemed essential. While that meant the suspension of most laboratory research, it didnt apply to a new project led by Valerie Arboleda M.D. 14,Ph.D. 14, assistant professor of pathology and human genetics, and Joshua Bloom 06, a research scientist in human genetics and an adjunct professor in computational biology. Through their collaboration with Octant Bio, a biotech company founded and incubated at UCLA; faculty in UCLAs departments of human genetics and computational medicine; UCLA Health; and other academic institutions across the country, their research ultimately found its way from the high-tech lab Arboleda and Bloom named SwabSeq to vending machines across campus.UCLA faculty, staff and students returning last fall were able to easily access the free COVID-19 test kits, with picking up a testas simple as grabbing a snack: Users simply register for the SwabSeq test by scanning a QR code with their smartphone, retrieve the kit and collect their saliva sample, then deposit the kit in a drop box next to the machine. An email or text notifies them when they can access a secure website for their result.

Diagnosing COVID-19 typically involves polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, but as a tool for mass screening of asymptomatic individuals, the approach is limited in its capacity. To run tens of thousands of tests simultaneously, SwabSeq harnesses the power of next-generation DNA sequencing a revolutionary technology thats come of age in the last 15 years and enables the processing of millions of DNA fragments at a time. The testing platform also bypasses a step typically required in the PCR method that of extracting RNA from samples, which can take days to process.

Im thrilled that SwabSeq helped put us back on campus and that my students and I are able to come into the lab.

Valerie Arboleda

SwabSeq attaches a piece of DNA that acts like a molecular barcode to each persons sample, enabling the labs scientists to combine large batches of samples in a genomic sequencing machine. Viewing the barcodes in the resulting sequence, the technology can quickly identify the samples that have the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. SwabSeq can return individual test results in about 24 hours, with highly accurate results the false-positive rate is just 0.2%.

Michal Czerwonka

Rachel Young, laboratory supervisor and clinical laboratory scientist for the COVID-19 SwabSeq lab

SwabSeq has now tested more than half a million specimens from UCLA, as well as from a handful of other universities in Southern California and from the Los Angeles Unified School District. A $13.3 million contract recently awarded by the National Institutes of Health sets the stage for an expansion of SwabSeqs efforts.

This is an innovative use of genomic sequencing for COVID-19 testing that is uniquely scalable to thousands of samples per day, [and that is] sensitive and fast a combination that is challenging to find in diagnostic testing, Arboleda says. Its not cost-effective as a test for a few people, or if you have someone in the hospital who needs an immediate result, but its very effective as a screening tool for large asymptomatic populations.

Neither Arboleda nor Bloom could have predicted they would one day find themselves leading a major element of UCLAs research response to a once-in-a-century pandemic.

Arboleda entered the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA intending to become a full-time clinician, but when she took a year off from her medical school studies to work in a lab, she found her true calling. She enrolled in the UCLA Medical Student Training Program, graduating in 2014 with both an M.D. and a Ph.D. in human genetics. As a faculty member, she now devotes about 80% of her time to research, with much of the focus on rare genetic syndromes.

Bloom, trained as a geneticist and a computational biologist, has used model systems such as yeast to develop experimental and computational methods for identifying the heritable genetic factors underlying gene expression differences and other complex traits in large populations. Ive worked on some really abstract problems. Diagnostic testing in a pandemic is definitely not something I thought Id ever be involved in, he says, smiling.

Michal Czerwonka

A machine in the SwabSeq laboratory

Like most of their UCLA colleagues and much of the rest of the world, Bloom and Arboleda saw their work routines upended by the pandemic. Bloom was grappling with the new reality when he received a call from Sri Kosuri, a UCLA assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry and co-founder/CEO of Emeryville, California-based Octant Bio, the startup where Bloom was a consultant and where early pilot studies for SwabSeq were conducted.

He suggested we could turn the drug-screening technology Octant was using into a COVID test, and asked if I could help with the computational work, Bloom recalls. There were other people at UCLA who were also thinking that with all these smart people here, we should be able to develop a test. From there we began to have large group meetings involving multiple universities sharing information.

When Arboleda heard about the nascent project from a faculty colleague, she knew she could be helpful. In addition to the expertise in molecular biology she could apply to setting up the experiments, her training in pathology gave her the experience with regulatory matters that would need to be addressed once the test was developed. She agreed to collaborate with Bloom, who used his expertise in informatics to optimize the automated DNA sequencing process toward the goal of producing accurate diagnostic readouts.

The two spent a good part of April and May 2020 in the lab. We would do the assay and put it on the sequencer, then Josh would analyze it as soon as it came off the machine, Arboleda says. Based on that, the next day we would adjust a couple of parameters and rerun the experiment.

PreCOVID-19, she had become accustomed to a supervisory role as a principal investigator overseeing a team of scientists. I hadnt gone back to the lab in a while, she says. It was a wild two months, where I felt like a grad student again!

The number and pace of the iteration cycles a new one every 24 hours made this research project unlike any other Bloom had seen. The sequencing technology enables that, because you can tweak a bunch of things and get readouts for them all at once, he says.

