Daily Archives: October 17, 2021

Humans were the strongest chess entities on the planet for centuries. Even in the 1980s, it seemed laughable that a computer could ever defeat the strongest human players.Then in 1997, it happeneda computer defeated the world champion. Which computer, you ask? Deep Blue.

Let's learn more about this computer that changed history. Here is what you need to know about Deep Blue:

Deep Blue was a chess computer developed by IBM. It is famous for defeating the chess world champion, GM Garry Kasparov, in their 1997 match. Deep Blue's victory was viewed as a symbolic testament to the rise of artificial intelligencea victory for machine versus man.

The Deep Blue project (initially called ChipTest) was created by Feng-hsiung Hsu in 1985. In 1989 Hsu and other colleagues joined the IBM team to fully develop Deep Blue. An early version of Deep Blue played a match against GM Joel Benjamin, who joined the Deep Blue team as a GM consultant afterward.

By the time of the 1997 match, Deep Blue's alpha-beta search algorithm (the same type of search that is still used by many conventional computer engines today) along with its custom hardware allowed it to consider up to 200 million positions per second.Deep Blue was dismantled after the 1997 victory, with one of its two racks being displayed at the National Museum of American History and the other at the Computer History Museum.

Deep Blue played two matches against Kasparov in the 1990s. In the 1996 match, Deep Blue lost 2-4 but still accomplished something that no chess computer had done before: it defeated the human world champion in a gamean unprecedented accomplishment. Kasparov is still widely viewed as the greatest player of all time.

Many improvements were made to Deep Blue in between the 1996 and 1997 matches. When they met in the 1997 rematch, Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3.5-2.5 in standard time controls and in a tournament setting. This incredible victory was groundbreaking and marked an achievement for the world of artificial intelligence.

In the first game of the 1996 match, Deep Blue shocked the world by defeating Kasparov. It played the Alapin variation of the Sicilian and was able to force multiple structural weaknesses in Kasparov's position. After 24...exd5, all of Kasparov's pawns are either isolated, doubled, or both:

Kasparov fought his way back to a balanced position but erred with 27...d4, and Deep Blue won the game convincingly. Here is the full game:

This second game example is the final game of the 1997 match. With the match score tied at 2.5-2.5, Kasparov played a solid line of the Caro-Kann Defense and purposefully played 7...h6, which invited an early piece sacrifice.Kasparov believed that Deep Blue would not sacrifice the piece, but it shockingly played 8.Nxe6!:

According to multiple sources, the Deep Blue team added this sacrificial line to Deep Blue's opening book on the same day of this game. After the sacrifice, Kasparov was blown off the boardhe resigned on move 19 and lost the match.

You now know what Deep Blue is, what it accomplished, and more. Head over to Chess.com/CCC to watch chess computers play at any time on any day!

The rest is here:

Deep Blue - Chess.com

In news reminiscent of the initial AlphaZero shockwave last December, the artificial intelligence company DeepMind released astounding results from an updated version of the machine-learning chess project today.

The results leave no question, once again, that AlphaZero plays some of the strongest chess in the world.

The updated AlphaZero crushed Stockfish 8 in a new 1,000-game match, scoring +155 -6 =839. (See below for three sample games from this match with analysis by Stockfish 10 and video analysis by GM Robert Hess.)

AlphaZero also bested Stockfish in a series of time-odds matches, soundly beating the traditional engine even at time odds of 10 to one.

In additional matches, the new AlphaZero beat the"latest development version" of Stockfish, with virtually identical results as the match vs Stockfish 8, according to DeepMind. The pre-release copy of journal article, which is dated Dec. 7, 2018, does not specify the exact development version used.

[Update: Today's release of the full journal article specifies that the match was against the latest development version of Stockfish as of Jan. 13, 2018, which was Stockfish 9.]

The machine-learning engine also won all matches against "a variant of Stockfish that uses a strong opening book," according to DeepMind. Adding the opening book did seem to help Stockfish, which finally won a substantial number of games when AlphaZero was Blackbut not enough to win the match.

AlphaZero's results (wins green, losses red) vs the latest Stockfish and vs Stockfish with a strong opening book. Image by DeepMind via Science.

The results will be published in an upcoming article by DeepMind researchers in the journal Scienceand were provided to selected chess media by DeepMind, which is based in London and owned by Alphabet, the parent company of Google.

The 1,000-game match was played in early 2018. In the match, both AlphaZero and Stockfish were given three hours each game plus a 15-second increment per move. This time control would seem to make obsolete one of the biggest arguments against the impact of last year's match, namely that the 2017 time control of one minute per move played to Stockfish's disadvantage.

