Daily Archives: September 27, 2021

Sep 27, 2021(Nanowerk News) Imagine stacking two sheets of graphene the 2D form of graphite, or the pencil at your hand in which the carbon atoms form a hexagonal lattice and twist the top sheet out of alignment with the sheet below, yielding a periodic arrangement of atoms named moir pattern.Do you know that at a twisted angle of about 1o people now call it the magic angle the system could exhibit very exotic behaviours such as becoming an insulator, a metal or even a superconductor? Can you imagine the same carbon atom in your pencil (graphite) becoming a superconductor when twisted to the magic angle? It indeed did as people discovered it in 2018, but why?A team of researchers from the Department of Physics at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) and their collaborators have succeeded in discovering a bona fide topological Mott insulator in twisted bilayer graphene model.The findings have been published in a renowned journal Nature Communications ("Realization of topological Mott insulator in a twisted bilayer graphene lattice model").Moir pattern in twisted bilayer graphene. The twisted angle =4.41o and there are 676 Carbon atoms in a moir unit cell. (Image: Dr Bin-Bin CHEN)The reasons behind these exciting phenomena are the frontiers of condensed matter physics and quantum material research, both experimental, theoretical and computational, usually in combined form. The basic understanding up to now is that once the two graphene sheets form moir patterns at the magic angles, the energy bands of electrons in the twisted bilayer graphene become almost flat, in other words, the velocity of the electrons on the lattice becomes considerably lower than usual (compared to that in single-layer graphene or graphite our pencil), thus, the density of the electrons for this specific energy is tremendously large and the electrons can interact with each other strongly, giving rise to many unexpected states, e.g., the super-conductor, quantum Hall effect.As a result, the behaviour of the electron is dominated by the mutual repulsive (Coulomb) interactions, which leads to the emergence of the exotic phases discussed above that do not exist in single layers of graphene or our pencil. At low temperatures (below 10 Kelvin), when the electron number is tuned to fill integer degrees of freedom of the flat bands, it means some of these bands are fully occupied while leaving the others fully empty, the system then would form an electrically insulating phase. Moreover, when the electron number deviates from the integer fillings, the system becomes either a metal (with low electrical resistivity) or a superconductor (zero resistance).The phenomena of the magic angle twisted bilayer graphene are rich and profound, and physicists all over the world are now trying very hard to build proper microscopic models and find powerful computation methodologies to capture the mysterious properties of these models. Recently, Dr BinBin CHEN and Dr Zi Yang MENG from the Department of Physics, HKU, in collaboration with institutions from China and the US, succeeded in doing so with substantial progress. They have demystified the phase diagram of a model with a specific density of electrons and have identified the experimentally observed quantum anomalous Hall state, which is a novel quantum state with dissipationless edge current and is promising to be used as a basic component of your daily electronic gadgets, e.g. computer, smartphone.Quantum anomalous Hall effect in effective twisted bilayer graphene modelResearchers pay special attention to the =3 integer filling of the magic angle twisted bilayer graphene, since at the same filling case, the experiment shows that in the alignment of hexagonal boron nitride substrate, the electrons exhibit quantised Hall conductance xy=e2/h without exerting a magnetic field the so-called the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) state.The QAH state is an interesting topological state with the bulk remaining insulating and the edge conducting electric current without dissipation! Till now, the mechanism of such QAH state is still under debate. In the work, researchers show that such an effect can be realised in a lattice model of twisted bilayer graphene in the strong coupling limit, and interpret the results in terms of a topological Mott insulator phase.Specifically, researchers present their theoretical study on the mechanism of QAH driven by projected Coulomb interactions. By employing extensive density-matrix renormalisation group simulations on the interacting lattice model, they identify a QAH phase with Hall conductance of xy=e2/h , which is separated from an insulating charge density wave (stripe) phase by a first-order quantum phase transition at c 0.12. To calculate the Hall conductance in the QAH phase, they actually follow Laughlins gedankenexperiment. That is, by inserting a flux slowly from 0 to 2 through the hole of the cylinder, we observe exactly one electron is pumped from the left edge to the right, corresponding to the quantized Hall conductance of xy=e2/h. This work addresses the currently popular question on the origin of QAH in twisted bilayer graphene at =3 filling.The first instance of topological Mott insulatorThe QAH state discovered from model computation purely comes from the unique properties of the Coulomb interaction in the magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene system. And it is the first example of such an interaction-driven topological quantum state of matter that has been unambiguously discovered. The impact of such discovery is even beyond the area of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene and have responded to a proposal in the generic topological state of matter a decade ago.One of the reviewers, Dr Nick BULTINCK, a theoretical condensed matter theorist from the University of Oxford, gave a high rating of the work and said: In his seminal paper, Haldane has shown that one does not need a magnetic field to have electrons occupy topologically non-trivial extended states which respond to Laughlins adiabatic flux insertion by producing a quantised Hall current. The results in this work show that one does not even need a kinetic energy term in the Hamiltonian for this to occur.Indeed, not limited to the twisted bilayer graphene system, our work, for the first time, provides a Mott-Hubbard perspective for the QAH state driven by interactions only. Consequently, we clarified the long-standing mystery of the possible existence of the topological Mott insulator (TMI), the building block of the so-called information highway due to its ability to transfer electricity and information without loss.The famous Chinese-American physicist, Professor Shou-Cheng ZHANG (1963-2018) and his collaborators first proposed such a TMI state about a decade ago, and subsequently, various interaction models have been studied by many theorists. Among all the previous works, the kinetic terms play a crucial role in the emergence of the QAH, and therefore, the obtained state should not be dubbed as TMI. However, our model completely turns off the kinetic part and contains only the interactions to produce the TMI state. In this regard, our work bridges the two essential fields in condensed matter physics: topology and the strong correlation. Further extension of our model construction and unbiased quantum many-body computations can be accessed from here.Impact and future directionsAs the number of transistors in the chips of our computer is doubled every 18 months, the heat they generated accompanied with the electricity transfer is gradually becoming a severe problem. The discovery of quantum anomalous Hall effect is of great significance, as no dissipation of energy and no heat is generated in the edge. In practice, such a state is the building block of the information highway and is promising to be applied in the next-generation chip.The discovery of the QAH as the topological Mott insulator state in our model computation at filling =3 sheds light on the phases that occur in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Further careful modelling and computation on the lattice models of the system would reveal the mechanism of the superconductivity and provide better tunability of these exotic phenomena in this and other 2D quantum moir material. The new findings also leave many open questions. For example, why is the topological Mott insulator state absent at other fillings of the band structure of the magic-angle twisted bilayer, how to properly study and compute the properties of the model away from integer fillings, etc?The answers to these questions might help physicists to fully demystify the magic in this material and design more exciting phases of matter in this and other 2D quantum moir materials currently being actively studied. Dr Meng added, And our research activity and expertise in 2D quantum materials can substantially boost this direction, which is the strategical research themes of HKU.