But more than that, he credits the speed with which SwabSeq moved from concept to reality to an all-hands-on-deck approach befitting the urgency of the need. We had senior faculty, including department heads, engaged and excited to help, Bloom says.

One of those department heads isEleazar Eskin,chair of the Department of Computational Medicine,a departmentaffiliated with both UCLA Samueli School of Engineering and the medical school. He hascoordinatedlogistics and business operations to ensure that the lab operates efficiently and remainsflexibleenough toadapt to changing circumstances, such asthe appearance of theomicron variant of the virus.Eskinalso built the custom software for SwabSeq'slab-information management system.

Adds Arboleda: Everyone knew it was important and contributed in whatever way would support the mission, whether it was getting space, fundingor institutional review board approvals. And since only people who were doing COVID work could come to campus, I had people on my team who said, OK, Ill put on a mask and do whats needed.

Michal Czerwonka

Hard at work in the SwabSeq lab

The SwabSeq lab now occupies an entire floor in the Center for Health Sciences South Tower. The space is divided into three rooms, each dedicated to a portion of the test. One room is for handling samples; a second is used as a clean room and storage area; and a third, its walls lined with high-level sequencers, is for post-PCR sequencing. All over, freezers and refrigerators store enough reagents for millions of tests. The lab isnt necessarily a one-off Arboleda notes that the technology can be applied to general infectious disease testing and surveillance. Its flexible protocol can rapidly scale up testing and provide a solution to the need for population-wide testing to stem future pandemics, she says.

For now, aside from regular meetings to discuss SwabSeq development and high-level technical issues, the scientists have returned to the work they were doing before everything changed in March 2020. Im thrilled that SwabSeq helped put us back on campus and that my students and I are able to come into the lab, Arboleda says. Now if someone tests positive, no one worries because that person can stay home, and we know we can all easily get tested.

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SwabSeq: Scalable, Sensitive and Fast COVID-19 Testing - UCLA Newsroom

And unlike a prison, a mink shed has no plumbing. We focus a lot on the respiratory transmission among people, Jonathan Epstein, a zoonotic-disease ecologist, says, but its important to remember that this is also a GI-tract virus, and its shed in the stool. While we flush our own infected excreta down porcelain toilets, the excreta of mink collects under their cages in dank mounds in which coronavirus can remain infectious for days, long enough to be aerosolized when farmworkers shovel it away.

Its probable that the factory-farm conditions that minks are subjected to make them especially susceptible to microbial pathogens. Notwithstanding their undeniably adorable exteriors alert, wide-set eyes, dainty, partly webbed paws and long furry bodies mink are not sociable herd animals like cows, sheep, chickens and pigs, who have been under human domestication for thousands of years, exchanging microbes back and forth with one another and with us. They are solitary, meat-eating predators, unaccustomed to life in intimate proximity to other individuals. Just how the stress of crowding affects mink is unknown, though it is thought to suppress their immune systems. Farmed mink are famously vulnerable to pathogens such as distemper and influenza. Mink farmers must pump them up with vaccinations to keep them alive for the handful of months it takes for them to grow thick fur.

I was told by Michael Whelan, then a mink-industry spokesman, that farmers in the United States had developed strict biosecurity measures to prevent microbial transmission between humans and animals on mink farms. Livestock operations such as poultry farms, for example often require that workers wear Tyvek suits, masks and bootees and shower-in and shower-out of the fully sealed sheds where captive animals are kept. And yet many of the mink farms I visited in Utah didnt even have adequate fencing around their borders. The rickety perimeter gate around one farm I saw was open to passing traffic, including the cows in an adjacent clearing, the deer of which nearby roadway signs warned and a band of feral cats that slinked onto the farms gravel lot just yards from the doorless mink sheds.

Unlike in Europe, health officials in the United States did not conduct active surveillance on mink farms for coronavirus, relying instead on mink farmers to self-report outbreaks. Publicly, industry representatives said they took the risk of coronavirus incursions seriously, but privately, many were almost dismissive about the threat the virus posed. One mink farmer, Joe Ruef, described coronavirus in mink as a nonevent when we spoke by phone. The industry trade group, Fur Commission USA, called it a supposed public health threat, in an email to its members that was leaked to activists and shared with me. And when word got out that I was visiting Utah mink farms, Fur Commission USA sent out a security alert to its members, with a photograph of my rental car and its license plates. DO NOT let her on to your property, and under no circumstances allow her near the mink sheds, it read, because any pictures or documented cases of ranches that are not following the recommended biosecurity protocols could damage our efforts to defend the US producers.

As a relatively small industry that sells most of its animal products overseas as garments rather than as food, mink farms have escaped most regulatory oversight. Federal laws that pertain to animals like the Animal Welfare Act and the Humane Slaughter Act do not cover animals on fur farms. Few states require mink farms to be licensed or inspected; none require veterinary oversight. Like most states, Utah has no regulations on fur farming at all. Even the minimal containment strategies devised for infected mink farms proved difficult to implement. In Utah, mink farmers were fairly resistant to having anyone come onto their facilities, the Utah state veterinarian Dean Taylor told me. In internal correspondence acquired through public-records requests, Utah health department officials discussed an infected farm that the department was not permitted to access even for testing. Unregulated, secretive mink farms, Han says, are not that different, if you think about it, from these captive wildlife farms that we hear about in Asia.