With three hours plus the 15-second increment, no such argument can be made, as that is an enormous amount of playing time for any computer engine. In the time odds games, AlphaZero was dominant up to 10-to-1 odds. Stockfish only began to outscore AlphaZero when the odds reached 30-to-1.

AlphaZero's results (wins green, losses red) vs Stockfish 8 in time odds matches. Image by DeepMind via Science.

AlphaZero's results in the time odds matches suggest it is not only much stronger than any traditional chess engine, but that it also uses a much more efficient search for moves. According to DeepMind, AlphaZero uses a Monte Carlo tree search, and examines about 60,000 positions per second, compared to 60 million for Stockfish.

An illustration of how AlphaZero searches for chess moves. Image by DeepMind via Science.

What can computer chess fans conclude after reading these results? AlphaZero has solidified its status as one of the elite chess players in the world. But the results are even more intriguing if you're following the ability of artificial intelligence to master general gameplay.

According to the journal article, the updated AlphaZero algorithm is identical in three challenging games: chess, shogi, and go. This version of AlphaZero was able to beat the top computer players of all three games after just a few hours of self-training, starting from just the basic rules of the games.

The updated AlphaZero results come exactly one year to the day since DeepMind unveiled the first, historic AlphaZero results in a surprise match vs Stockfish that changed chess forever.

Since then, an open-source project called Lc0 has attempted to replicate the success of AlphaZero, and the project has fascinated chess fans. Lc0 now competes along with the champion Stockfish and the rest of the world's top engines in the ongoing Chess.com Computer Chess Championship.

CCC fans will be pleased to see that some of the new AlphaZero games include "fawn pawns," the CCC-chat nickname for lone advanced pawns that cramp an opponent's position. Perhaps the establishment of these pawns is a critical winning strategy, as it seems AlphaZero and Lc0 have independently learned it.

DeepMind released 20 sample games chosen by GM Matthew Sadler from the 1,000 game match. Chess.com has selected three of these games with deep analysis by Stockfish 10 and video analysis by GM Robert Hess. You can download the 20 sample games at the bottom of this article, analyzed by Stockfish 10, and four sample games analyzed by Lc0.

Update: After this article was published, DeepMind released 210 sample games that you can download here.

Selected game 1 with analysis by Stockfish 10:

Game 1 video analysis by GM Robert Hess:

Selected game 2with analysis by Stockfish 10:

Game 2 video analysis by GM Robert Hess:

Selected game 3 with analysis by Stockfish 10:

Game 3 video analysis by GM Robert Hess:

IM Anna Rudolf also made a video analysis of one of the sample games, calling it "AlphaZero's brilliancy."

The new version of AlphaZero trained itself to play chess starting just from the rules of the game, using machine-learning techniques to continually update its neural networks. According to DeepMind, 5,000 TPUs (Google's tensor processing unit, an application-specific integrated circuit for article intelligence) were used to generate the first set of self-play games, and then 16 TPUs were used to train the neural networks.

The total training time in chess was nine hours from scratch. According to DeepMind, it took the new AlphaZero just four hours of training to surpass Stockfish; by nine hours it was far ahead of the world-champion engine.

For the games themselves, Stockfish used 44 CPU (central processing unit) cores and AlphaZero used a single machine with four TPUs and 44 CPU cores. Stockfish had a hash size of 32GB and used syzygy endgame tablebases.

AlphaZero's results vs. Stockfish in the most popular human openings. In the left bar, AlphaZero plays White; in the right bar, AlphaZero is Black. Image by DeepMind via Science. Click on the image for a larger version.

The sample games released were deemed impressive by chess professionals who were given preview access to them. GM Robert Hess categorized the games as "immensely complicated."

DeepMind itself noted the unique style of its creation in the journal article:

"In several games, AlphaZero sacrificed pieces for long-term strategic advantage, suggesting that it has a more fluid, context-dependent positional evaluation than the rule-based evaluations used by previous chess programs," the DeepMind researchers said.

The AI company also emphasized the importance of using the same AlphaZero version in three different games, touting it as a breakthrough in overall game-playing intelligence:

"These results bring us a step closer to fulfilling a longstanding ambition of artificial intelligence: a general game-playing system that can learn to master any game," the DeepMind researchers said.

You can download the 20 sample games provided by DeepMind and analyzed by Chess.com using Stockfish 10 on a powerful computer. The first set of games contains 10 games with no opening book, and the second set contains games with openings from the 2016 TCEC (Top Chess Engine Championship).

PGN downloads:

20 games with analysis by Stockfish 10:

4 selected games with analysis by Lc0:

Love AlphaZero? You can watch the machine-learning chess project it inspired, Lc0, in the ongoing Computer Chess Championship now.

