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Daily Archives: November 23, 2021
Study: Journalists reveal sobering views on the state of fake news – PR Week
Posted: November 23, 2021 at 5:10 pm
CHICAGO: Greentarget, a PR agency which focuses on professional service firms, surveyed over 100 journalists and found 93% believe fake news negatively affects journalism. Additionally, they dont have confidence in the government, Big Tech or even their own industry efforts to provide a solution.
Greentarget defined fake news as false information spread unwittingly (misinformation) or intentionally (disinformation).
The results involve the PR industry, which every day works to communicate information through media outlets. Both professions recognize the importance of maintaining credible journalism and fighting fake news for an informed, participatory democracy to function.
In the poll, 84% of the respondents felt that the term fake news is contributing to the delegitimization and distrust of traditional news sources. The study pointed to views that expressed with the Trump administration the term fake news became more nebulous and weaponized misuse problematically morphed the words to mean information that the person/subject doesnt like or believe.
However, with the traditional usage of fake news as defined by Greentarget in the survey, only 6% felt Big Techs efforts in monitoring content had a significant impact. The journalists expressed caution with government action, with less than 50% endorsing the need to reform Section 230 of the U.S. Communications Decency Act. The law, in general, grants website platforms immunity with respect to third-party content.
An increasing majority, 93% of journalistsup from 85% in last years poll, indicated that they have an ethical responsibility to vet fake news. This means fact checking and identifying misleading information.
But only 14% of journalists felt their own work significantly helped to combat fake news, and only 9% believed media literacy efforts had a substantial impact.
PR and communications professionals come into play on this front. Despite the surveyed journalists discouraging outlook on media literacy, Greentargets report cited National Academy of Sciences research, which found a 26.5% improvement in differentiating mainstream from false news headlines, resulting from media literacy education.
In a statement, Greentargets VP of media relations, Lisa Seidenberg, underscored support for journalists, acknowledging their value in a free society. She further expressed hope that journalists and the public would support media literacy programs.
PR professionals representing legitimate news organizations have a role in buttressing the reputation of journalism. They can support media literacy programs, and with journalists as part of their everyday actions maintain an ethical professional commitment to communicating accuracy and truth.
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Study: Journalists reveal sobering views on the state of fake news - PR Week
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How to install and use InVID, a plugin to debunk fake news and verify videos and images – TechRepublic
Posted: at 5:10 pm
You can make sure you aren't seeing fake news, edited photos or deepfakes with this software. Here's how to install and use it.
Image: Lightspring/Shutterstock
The evolution of social media and the internet have allowed people and companies to share a lot of content, some of which might be used to spread fake news or misinformation. One of the keys to investigate this material is to try to find evidence of the same image/video being used before, often in an unrelated context. This article shows how to easily check for it by using the InVID Verification Plugin.
While the plugin is originally designed to help journalists verify content on social media and improve fact-checking and debunking capabilities for its users, it can also be used by anyone with an interest in checking images or videos. More and more companies have social media experts on staff who need tools to spot fake news and detect fake media that might target them. The tool might also be used to raise awareness or train people to increase their skills in detecting media tampering.
The InVID Verification Plugin, or Toolkit, is provided by the InVID and WeVerify European projects. Both projects have received funding from theHorizon 2020: EU Programme for Research and Innovation.
The features of this plugin are:
This tool works as a Chrome or Firefox browser plugin. From the home page of the InVID Verification Plugin, select Chrome or Firefox. We chose Firefox for this tutorial (Figure A), but the install steps are the same for Chrome.
Figure A
Download the plugin.
Once the plugin is downloaded, go to the folder where it was saved and extract the .zip file (Figure B), then unzip it.
Figure B
The plugin is extracted from the .zip file.
Double-click on the .xpi file to launch it in Firefox or Chrome. Depending on what your default browser is, you might need to right-click on the .xpi file and select Open With, then choose Firefox or Chrome.
As it opens in the browser, select Add to allow the permissions to install the plugin (Figure C).
Figure C
Allow the installation and permissions for the InVID Verification Plugin in Firefox.
Tick the box for allowing the plugin to run in Private Windows if you like, then click Okay (Figure D).
Figure D
Select the permissions to run in Private Windows or not.
The plugin is now installed and should show its logo in the plugins bar.
The plugin can be accessed and used via two methods.
A click on the plugin icon in the browser opens its menu (Figure E).
Figure E
Access the InVID toolkit menu from its icon in Firefox.
The other option is to right-click on a picture or video from the web page (Figure F).
Figure F
You can access the plugin by right-clicking on an image on a web page.