On the 12 mink farms that reported outbreaks, health officials implemented quarantines, testing protocols and trapping programs to capture and test nearby animals. Unlike in Europe, there were no culls of susceptible or infected mink. While in 2014 and 2015 the U.S.D.A. paid $200 million to compensate farmers for culling 50 million farmed birds to short-circuit an outbreak of avian influenza, the agency had no budget to do the same to prevent coronavirus from exploding on mink farms.

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Animals Infecting Humans Is Scary. Its Worse When We Infect Them Back. - The New York Times

China has unveiled its lists of the top-10 scientific advances in China and the world for 2021, as selected by members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE).

Academicians from the CAS and CAE hold Chinas highest national academic titles in science and engineering.

Among the scientific breakthroughs listed, Chinas progress on its first solar exploration task stands out.

The China National Space Administration released new images taken by the countrys first Mars rover Zhurong, including the landing-site panorama, the Martian landscape and a selfie of the rover, signifying the complete success of Chinas first Mars exploration mission.

Other advances include progress on long-term stays on Chinas space station, research into synthesizing starch from carbon dioxide, the lunar samples brought back by the Change-5 mission, the route to de novo domestication of wild allotetraploid rice, as well as the prevention and control of the agricultural pest Bemisia tabaci.

Topping the list of the worlds top-10 scientific advances is the development of the first living robots with the ability to reproduce. The millimeter-sized living machines, called Xenobots 3.0, are neither traditional robots nor a species of animal, but living, programmable organisms.

Other notable advances include research on the accurate prediction of protein structures, a genetic engineering technique for genetic diseases, using human pluripotent stem cells to grow sesame-seed-sized heart models, and the recreation of the early structures of the human embryo from stem cells.

The selection of the top-10 scientific advances in China and the world has been hosted by the CAS and CAE on 28 occasions, playing a positive role in popularizing the latest sci-tech developments at home and abroad.

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China reveals lists of top global, Chinese scientific advances for 2021 - Macau Business

Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi and The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, have identified phytochemicals in the petals of a Himalayan plant that could potentially be used to treat COVID-19 infections.

The research team's findings have been recently published in the Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics journal. The research was led by Dr Shyam Kumar Masakapalli, Associate Professor, BioX Centre, School of Basic Science, IIT Mandi, Dr Ranjan Nanda, Translational Health Group and Dr Sujatha Sunil, Vector-Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi.

Two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, the researchers are trying to understand the virus's nature and discover new ways to prevent the infection. While vaccination is one route to providing the body with fighting power against the virus, there is a worldwide search for non-vaccine medicines that can prevent viral invasion of the human body. These medicines use chemicals that either bind to the receptors in our body cells and prevent the virus from entering them or act on the virus itself and prevent its replication inside our bodies.

Masakapalli says, "Among the different types of therapeutic agents being studied, phytochemicals - chemicals derived from plants - are considered particularly promising because of their synergistic activity and natural source with fewer toxicity issues. We are hunting for promising molecules from the Himalayan flora using multi-disciplinary approaches."

The petals of the Himalayan Buransh plant, scientifically called Rhododendron Arboreum, are consumed in various forms by the local population for their varied health benefits. IIT Mandi and ICGEB set out to scientifically test the extracts containing different phytochemicals, focusing on the anti-viral activity. The researchers extracted the phytochemicals from the Buransh petals and performed biochemical assays and computational simulation studies to understand their anti-viral properties.

Ranjan Nanda says, "We have profiled and investigated the phytochemicals of Rhododendron Arboreum petals sourced from Himalayan flora and have found it to be a promising candidate against the COVID virus."

Extracts from these petals were rich in quinic acid and its derivatives. Molecular dynamics studies showed that these phytochemicals have two effects against the virus. They are bound to the main protease - an enzyme that plays a vital role in viral replication - and the Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) that mediates viral entry into the host cells.

The researchers also showed through experimental assays that non-toxic doses of the petal extracts can inhibit COVID infection in Vero E6 cells (cells derived from the kidney of an African green monkey that is commonly used to study infectivity of virus and bacteria) without any adverse effects on the cells themselves.

Sujatha Sunil says, "A combination of the phytochemical profiling, computer simulations and in vitro anti-viral assays showed that the extracts from the Buransh petals inhibited the replication of the COVID virus in a dose-dependent manner."

The findings support the urgent need for further scientific studies to find specific bioactive drug candidates from R. Arboreum, in vivo and clinical trials against COVID-19. The research team also plans to carry out additional studies to understand the precise mechanism of inhibition of COVID-19 replication by specific phytochemicals from Buransh petals.

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The above article has been published from a wire source with minimal modifications to the headline and text.

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Flower Petals of Himalaya's Buransh Tree Has Phytochemicals That Can Help Fight COVID-19, Say Researchers | The Weather Channel - Articles from The...