Read the rest here:

AlphaZero Crushes Stockfish In New 1,000-Game Match - Chess.com

ProjectResolute has been a chess fan since he was a kid. He now enjoys playing on chess (dot) com and various computer chess programs.

Discover more about UCI chess engines.

Luiz Hanfilaque via Unsplash

Computers rule and humans drool in the world of chess. Since the moment Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov, the abyss of skill between human and computers has been getting wider. Nowadays, every avid chess enthusiast can download a chess program and watch intense chess battles being played with precision and skill beyond the dreams of even the top grandmasters, and it can easily be done for free (provided you already have a computer and an internet connection).

When I first downloaded a UCI chess engine, I was a bit confused as to how it all worked. I Googled something along the lines of, best free computer chess program, clicked the first thing that caught my eye, and before I knew it, I had a file named Stockfish 5 64 bit.exe that could play at super grandmaster strength. I wanted a challenge, and it seemed that I had one! I excitedly double-clicked the file and, alas, a black window popped up with the three names of the programmers who wrote the marvelous piece of code but nothing else.

What I didnt know was that I had to have separate software to use the chess engine, something called a GUI. GUI is short for graphical user interface, and though it was a little confusing at first, I eventually got Stockfish running and got the worst whipping in my life.

The concept of an interaction between a chess engine and its GUI is really quite easy to understand. Here's an analogy that best explains it: Lets say this UCI chess engine was a car engine. This engine wouldn't do any good without the rest of the car. You need wheels, a place to sit, a steering wheel, brakes, etc., or it would just be a worthless piece of junk. The same goes for the UCI chess engine. The GUI program provides a way for the user to interact with the engine, which does all the work and is always 2030 moves ahead of you.

There are many different GUIs to choose from, some paid and some free. This article focuses on the free ones. Remember that all GUIs have their own pros and cons. I personally use all of the GUIs mentioned here, because I like to use at least a feature or two on each one:

Here's a screenshot of the UCI Chess Engines in Lucas GUI.

The Lucas Chess GUI is a UCI-compatible chess program created by Lucas Monge and others. It is an open-sourced project, and its likely that many different people lent a hand in creating this software.

An outstanding feature of this GUI is the number of chess engines that it comes with. The website says there are over 30 different engines that have a variety of skill levels. This is a huge plus for users who dont want to go through the hassle of installing a chess engine. However, as with almost all GUIs, users can install as many other chess engines into Lucas Chess as they want.

Another big plus is Lucas Chess has training positions preinstalled, including everything from tactical problems to endgames. There are enough puzzles to last you for months, if not years. I am not sure exactly how many puzzles there are, but I know its in the tens of thousands. If thats not enough puzzles, you can also manually set up your own chess puzzles to practice. If you have a tactical chess puzzle book handy, you could easily copy those over as well (although I discovered it can take time).

What I like most about this software is its analysis feature. I can analyze any game I put into Lucas Chess with a chess engine. I put the game into the program, hit analyze, set the time per move I want it to analyze, and it scrolls through each individual move and color codes which ones are excellent, good, neutral, mistake, or just plain bad! I then click on a move the chess engine deemed bad, and I can see the move the chess engine would have played along with the move I played and what it predicted would've happened afterward.

I wish Lucas Chess offered the ability to print out stored games on a scoresheet, so I could have a nice-looking hard copy of all my favorite games. I did find this feature in another program, Chessbase Reader 2013. However, it would save time when playing a game in Lucas Chess to not have to copy and paste the game over to another program.

The program is only available for Windows OS. However, I believe that it's possible to use on Linux by compiling the program yourself if you're a computer whiz. Another option is using WINE, which lets you run Windows applications on Mac and Linux.

Here is Arena chess program's engine menu.

The Lucas Chess GUI program is useful for analyzing games, practicing tactics, and playing against various chess engines. However, the Arena Chess GUI program is my go-to chess software when experimenting with various chess engines, and I do have quite a few.

One thing that I love doing is pitching engine vs engine tournaments, and Arena makes this quite easy to do. All you need to do is select the engine menu and hit tournament, select which engines to use and length of time to think, and hit start. The GUI will handle everything else (scoring, pairing, saving the games played, etc.). Its quite fascinating to watch!

Its worth noting that the Lucas Chess GUI can also handle engine vs. engine tournaments, but it doesnt have nearly as many options as Arena. With Arena, you can set the skill level by search depth, time to think per move, and blitz. With Lucas chess, only blitz is allowed. If you want to pitch engine vs. engine chess battles, Arena is the preferred choice among the free GUIs.