Once right-clicked, the menu shows different options from the plugin, like opening the magnifier or doing reverse searches on images in search engines.
By clicking on the plugin icon in the browser and selecting Open InVID, the main menu of the plugin appears (Figure G).
Figure G
Access the plugin's main menu.
On the upper part of the menu, several options are available:
The image magnifier allows an investigator to zoom in on a picture to see more details about it (Figure H).
Figure H
This is how the image magnifier looks when in use.
This option shows the metadata of a picture (Figure I).
Figure I
The metadata from one picture.
Video Rights shows the usage rights for videos from YouTube, Twitter or Facebook (Figure J).
Figure J
The video rights for one video on YouTube.
This feature allows users to launch advanced queries on Twitter (Figure K).
Figure K
The Twitter advanced search panel.
This feature runs reverse searches on the thumbnails of a YouTube video. The searches can be run on several search engines (Figure L).
Figure L
The YouTube thumbnails reverse search.
This option fragments the video into multiple images (Figure M) and allows the investigator to run a reverse image search on any of it. This is a useful feature to detect if parts of a video have been reused from another source.
Figure M
The software splits a video into multiple images so you can run a reverse image search on any of it.
This tab provides statistics about videos from YouTube, Twitter or Facebook (Figure N).
Figure N
Video statistics from a YouTube video.
This tab provides eight different filters to help detect digital image tampering (Figure O).
Figure O
Forensic analysis on an image.
InVID can launch reverse image searches on several search engines: Google, Yandex, Bing, TinEye, Baidu and Reddit.
The easiest way to launch this is to right-click on a picture and select the desired search engine or select all. The plugin opens one tab per search engine in the browser to show the results (Figure P).
Figure P
The results of a reverse image search on the TinEye search engine.
The InVID Toolkit allows any investigator or social media expert to verify contents by analyzing images and videos on several different platforms or even on local files. Being a plugin for Firefox or Chrome, it can be used on several different operating systems, like Windows, Linux or Mac.
Our editors highlight the TechRepublic articles, downloads, and galleries that you cannot miss to stay current on the latest IT news, innovations, and tips. Fridays
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Nicki Minaj Spreading Anti Vax FAKE NEWS and Covid-19 Controversies to Save Her RAPIST Husband From Scrutiny – Dominique Clare
Posted: at 5:10 pm
Looks like Nicki Minaj is going through a lot these past days! Is the pop star telling people not to get vaccinated? Not only that, but is she really trying to save her rapist husband? Well, to know it all, stay tuned with us!
Currently, Nicki Minaj is high on the news! But instead of stardom, she is receiving heavy hatred from her fans! A few days back, one of her tweet went viral, and she damn regrets posting it on social media! The tweet was related to the COVID-19 vaccine! The pop star claimed that one of her cousin who lives in Trinidad has refused to take the covid vaccine shot. Well, it looks like Nickis cousins friend had a serious side effect after the vaccine shot which has scared him from taking the vaccine! The singer obviously had to face a lot of hatred due to this tweet! Most people said she is just trying to gain attention and moreover, is spreading fake news among the people out there!
Her opinion on the vaccine is surely an anti-vax statement. But does she really support anti-vax? Well, in one of Nickis recent interviews with Andy Cohen, she was seen to maintain all the COVID-19 protocols! This surely kind of proves she is not supporting anti-vax! The inner information is an assured statement as this came exclusively from the very famous Andy Cohen!
Well, for some months, we all are quite aware that Nicki Minajs husband has been charged for sexually assaulting Jennifer Hough. This is incident goes back to 1995. But recently, Jennifer has filed a case against Kenneth Petty. Nicki and her husband both have failed to respond to the lawsuit! Not only that but Kenneth has clearly denied the charge put on him! When the incident took place, both the culprit and the victim were 16 years old! If you dont know it, then let me tell you, Petty has also served a period of 4 years in jail for his deed.
The shocking news is Petty now claims that the rape never had occurred! In fact the sex between him and Jennifer was more consensual! He has moreover, said that 26 years back, he was a young boy, and out of fear, he took the rape allegation on himself! That time he was said that it doesnt accept the rape claim, then he time be in jail for a 20 year long sentence period!
But Jennifer is clearly stating something opposite to Pettys story! She has cleared said that she was raped by him at knifepoint. All these years, she has been traumatized and is still in constant fear to face the world out there. Well, already $15 million charge by Jennifer has been dismissed by the court. But still, $20 million lawsuit stands! If we come to Nicki, then she has stated that they have by mistake not responded to the lawsuit! So is the sensational pop star really saving her husband?