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Physicists realize a topological Mott insulator in twisted bilayer graphene - Nanowerk

Researchers in the Department of Physics in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis recently completed initial construction on XL-Calibur, a new balloon-borne telescope.

Henric Krawczynski, the Wayman Crow Professor of Physics, is leading a collaboration of 51 scientists from three countries the United States, Japan and Sweden on the project. Krawczynski and his group at Washington University developed XL-Calibur and its successful predecessor X-Calibur with the goal of unlocking the secrets of astrophysical black holes and neutron stars how do they form and grow? How fast do they spin? What strange physical phenomena do they generate?

By looking at the polarization of X-rays emitted from targets like the 14.8 solar mass black hole Cygnus X-1 and the relatively young neutron star in the center of the Crab Nebula, known as the Crab Pulsar, physicists can constrain the geometries of these objects, better understand the complex curved spacetime around them and possibly observe rare quantum effects predicted by quantum electrodynamics.

Krawczynski also anticipates capturing spin measurements for stellar-mass black holes, demonstrating techniques that can later be used to analyze supermassive black holes, which are thought to reside at the center of galaxies.

Lindsey LisaldaandAndrew West, graduate students in Krawczynskis research group, played major roles in designing and building XL-Calibur and its most important features. Electrical engineerRichard Boseand techniciansDana BraunandGarry Simburger, all in the Department of Physics,also worked closely with Lisalda and West to complete the project.