Another thing that I love about the Arena GUI is the ability to see the UCI engines current search depth, nodes (means positions) per second its searching, and much more. If you love computers and chess as much as I do, it can become quite hypnotizing!

Another feature that's worth noting is it's possible to limit an engines playing strength by a certain percentage of the time allowed to calculate. For example, if it has calculated for two minutes on one position, and I set it at 50%, it really would only have calculated for one minute.

This is something I discovered just recently, and the reason Im excited about this is that even at a skill level of one second per move, I still cant ever hope to beat Komodo 10. However, at 1% of a second, this computer chess titan is much more manageable. Although I havent yet beaten him at this setting, it doesnt leave me feeling like a complete moron at the end of a game. That is, as long as I dont think too much about how little time it has to think about a move.

The only con I can think of that applies to the Arena chess GUI is with all its bells and whistles, it can be quite daunting to learn to use. For me, I love figuring out software, but I understand if some people just dont want to take the time. If this sounds like you, scroll down because the next chess software will make you smile!

Chess GUI Arena is available only in the Windows format. However, it should run in the WINE software for Mac and Linux. The program comes with two opening books, a game database, several engines, and Gaviota 3-man endgame tablebase.

Here is a picture of the Tarrasch Chess Program.

The Tarrasch chess GUI is named after a great chess legend, Siegbert Tarrasch, who lived in the 1800s/1900s. Many of the great chess players of the time criticized his ideas, and he was greatly underappreciated by the chess world. Thus, the developer decided to name this chess software after him as a commemoration to him and to rebalance this injustice.

As I hinted at earlier, the main benefit of this chess program is its simplicity. The Tarrasch chess GUI is very intuitive by design. For example, there are two options to move the pieces with the mouse:

This feature isnt the only thing I like about this chess software. I read a lot of chess ebooks, and Tarrasch is the perfect assistant. Not only can I quickly set up a chess position from the chess book on the GUI, but I can also copy and paste a string of moves from the ebook into the GUI if the moves are written in algebraic notation.

If there are no moves entered into the game yet, the Tarrasch chess program will automatically assume the moves are the moves of the game. However, if there are moves already in the moves box, the text pasted will be as a comment, and one has to promote a comment to variation via the edit menu.

Currently, two versions of the Tarrasch Gui are available for download. Unfortunately, it's only available for Windows OS.

Here's the tree window in SCID vs PC (note the opening statistics!).

Theres no denying that SCID vs. PC is a very powerful piece of software. If I spend a bit of time experimenting with it, the GUI could very well replace Arena. The reason why I dont use it very often is that to me its more confusing than any of the other UCI-compatible chess programs I've tried.

That said, it doesn't stop me from using the program to go through large pgn databases of say, 1000+ games. This is really what the developers were focusing on when creating this program. Its primary function is as a database manager, and its evident through the following features:

The options and features mentioned here are by no means exhaustive; I've only just begun to scratch the surface. If anyone has a lot of games they would like to analyze and sort through, this is probably the best choice of free chess software.

As far as playing against a chess engine and/or analyzing your games for blunders, this will work, but there are better choices, and Id recommend the Lucas Chess program for that. For pitching chess engine tournaments and whatnot, Arena still has the most configurations, even though SCID vs PC has the capability to do blitz tournaments.

This program has versions available both for Windows and Macintosh (Mac). Linux users can use this program also (click the installation tab for instructions).

The Chessbase Reader is another UCI-Compatible chess program.

The ChessBase Reader 12 is the only chess software GUI that is available for free from ChessBase. The others youre going to have to spend some money to obtain, such as Fritz 15. I personally downloaded the freeware to get some decent printouts of some of my favorite chess games and was quite impressed with the scoresheets it created from my pgn files.

This is by no means the only thing this UCI-compatible chess program can be used for. It can also be used with any of the lessons for sale on its website. I personally cant tell you the quality of the lessons, nor can I tell how well the ChessBase reader displays the lessons primarily because I dont have any lessons from the site.

The free version of ChessBase is only available in Windows, and since it was at one time a commercial program, I'm not sure how well it'll run in WINE.

Now that I have listed the top five UCI-compatible chess programs, which one do I recommend downloading? In all honesty, all of them! They are all free, so why not? They all have their unique pros and cons, and once you learn to use all of them, there really isn't anything you cant do!

There is a lot of other chess software that is available for free, and if anyone can think of one that isn't mentioned on this page and is comparable to the top 5 listed above, please let me know. Here are several:

2016 ProjectResolute

TOTTO210 on December 11, 2017:

ARENA IS THE BEAST!

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Free UCI-Compatible Chess Programs for the Stockfish Engine - HobbyLark