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I never said that: Anand Mahindra debunks fake quote with memes, netizens love it – The Indian Express
Posted: at 5:10 pm
Although a wide variety of information and news are available at our fingertips these days, it also makes us susceptible to believe in fake content. And business tycoon Anand Mahindra has tried to deal with all such stress with a dash of humour, and the internet is loving.
As the internet is full of quotes post, The Mahindra Group Chairman debunked one such quote shared on Instagram with his photo and name. An average Indian man spends his day following women on social media, putting his hopes into sports teams and leaving his dreams in the hand of a politician that doesnt care, the post read falsely attributing it to him.
Taking to Twitter, the industrialist not only threatened to take legal action for the fabricated quot but also promised to deal with such situation, bringing his A-game by sharing relatable memes. He shared two one featuring himself and other with Arshad Warsi.
This is the second time this week, fake information about him have been circulating online. On Friday, Mahindra had rubbished a report which talked about how his new investment made him richer this year and that hes sharing his secret with everybody. He expressed shock regarding a piece of fake news about his investment in cryptocurrency.
As he dealt with such fake news, people appreciated his sense of humour, with many joining him in the meme-fest to keep his sprits up while thanking him to clarifying.
However, this is not the first time this has been done. Earlier in September Ratan Tata too voiced his concern on seeing a falsely attributed quote doing rounds on social media, clarifying it wasnt said by him.
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Civil Society Watch 22 November 28 November: The availability of essential medication in SA, tackling the WTO on Trips waiver and fighting fake news…
Posted: at 5:10 pm
On Monday 22 November at 3pm Maverick Citizen editor, Mark Heywood will be participating in a discussion hosted by the Pharmaceutical Accountability Foundation titled The Power of Law: How can NGOs Promote Access to (Covid-19 or other essential) medicines through Legal Procedures? Lessons Learned from Past Cases.
You can register to join the event here.
On Tuesday 23 November at 9am the Peoples Vaccine Alliance is hosting a global rally against the World Trade Organization (WTO) titled Dont Trade with our lives, the aim of which is to demand that the WTO pass the critical Trips waiver on life-saving vaccines and medicines. The organisation seeks to amplify the voices of communities in Colombia, Palestine, South Africa, India, Thailand, Honduras, Kenya, Pakistan, Uganda, Mexico, and elsewhere who have been most affected by the inequalities that have allegedly been exacerbated by the WTO. Legal experts, human rights activists, and public health advocates also will lay out various advocacy actions undertaken by several international coalitions.
You can join the event here.
At 10am, Health activists from Cancer Alliance, the Treatment Action Campaign and SECTION27 will march to Premier David Makhuras offices in Johannesburg on 23 November 2021 to demand that he urgently establish a task team to address the cancer crisis in Gauteng, where waiting lists for time-sensitive and potentially life-saving cancer treatment extend for years.
On Wednesday 24 November at 1pm, Civic and Open data organisation Code for Africa, will be hosting a discussion titled Fighting Fake news: Combating mis / disinformation in Africa. You can register to attend the event here.
At 1.30pm the World Health Organization is launching a report titled The politics of a WHO pandemic treaty in a disenchanted world. The report addresses the need for new approaches to the challenge of a pandemic future, in the wake of the harsh but real lessons that Covid-19 continues to administer. You can register to attend the report launch here.
At 2pm the The Applied Constitutional Study Laboratory (ACSL) at the Dullah Omar Institute will be hosting a discussion on Next Generation Constitutionalism titled Climate Change Litigation global trends. The discussant will be Joana Setzer from the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, who is one of the authors of the Climate Change Litigation report, about the strategic nature of this litigation, current trends in litigation and future developments to watch, the types of legal challenges that are being brought and where they are being fought. You can register to attend the discussion here.
Lastly on Wednesday at 5.30pm, the Soul City Institute for Social Justice will be holding a 16 Days of Activism event titled Kgalemelang From Awareness to Accountability. The event is to move people from just being aware of gender-based violence towards personal accountability and the justice system, civil society and general society. For more information on how to participate contact [emailprotected]. DM/MC
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Aamir Khan to tie the knot third time? ‘FAKE’ news going viral – India TV
Posted: at 5:10 pm
Image Source : FILE IMAGE
Aamir Khan to tie the knot third time?
Months after Aamir Khan announced his divorce from Kiran Rao, rumours have started doing the round that the Bollywood actor is gearing up to tie the knot, again. A few days back, there were reports doing the rounds on social media that Aamir will announce his wedding after the release of his upcoming film Laal Singh Chadha, co-starring Kareena Kapoor. However, according to the latest reports, Aamir's third wedding rumours are fake.