Lisalda collaborated with mechanical engineer Victor Guarino on the design of the optical bench, carefully crafting the carbon fiber and aluminum truss and its joints to be strong enough to withstand forces up to 16 times the force of Earths gravity.The optical bench was fabricated in the machine shop atWashington University byTodd Hardt,Kenny Schmidt andDennis Huelsman.

Earlier this month, the researchers packed up the telescope and shipped it to NASAs Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, where it will be fitted with a pointing system and loaded into a gondola that can be suspended under a balloon for flight. The team plans to launch XL-Calibur from the Esrange Space Center in Sweden in April 2022 and from McMurdo Station in Antarctica in 2023.

Read more in The Ampersand about XL-Caliburs polarimeter, flight control systems and the remaining steps in its journey before launch.

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XL-Calibur telescope to examine the most extreme objects in the universe - Washington University in St. Louis Newsroom

The University of Maryland will lead a multi-institutional research effort that uses quantum simulation devices to gain insight into complex quantum systems.

The recently-founded NSF Quantum Leap Challenge Institute for Robust Quantum Simulation aims to advance quantum science and technology, have an impactful presence on quantum education and contribute to workforce development in quantum science.

The institute, funded by a $25 million five-year grant from the National Science Foundation, will be led by University of Maryland computer science professor Andrew Childs with collaboration from project partners at four other academic institutions. The research partners include Duke University, North Carolina State University, Princeton University and Yale University.

The institutes work will include training and mentoring graduate students and postdoctorates as well as engaging diverse groups in quantum science.

One way the institute plans to engage these diverse groups is by developing university classes in partnership with other universities, such as Morgan State University and North Carolina Central University, which are both historically Black institutions.

We have [education and outreach] programs at all levels, said Mohammad Hafezi, the institutes associate director for education. It starts from K-12, goes to undergraduate, graduate, postgraduate and general public. Each of them has their own subtleties and differences and programs. And our hope is to actually cover all of them.

[Dr. Amitabh Varshney named interim research VP at UMD]

Gretchen Campbell, a National Institute of Standards and Technology Joint Quantum Institute fellow and the associate director for diversity and inclusion, said getting the best and brightest people in the field means they need to be sure not to miss out on large chunks of our population.

Campbell hopes when people start to learn about quantum science, they get excited and think [this is] cool and a little different. And she hopes when quantum science is more accessible to a broader audience, this excitement turns into people becoming interested in STEM fields.

[The] industry and companies have really realized that theres really a need to have more people who are trained in quantum science or at least exposed to quantum science, Campbell said. This has also been happening at a time when, particularly in physics and computer science, weve also been really pushing to increase representation in science.

The team plans to evaluate their work and accomplishments by conducting an impact evaluation every six months to a year. The team also hopes to learn from other centers that are doing similar work in the U.S. and share their successful and unsuccessful experiences with them.

[UMD, IonQ join forces to create the nations first quantum computing lab in College Park]

Outside of engaging with students and professionals, the institute aims to advance quantum science by building a well-controlled, well-characterized quantum system that can reliably simulate the behavior of matter at small scales by combining theoretical studies with experimental implementations on several leading hardware platforms, according to the project abstract at the time it received the NSF grant.

Childs said that in the far future, chemical processes could be simulated using larger and more reliable quantum computers.

Theres a lot of potential to solve computational problems that are hard to handle with the computing devices that we have now, and if we could build quantum computers it would let us do more, Childs said.

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UMD leads multi-institutional quantum research institute, aims to boost diversity in STEM - The Diamondback

A progressive UK-based start-up, Zero Point Motion, is currently developing innovative high-performance sensors for navigation and precise positioning applications. Founded by Dr. Ying Lia Li in 2020, the early-stage start-up has set out to develop cost-effective chip-scale optical sensors that can be mass-produced.

Utilizing a combination of MEMS and PIC technology, Zero Point Motions optical sensors can generate a photonic readout of motion, which offers several unique advantages.

These include harnessing the quantum properties of light to create hardware solutions and devices that sense motion with 10,000 times greater precision than in todays consumer MEMS devices, such as smartphones.1

Furthermore, with Lis extensive research background and industry experience, the early-stage start-up is well-equipped to overcome the challenges faced in the high-profile sensor industry.

Li completed a PhD in experimental quantum physics at University College London, as well as winning two prestigious merit-based scholarships.

The first was awarded to Li by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) in 2017, enabling her to investigate sensor applications utilizing whispering gallery mode resonances. The other was awarded to Li by the Royal Academy of Engineering Intelligence Community in 2019, allowing her to initiate the prototyping of optomechanical sensors.2

Throughout her career and research, Li has produced pioneering work, including the invention of a type of chip-assisted plastic optical fiber printing method (patents granted in US & UK), as well as for her well-established innovation in optomechanics.

This kind of experience is what led to Li setting up the Zero Point Motion start-up in the hope of commercializing optomechanics, in particular the fabrication of sensors for applications, including positioning and navigation, as well as structural and health monitoring.

However, Li knew that constantly depending on research grants and funding for projects can be a precarious situation. Thus, to upscale production and produce significant volumes of optical sensors, careful management of the supply chain is vital.

Therefore, Lia recruited the help of two experts in the development of wireless chip technologies and low power ASICs, Pascal Herczog and Gordon Aspin, who are now Vice President and Executive Chairman of operations, respectively.

Both Aspin and Herczog have a wide array of experience and knowledge in technologies focused on targeted markets including automotive and smartphone industries as well as an understanding of how to manage and overcome the potential difficulties when transferring designs between foundries of different sizes.

This means that the start-up is strategically well-positioned to continually develop and shake up the market for high performance sensors for navigation and precision positioning.

Now, the primary objective for the start-up is to get its products to market as soon as possible and to start generating revenue. However, the company does not want to over-customize its products and instead intends to focus on establishing a standard line of sensors.

The challenge then becomes producing a standard line of sensors and devices that can be co-designed by simply introducing firmware updates or modifying algorithms in line with a given application.

Over the course of the next few years, the Zero Point Motion plans to open its own laboratory and offices and expand the current workforce to that of around twenty individuals. Additionally, the company has its sights set on producing two different variations of sensors with varying performance levels.

One line of sensor would focus on controlled movement seen in applications such as structural monitoring, image stabilization and industrial drones. The other line would concentrate its design on high-precision tracking over prolonged periods of time without GPS enabling enhanced positioning and timing, regardless of connectivity.

Li has no doubt that the performance advantages of the start-ups current MEMS, PIC and ASIC supply chain will meet these challenges and facilitate the future expansion and fulfill the demand of todays market.

With the quantum industry already embracing Zero Point Motions devices, there is plenty of opportunity for Zero Point Motions high performance sensors to support innovation in the engineering and navigation industries.

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.

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Innovative High Performance Sensors for Navigation and Precision Positioning - AZoSensors

Sitting in the top-floor study of his childhood Niskayuna home, Paul LaViolette puzzles over the deepest questions of the universe.

Massive bound volumes of his doctoral thesis in general systems theory, old science journals and a series of volumes of his self-published book line shelves in the house designed by famous GE architect Victor Civkin.

Working through dense calculations and decoding pictures of faraway stars and galaxies, LaViolette has spent decades refining his own theories about the universe. He doesnt work with massive telescopes or particle accelerators, tools used by enormous teams of scientists across the planet to refine their theories about how the universe originated and how it operates. But he asks the same questions. Where did the universe come from and how did it start? How is matter created? Why does it appear the universe is expanding so quickly?

LaViolette, though, has come up with very different answers to those questions than the mainstream scientists who populate university faculties, government agencies and research laboratories.

I disproved the Big Bang theory, LaViolette said in a phone call last month, adding that he recently published a pair of papers this summer in the International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, a peer-reviewed journal, outlining his definitive takedown of what has been considered the definitive scientific model of the origin of the universe.

The first articles title, Expanding or Static Universe: Emergence of a New Paradigm, understates what LaViolette is proposing: scrap the dominant theory of the history of the universe taught in nearly every grade in nearly every school in the country.

The Big Bang theory basically holds that the history of our universe traces back to a single point of energy that exploded into existence and over a long period of time expanded into the universe we know today.