According to India Today, there is no truth to the news of Aamirs third marriage and all such reports are fake. It further clarified that he doesnt want to interfere with the Laal Singh Chadha's limelight and nothing like this is happening.Laal Singh Chaddha: Aamir Khan-Kareena Kapoor starrer release pushed to April 2022
After Aamir and Kiran's divorce, people had come up with the theory that the actors alleged relationship with his Dangal co-star Fatima Sana Shaikh was the reason for their separation. Addressing their dating rumours, she had said in an interview, "A bunch of strangers, whom I've never met, are writing things about me. They don't even know if there's any truth to it. People reading it assume that I'm 'not a good person'. You feel like telling that person, 'Ask me, I'll give you an answer. It disturbs me because I don't want people to assume wrong things."
Meanwhile, Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao announced divorce after 15 years of their marriage. The duo has son Azad together. In a joint statement, Aamir and Kiran described their 15 years of togetherness as 'beautiful' during which they shared a 'lifetime of experiences, joy and laughter'. The actor added that although their relationship changed, but they are still with each other.Aamir Khan-Kiran Rao address fans after divorce announcement
Aamir Khan and Kiran tied the knot in 2015. Kiran was an assistant director to Ashutosh Gowariker on the set of Lagaan. They welcomed their son Azad Rao Khan in 2011 via surrogacy.
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Assam CM Sarma slams Times Of Indias fake news regarding talks with Ulfa, says India sovereignty is non-negotiable – OpIndia
Posted: at 5:10 pm
Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma has slammed the Times of India for publishing fake news that claimed that the Assam government is ready to hold talks with Ulfa (I) terrorists and discuss their core issues including demand for sovereignty.
Sarma shared the photograph of a news report published in the Times of India, saying that he is aghast to see such claims attributed to him.
No Chief Minister can discuss sovereignty of India with anyone. This is non-negotiable. We all Indians, irrespective of our positions, are here to protect the sovereignty of India. I strongly refute the news report. This is FALSE, Sarma tweeted on Thursday, 18 November.
The report in Times of India claimed that Himanta Biswa Sarma has stated on Wednesday that Ulfa (I)s core demand of sovereignty has to be addressed along the way.
The report further went on to add that since the inception of undivided Ulfa in 1979, no CM had ever come close to acknowledging the core demand of sovereignty for a dialogue. It added that former PM Manmohan Singh had once stated that the centre was ready to discuss core issues.
The report further stated that soon after taking office, CM Sarma had stated that dealing with Ulfa needed a fresh approach and had added that an equilibrium has to be created between the perimeters of the constitution and the outfits demand for sovereignty and their core issues will have to be discussed at some point of time.
In September, Sarma had stated that he had spoken with HM Amit Shah and had obtained permission to speak to Ulfa chief Paresh Barua to initiate a peace dialogue. He had clarified further that it was at initial levels and no conclusions should be drawn from it. He had also added that the Home Ministry has told him that any communication with Ulfa has to be a structured dialogue.
It is notable here that the peace process with several insurgent groups has been negotiated successfully in Assam in the last couple of years. In January 2020, Home Minister Amit Shah had secured a peace agreement with Bodo groups. Subsequently, over 1600 cadres from all four factions of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) had surrendered their weapons and were welcomed back into the society in a historic event.
In September this year, six insurgent groups had signed the Karbi Peace Accord with the centre, bringing an end to decades of violence and unrest in the Karbi-Anglong region.
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Terra nullius – Wikipedia
Posted: at 5:08 pm
International law term meaning territory that has never been the subject of a sovereign state
Terra nullius (, plural terrae nullius) is a Latin expression meaning "nobody's land".[1] It was a principle sometimes used in international law to justify claims that territory may be acquired by a state's occupation of it.[a][3]
Many scholars have noted the similarity between the terra nullius principle and the Roman law term res nullius, meaning nobody's thing. In Roman law, res nullius, or things without owners, such as wild animals (ferae bestiae), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone by seizure. Therefore, some scholars have argued that terra nullius stems from res nullius, but others disagree and claim that the derivation is "by analogy" only.[4][b]
A part of the debate over the history of terra nullius is when the term itself was first used. According to historian of ideas Andrew Fitzmaurice, territorium nullius and terra nullius were two different, albeit related, legal terms. He claims that territorium nullius was first used in a meeting of the Institut de Droit International in 1888 where the legal principles of the Berlin conference were discussed and that terra nullius was introduced twenty years later during legal disputes over the polar regions.[5] Historian M. Connor on the other hand, argues that territorium nullius and terra nullius are the same thing.[6] Both scholars are active in the Australian "history wars" debate.