But LaViolette thinks most scientists are looking at the data from the wrong perspective, misunderstanding shifts on the light spectrum as they observe faraway galaxies as evidence of an expanding universe. Rather, he thinks the so-called redshift most scientists point to as evidence of an expanding universe is just a sign of the loss of energy that photons from distant galaxies have as they travel through space. That theory of the redshift, known as the tired light theory, has been around for decades. But LaViolette has repurposed it to demonstrate that a static universe, one that is not expanding as is commonly understood, makes a simpler explanation of numerous astronomical phenomena. His paper presents a series of cosmology tests, used to test different theories of the universe against various data sets, and argues that a static model of the universe bests an expanding model of the universe on all of the tests he presents unless various assumptions are added into the models about anything from the angles of galaxies to factors about their distance. Even then, LaViolette argues, assumptions made to improve the performance of a traditional expanding-universe model on one test worsen the theorys performance on other tests.

In overview, it is concluded that a static universe cosmology must be sought to explain the origin of the universe, he declared in the papers abstract.

His theory

LaViolette, now in his 70s, grew up in Niskayuna, where his parents worked in the areas scientific research industry, including at Knolls labs. After two years of high school in Niskayuna, his family moved to Greece. He studied at Johns Hopkins and University of Chicago, and worked at the Harvard School of Public Health. During the Vietnam era, he conducted research into ventilation systems used on masks. He earned a patent on new mask technology in 1973, but said he was unable to gain traction as he spent a few years trying to sell his idea he couldnt induce the wide-scale adoption he had hoped for.

Because they used to make [masks] a certain way, they didnt want to change, he said.

He eventually moved to Portland, Oregon, to study at the countrys only doctoral program in general systems theory at the time. As he worked on his tome of a dissertation, LaViolette started to think of the universe in terms of an open system, one where matter could effectively generate out of itself, especially in the most volatile parts of the universe.

It was the longest Ph.D. in the history of the program, and it still is, he said of his dissertation. They bring it out to intimidate people.

Since then he has continued to develop and fine-tune his arguments against an expanding-universe model, hoping his ideas would gain traction.

In an article titled Is the Universe Really Expanding? published in 1985, LaViolette relies on a smaller set of cosmology tests and data than his most recent papers to build a case that a static-universe model can offer a better explanation than the Big Bang.

I thought that one had disproved Big Bang, he said of the earlier paper.

The theory, though, has proved stubbornly resistant to its demise. As scientists collect more and more data about the universe, they have fine-tuned their own models, theories and equations but major holes and uncertainty still persist (no model has yet tied together large-scale and subatomic theories of physics, for example).

If mainstream science ever does adopt LaViolettes theory of the universe, it will spell doom for many fundamental tenets of physics and astronomy. No black holes, he said. No quantum mechanics (which helps explain physics at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles). No Einsteins theory of general relativity (which helps explain gravitational physics at a large scale).

You have to throw it out, he said. Even the ages of stars change.

He has also inched toward his own novel cosmology a broad theory of the origin of the universe developed over decades called subquantum kinetics. He has written numerous editions of a book on the topic. The model, which replaces the void left by the destruction wrought by disproving the Big Bang theory, predicts that a cosmic ether at the subatomic level is capable of producing energy fluctuations that in some scenarios can nucleate a subatomic particle. He calls it a continuous-creation theory, where matter is constantly being created within a static universe.

Matter produces more matter its like biological reproduction in a way, he said.

LaViolette argues that most scientists stubbornly adhere to the law of energy conservation that the total amount of energy in a system remains constant and should instead accept a model where new energy can emerge.

They [mainstream scientists] believe in taking the first law of thermodynamics and applying it down to the minutest detail, he said. The whole thing is based on faith that energy is conserved so rigorously.

He said mainstream scientists are often clouded by their beliefs in their own models and create theoretical assumptions that ensure those models work. Using an unflattering analogy to tree monkeys, he explained that scientists will hold fast to the Big Bang theory until an alternative gains broader acceptance fearing the metaphorical limb.

Theyve already assumed their model is correct. They dont want to admit another way of looking at things, he said. Physicists, they are like monkeys clinging to a tree. Unless they see another tree to jump to, they wont.

Huge Unknowns

Heidi Jo Newberg, an astrophysicist at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute known for her work understanding the structure of the Milky Way galaxy, earths home galaxy, said the broader field often hears from out-of-the-box thinkers with a hodgepodge of their own theories. She said the ideas fall on a wide spectrum of seriousness and rigor.

I regularly get books and manuscripts from people all of the time, and they range from people who are just crazy, have crazy, crazy things, to people who are very knowledgeable and have a really good sense of science and terminology and the fields they are in, she said in an interview.

While Newberg had not studied LaViolettes recent papers and did not offer direct support or rebuttal of his theory, she noted that it was published in a refereed journal and appeared to be scientifically rigorous.

It looks to me like this is on the more knowledgeable side of it, she said.

Newberg explained that the scientific fields dominant understanding of the origin of the universe is both highly detailed and supported by vast data, while also containing huge holes filled by yet-to-be-proven explanations.

There are a lot of things we think we do know and some of them are really amazing, but there is a huge amount, almost an embarrassing amount, we dont understand about our standard model, she said.

The standard model the framework broadly accepted by scientists and taught at different academic levels holds that our universe expanded out of an infinitely dense source point, Newberg said, expanding at fluctuating rates over vast amounts of time as gravitational forces pulled together galaxies and ever-bigger astronomical structures.

Scientists have accumulated enormous quantities of data on the size and scale of different formations in the universe. The intergalactic distances light must travel to be observed by satellites and telescopes offers a glimpse of stars as they existed billions of years ago.

We have a kind of working understanding of the history of the universe that explains everything that we see, she said. In the last few decades, we have been in a really, really strong period for constraining the universe and how its evolved.

While much of the data lends further support to the standard model and further refines scientific understanding of different dimensions of that model, the explanations underpinning the standard model rely on some theoretical patches to cover enormous gaps of knowledge.

For the standard model to work, for instance, scientists posit the existence of so-called dark matter, which accounts for the majority of the matter in the universe and helps explain various observations and patterns in astronomy.

But one big problem remains for dark matter theorists: After decades of theorizing and building highly tuned detectors aimed at identifying an actual dark matter particle, scientists have still come up short in doing so.

People have been looking for 30 years. We think eventually someone will find this, Newberg said, noting that the theoretical presence of dark matter helps tie together numerous theories around how things work on a large scale.

There are very big pieces that are notional, she said of the dominant cosmological model. Dark matter is notional, but when you put it in everything works.

For LaViolette, the holes in the standard model bolster his theory that it doesnt actually hold together without the ad-hoc assumptions he said scientists plug into their equations to make their theories work. He argues that scientists at mainstream institutions are too wedded to their theories to accept an alternative model or allow consideration of paradigm-shifting ideas.

Newberg countered that scientists broadly are independently minded fact-finders who regularly contest one anothers theories, ideas, data and approaches, forcing further refinement and defense of their ideas on a regular basis. I think the science establishment isnt so monolithic as people think, she said. We are all individuals and we argue all the time. In my work, Im constantly challenged by people who have all the data that is available and make sure what I do is consistent with what we know.

Newberg said it is possible that cosmology may be more susceptible to a dramatic paradigm shift because of the large unknowns and vast space and time at play. The mystique and allure of questions about the universe and its history serve as a further accelerant that draws contrarian thinkers to propose ideas and theories that counter the dominant model. She said she is working with an artist-inventor who proposed to her an alternative idea for a space telescope.

Where you have a big problem that is very exciting and interesting, and has such huge unknowns, thats going to be a big draw for people that are really interestingand in some ways, there is an opportunity for someone to come with an idea from outside the field that changes everything, she said.

She noted that over the years various scientists have proffered alternative theories to different components of the standard model, but that they dont hold up against a deluge of observational data the same way theories attached to the standard expanding-universe model do. An alternative theory might explain one phenomenon but not another. Among most scientists, though, there is no leading competitor to the Big Bang theory, she said.

I think there is an opportunity to come up with other versions of cosmology, but its challenging to fit all of the data, she said. Its easy to come up with something that is consistent with some things but not everything.

For his part, LaViolette isnt waiting for the rest of science to catch up, working on a new edition to his book, Subquantum Kinetics: A Systems Approach to Physics and Cosmology, and taking comfort in his confidence that science will eventually follow the path he has tried to lay out. Whether or not hes around to see the day that happens is another question.

I totally believe this is the way physics will go in the future, he said.

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Niskayuna man believes he solved mystery of the universe - The Daily Gazette