There is considerable debate among historians about how and when the terra nullius concepts were used. The debate has been especially prevalent in Australia where it was ignited by the history wars caused by the Mabo case in 1992, a landmark decision which decided in favour of native title in Australia and was a pivotal moment in the history of indigenous land rights in Australia. The history wars caused Australian historians to reevaluate the country's history, the dispossession of Aboriginal Australians and whether the land should best be characterised as having been "settled" or "conquered". A part of this debate was over whether terra nullius was ever used by England and other European powers to justify territorial conquest.[c]
Sociologist Robert van Krieken wrote:
On one side of the debate are historians such as Alan Frost and Henry Reynolds who claim that in the 15th and 16th century, European writers adopted the res nullius concept for territorial conquest. Frost writes:
Historians debate whether "first discovery and effective occupation" was applied to territory inhabited by indigenous peoples that European colonial powers sought to acquire or not. According to Frost:
On the other side of the debate are historians which claim that terra nullius is a much younger concept, which did not become formalized before the end of the 19th century. Historian M. Borch writes:
These historians claim instead that territorial conquest was justified from natural law that which has no owner can be taken by the first taker. Michael Connor in his book The Invention of Terra Nullius takes an even more extreme view and argues that no one in the 19th century thought of Australia as being terra nullius. He calls the concept a legal fiction, a straw man developed in the late 20th century:
While several countries have made claims to parts of Antarctica in the first half of the 20th century, the remainder, including most of Marie Byrd Land (the portion east from 150W to 90W), has not been claimed by any sovereign state. Signatories to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 agreed not to make such claims, except the Soviet Union and the United States, who reserved the right to make a claim.
Bir Tawil is an example of a territory often claimed to be terra nullius.[d] Between Egypt and the Sudan is the 2,060km2 (800sqmi) landlocked territory of Bir Tawil, which was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902. One border placed Bir Tawil under the Sudan's control and the Halaib Triangle under Egypt's; the other border did the reverse. Each country asserts the border that would give it the much larger Hala'ib Triangle, to the east, which is adjacent to the Red Sea, with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either country (each claims the other owns it). Tawil has no settled population, but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area.[d]
Under Serbian control, claimed by Croatia
Serbia and Croatia dispute several small areas on the east bank of the Danube. However, some pockets on the west bank, of which Gornja Siga is the largest, are not claimed by either country. Croatia states the pockets are Serbian, while Serbia makes no claims on the land.[14]
On 13April 2015, Vt Jedlika from the Czech Party of Free Citizens proclaimed the right-libertarian micronation of Liberland on Gornja Siga.[15][16]The Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs has rejected these claims, stating that the differing border claims between Serbia and Croatia do not involve terra nullius, and are not subject to occupation by a third party.[17] The Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated on 24 April 2015 that while Serbia considers "Liberland" to be a frivolous matter, it does not impinge upon the Serbian border, which is delineated by the Danube River.[18]
Several territories have been claimed to be terra nullius. In a minority of those claims, international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was terra nullius or not.
A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the Burkina FasoNiger border was claimed by neither country until the International Court of Justice settled a more extensive territorial dispute in 2013. The former unclaimed territory was awarded to Niger.[19]
At the request of Morocco, the International Court of Justice in 1975 addressed whether Western Sahara was terra nullius at the time of Spanish colonization in 1885. The court found in its advisory opinion that Western Sahara was not terra nullius at that time.
A disputed archipelago in the East China Sea, the uninhabited Pinnacle Islands, were claimed by Japan to have become part of its territory as terra nullius in January 1895, following the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War. However, this interpretation is not accepted by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan), both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands.
The People's Republic of China and the Philippines both claim the Scarborough Shoal or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Hungyn Do), nearest to the island of Luzon, located in the South China Sea. The Philippines claims it under the principles of terra nullius and EEZ (exclusive economic zone). China's claim refers to its discovery in the 13th century by Chinese fishermen (the former Nationalist government on the Chinese mainland had also claimed this territory after the founding of the Republic of China in 1911). However, despite China's position of non-participation in an UNCLOS case, in 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) denied the lawfulness of China's "nine-dash line" claim.[20][21][22][23][24]
Despite this, China continues to build artificial islands in the South China Sea, and Scarborough Shoal is a prime location[citation needed] for another one. Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal. Analysis of photos has concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work.[25]
According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was terra nullius until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955.It was formally annexed in 1972.[26][27][28]
One of the few micronations to control a physical location, the Principality of Sealand has existed de facto since 1967 on an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea. At the point when it was taken over, the tower had been abandoned by the Royal Navy and was outside British territorial waters.[29] Paddy Roy Bates, who styled himself Prince, claimed that it was terra nullius. Despite rejecting this claim on the basis that the tower is an artificial structure, the British government has never attempted to evict the Sealanders, and a court in 1968 confirmed that at that point, the tower was outside British jurisdiction.[30]
In 1987, Britain extended its territorial waters from 3 to 12nmi (5.6 to 22.2km; 3.5 to 13.8mi), meaning that Sealand is now within them.[31]
DenmarkNorway, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Kingdom of Scotland all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of Svalbard in the seventeenth century, but none permanently occupied it. Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for whaling, with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s.[5]
During the 19th century, both Norway and Russia made strong claims to the archipelago. In 1909, Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described Spitzbergen, as it was then known, as terra nullius:
The territorial dispute was eventually resolved by the Svalbard Treaty of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands.
Joseph Trutch, the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, insisted that First Nations had never owned land, and thus their land claims could safely be ignored. It is for this reason that most of British Columbia remains unceded land.[33]
In Guerin v. The Queen, a Canadian Supreme Court decision of 1984 on aboriginal rights, the Court stated that the government has a fiduciary duty toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right. Since then there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of "fiduciary duty".[citation needed]
Norway occupied and claimed parts of (then uninhabited) eastern Greenland in 1931, claiming that it constituted terra nullius and calling the territory Erik the Red's Land.[34]The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the Norwegian claim. The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim.
A similar concept of "uncultivated land" was employed by John Quincy Adams to identify supposedly unclaimed wilderness.[35]
The Guano Islands Act of 18 August 1856 enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States.
Aboriginal peoples inhabited Australia for over 50,000 years before European settlement, which commenced in 1788, but Indigenous customs, rituals and laws were unwritten. It was formally claimed by the settlers that Australia was terra nullius at the time of settlement. This is also described as a "doctrine of discovery".[36]
In 1971, in the controversial Northern Territory Supreme Court case of Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd, popularly known as the Gove land rights case, Justice Richard Blackburn ruled that Australia had been considered "desert and uncultivated" (a term which included territory in which resided "uncivilised inhabitants in a primitive state of society") before European settlement, and therefore, by the law that applied at the time, open to be claimed by right of occupancy, and that there was no such thing as native title in Australian law. The concept of terra nullius was not considered in this case, however.[37] Court cases in 1977, 1979, and 1982, brought by or on behalf of Aboriginal activists, challenged Australian sovereignty on the grounds that terra nullius had been improperly applied, therefore Aboriginal sovereignty should still be regarded as being intact. The courts rejected these cases, but the Australian High Court left the door open for a reassessment of whether the continent should be considered "settled" or "conquered".[38][39]
In 1982, Eddie Mabo and four other Torres Strait Islander people from Mer (Murray Island) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land ownership. This led to Mabo v Queensland (No 1). In 1992, after ten years of hearings before the Queensland Supreme Court and the High Court of Australia, the latter court found in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) ("the Mabo case") that the Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by the colony of Queensland (18721879).[40] The ruling thus had far-reaching significance for the land claims of all Indigenous Australians (both Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians).
The controversy over Australian land ownership erupted into the "history wars". The 1992 Mabo decision overturned the doctrine of terra nullius in Australia.[41]
The sovereignty of Clipperton Island was settled by arbitration between France and Mexico. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy rendered a decision in 1931 that "'the sovereignty of Clipperton Island belongs to France from the date of November 17, 1858.' The Mexican claim was rejected for lack of proof of prior Spanish discovery and, in any event, no effective occupation by Mexico before 1858, when the island was therefore territorium nullius, and the French occupation then was sufficient and legally continuing."[42]
In 1840, the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, Captain William Hobson of the Royal Navy, following instructions from the British government, declared the Middle Island of New Zealand (later known as the "South Island") as terra nullius,[citation needed] and therefore fit for occupation by European settlers. Hobson's decision was also influenced by a small party of French settlers heading towards Akaroa on the Banks Peninsula to settle in 1840.[43][need quotation to verify]
Patagonia was according to some considerations regarded a terra nullius in the 19th century. This notion ignored the Spanish Crown's recognition of indigenous Mapuche sovereignty and is considered by scholars Nahuelpn and Antimil to have set the stage for an era of Chilean "republican colonialism".[44]
View the following chart as if it was a "cross-section" of the earth, stretching from underground to outer space.
restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty
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Amid surging COVID-19, Detroit casinos reinstall mask mandates – The Detroit News
Posted: at 5:07 pm
If you want to gamble, Detroit's three casinos would prefer you do it with your cash, not your health.
MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino Hotel and Greektown Casino have reinstalled mask mandates, effective at noon Tuesday, after the state last week issued a recommendation, but not a mandate,for everyone over the age of 2 to be masked up indoors amid a surge of COVID-19 cases.
MGM Grand Detroit and MotorCity Casino Hotel made announcements on their websites and via emails to customers. An operator at Greektown Casino said it, too, is bringing back the mask mandate, and a spokesperson confirmed the decision.
"MGM Grand Detroit remains committed to the health and safety of our guests and employees," David Tsai, Midwest group president for MGM Resorts International, said in a letter to casino guests Monday night. "To prepare for your visit, please wear a face mask at all times unless you are actively eating or drinking.
"As we approach the holidays, we hope you stay well and wish you a healthy and happy holiday season. I look forward to welcoming you back safely on your next visit."
The three casinos are requiring the masks regardless of vaccination status.
All casinos provide masks to customers who don't have one.
"Face masks must be worn by customers, associates, and other visitors," MotorCity said in a statement.
The mask mandates for the casinos include hotel guests who are in public spaces. At MotorCity, masks will not be required for customers attending banquets or events at the Sound Board theater.
Detroit mayor Mike Duggan applauded the moves, which were voluntary.
"What private companies are doing makes great sense," he said Tuesday. "If I were running a casino, I'd do the same thing."
Detroit's three casinos shut down for several months, starting in March 2020, amid the early wave of COVID-19, missing out on hundreds of thousands of dollars in profits. They reopened in December, with strict health measures in place, including mask mandates and no more smoking indoors. Mask mandates were lifted in June, and most customers haven't worn them since. The smoking ban has remained.
The three downtown casinos reported $114.1 million in revenues for October, with the state taking in $9 million in taxes and the city of Detroit $13.8 million. In the same period, Michigan's online gaming and sports betting operators reported $134 million in gross receipts, with nearly $21 million in taxes going to the state and nearly $6 million going to the city of Detroit. Online gaming in Michigan was legalized in January.
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On anniversary, numbers tell story of casino impacts – WWLP.com
Posted: at 5:07 pm
BOSTON (SHNS) On Tuesday, Nov. 22, 2011, Gov. Deval Patrick put pen to paper and made casino-style gambling a reality for Massachusetts. A decade later, the vision for expanded gaming has not been fully realized yet, players have pumped more than $25.6 billion into slot machines alone, almost 5,000 people are working in the casino industry here and the state has raked in nearly $1 billion in gaming revenue.
In the years since Patrick signed the expanded gaming law, the Massachusetts Gaming Commission has organized itself, installed rigid and detailed rules to tightly regulate the industry, licensed three properties and managed their construction, and now oversees the Plainridge Park Casino slots parlor in Plainville, the MGM Springfield resort casino and the Encore Boston Harbor resort casino in Everett.
But state regulators have not yet issued (in fact, they have rejected a bid for) the third casino license authorized by the 2011 law, meaning that the promise of job opportunities and economic development remains unfulfilled for Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket counties.
Relatedly, gambling in Massachusetts has not lived up to the $300 million annual state revenue figure that casino proponents trumpeted a decade ago in the run-up to legalization.
Expanded gaming in Massachusetts, for me, is about creating jobs; good jobs at good wages for people all across the commonwealth. Its really, to me, as simple as that, Patrick said just beforesigning the billin his office 10 years ago. Its not the solution to every economic challenge we face and it wont be the cause of every social ill that we in the commonwealth together have to deal with.
Plainridge Park Casino won the laws lone slots parlor license in February 2014 and opened its doors on June 24, 2015. MGM Springfield was next, securing the Western Mass. or Region B license in June 2014 and opening Aug. 24, 2018. Encore Boston Harbor in Everett landed the high-demand Greater Boston or Region A license in September 2014 and opened the $2.6 billion facility on June 23, 2019.
The three gambling outlets now employ 4,860 people either full- or part-time (3,396 at Encore Boston Harbor, 1,124 at MGM Springfield and 340 at Plainridge Park Casino), according to each facilitys most recent quarterly report to the Mass. Gaming Commission. All three have been actively hiring as the casinos rebound from their forced closure early in the pandemic and then months of COVID-related restrictions.
The Gaming Commission rejected a Brockton-based bid for the southeastern Mass. or Region C license in 2016 and has not seriously considered reopening the bidding in that region, despite the argument from city officials that a casino would help turn around the citys economic fortunes by providing new jobs.
Since it opened, Plainridge Park Casino has generated a cumulative $456.28 million in state revenue from more than $931.1 million in gross gaming revenue. Of the roughly $11.86 billion that bettors have put into the Plainville slots, Plainridge has paid out 92.14 percent as winnings, making theirs the most player-friendly slots in the state.
MGM Springfield has taken in $695.25 million in gross gaming revenue since it opened about $521.6 million from slot machines and $173.66 million from its table games generating $173.8 million for the state. Gamblers have bet about $6.2 billion at MGMs slots since they opened, but data on total table game wagers is not available for either casino.
Though it opened almost a year later, Encore Boston Harbor has already eclipsed MGM Springfield in most categories. The Everett casino has collected more than $1.16 billion in gross gaming revenue $608.39 million from slots and $554.1 million from table games which works out to about $290.62 million for state coffers. More than $7.54 billion has been wagered at the Encore slots.
As of last week, Plainridge has 1,019 active slot machines; MGM Springfield had 1,597 slot machines, 52 table games, 15 stadium gaming seats and 13 poker tables; and Encore Boston Harbor had 2,674 slot machines, 189 table games and 54 stadium gaming seats, according to the Gaming Commission.
In all, Massachusetts has collected about $920.71 million in state revenue from gaming since June 2015. The three properties currently average roughly $22.2 million in state revenue each month, which puts them on pace for roughly $266.4 million in annual state revenue shy of the $300 million estimate that casino backers cited during debate on Beacon Hill.
Patricks signing ceremony in 2011 capped off years of debate that saw Beacon Hill falter time and again amid widespread controversy about the implications of expanded gaming and an inability among legislative leaders and governors to align their priorities.
The collapse of negotiations between the governor and legislative leaders on the final night of formal business before the 2010 election cycle set the stage for private, closed-door talks among the governor and legislative leaders early in 2011, which led to a pre-negotiated bill that passed easily in both chambers of the Legislature (118-33in the Houseand 23-14in the Senate).
Of the 47 lawmakers who voted against casino gaming in 2011, 20 remain in the Legislature (Reps. Balser, Dykema, Garballey, Garlick, Malia, Peake, Pignatelli, J. Rogers, Ferguson and Smola, and Sens. Brownsberger, Chang-Diaz, Creem, Eldridge, Finegold, Jehlen, Keenan, Montigny, Rodrigues and Senate President Spilka).
The News Service reported at the time that Patrick was joined for the bill-signing by House Speaker Robert DeLeo, Sens. Jennifer Flanagan and Richard Ross, and Reps. Brian Dempsey, Kathi-Anne Reinstein, Russell Holmes and Joe Wagner. Only Holmes and Wagner are still in office.
By the time Massachusetts made casino gambling legal, the Lottery had already been around for 40 years and had become an important source of money that the state could use to provide local aid to cities and towns. The expanded gambling law required casino operators to partner with the Lottery to sell its products at gambling facilities in an attempt to protect some of that local aid source.
Ive been telling the casinos, Bring it on,' Treasurer Deborah Goldberg, who oversees the Lottery, said in a June 2015 radio interview. Were going to win.
For all of the hand-wringing over whether casinos would harm sales of scratch tickets and draw game numbers, the Massachusetts Lottery has posted some of the best financial results in its history since casinos have opened here.
The Lottery set records for revenue ($5.827 billion), profit ($1.105 billion), prize payouts, commissions and bonuses for retailers, scratch ticket sales and Keno sales in fiscal year 2021, topping its previous highs established in fiscal year 2019. Even amidst the pandemic, fiscal year 2020 saw the Lottery post what at the time was its third-best year in terms of revenue.
Now, 10 years after casino gambling was made legal in Massachusetts, Beacon Hill is grappling with the idea of further expanding gaming here this time to include legal sports wagering.
The Massachusetts House overwhelmingly approved sports betting legalization in July, but the Senate has never truly engaged on the topic and has not appeared interested in doing so even though senators have not publicly expressed outright opposition to the idea.
If sports betting becomes legal in Massachusetts as it is in more than 30 states including neighboring Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire and New York, it is widely expected that the Gaming Commission would add the activity and industry to its regulatory portfolio.
I think this is going to be the issue that were going to be all dealing with in the very near future, Gaming Commissioner Brad Hill, who voted in favor of sports betting this summer as a state representative, said last week.
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