Daily Archives: September 4, 2021

Comedian Chelsea Handler delivers comedy with a dose of therapy – The San Diego Union-Tribune

Posted: September 4, 2021 at 5:53 am

Some people say that life is too short, but comedian Chelsea Handler declares that its too long.

She blames annoying people for making her existence tedious:

Like folks who say anyways.

Its not a word.

And room service attendants who serve chicken fingers with a knife and fork.

Its shaming.

Then, there are the guys who show up for a date wearing flip flops with jewelry, order an ahi tuna sandwich for breakfast and ask her to name her top 10 favorite bands.

These are all observations that cause Handler to cringe and her fan base to laugh, and the kinds of subjects she tackles on her Vaccinated and Horny Tour.

For those who will miss her sold-out Sunday show at Humphreys Concerts by the Bay, theres also her HBO Max special, Evolution, her new book, Life Will be the Death of Me and You Too! and her weekly advice podcast, Dear Chelsea, distributed by the iHeart Radio Podcast Network.

Handler prepared material for The HBO Max special by performing her stand-up comedy in small clubs on the East Coast.

The special was just over an hour and I had to economize my time, Handler says.

So, a lot of what was left out was repurposed in the new show Im currently touring with. I talk a lot about my dogs and their interest in getting a restraining order against me. They think my housekeeper is their adoptive mother and Im just an au pair who roams through the house every couple of weeks.

Comedy is a serious business, a mostly-male art form often inspired by tragedy or a sense of outrage. Early notable female comedians such as Lucille Ball, Joan Rivers and Roseanne Barr got laughs with self-deprecating humor or narratives about husbands and family life.

But Handler is one of the contemporary female comics who explores a wider realm of topics and mediums. She is bawdy and unrestrained about womens sexuality, racism, drugs and social issues. More than once, she has had to submit a public apology for remarks that crossed the political correctness line.

While that hasnt made a difference in her success, it makes writing comedy a medium that can expose social and political inconsistencies with humor more challenging.

We arent allowed to say what we want, Handler says. Its whatever. I dont subscribe to the theory of we cant say anything. You can say a lot and be very clever about it, so why not try?

This image released by HBO Max shows Chelsea Hander during her comedy special Chelsea Handler: Evolution.

(Associated Press)

Handler has made a career of trying. She has worked as a producer, a talk show host (Chelsea Lately), a sitcom actress (Are You There, Chelsea?) and a stand-up comedian with numerous specials to her credit. Shes authored a half dozen books, most on the New York Times best-seller list.

Im really into language and reading, says Handler, who is currently perusing author Jory Flemings How to Be Human: An Autistic Mans Guide to Life and Bestiary by K-Ming Chang.(Shes also is writing the forward for Shelly Tygielskis Sit Down to Rise Up: How Radical Self-Care Can Change the World.)

I probably read more than people would think, Handler says. Im fascinated by words and language. Thats why I like to communicate in so many different mediums. I like to talk. I like to write. I like to perform. It all works for me and I feel like when you recognize what you are good at doing, then you have to focus on doing that in an honest, authentic way.

Earlier this year, Handler launched the advice podcast Dear Chelsea with co-host Brandon Marlo, who is also Handlers calm and collected personal assistant. Together, they offer advice to callers who submit online questions. She said one of the more interesting calls they got was from a transgender man who struggled with smoking marijuana on a daily basis.

I said, Ill take a 30-day break from weed with you in solidarity, Handler says. He did it and came out to his family. His whole life opened up. Once he stopped, he had clarity and that kind of conversation is very moving and inspiring.

One of the themes in Handlers comedic work is her decision to see a therapist, and she poignantly details her experience in her new book and in some of her comedy routines.

Handler, one of six siblings, was born to a Mormon mother and Jewish father. When she was 9 years old, her 22-year-old brother, Chet, died in a hiking accident a tragic loss that impacted her family life. Handlers mother died 22 years later, from complications due to cancer.

In her book, Life Will Be the Death of Me, Handler details, with the help of her therapist, the steps she took to understand that her fear of loss and unresolved grief kept her from experiencing intimacy.

Though she remains single and still dating, Handler, now 46, states that she is fiercely independent and that she likes that status.

Listen, she says. I have never been more confident in my decision-making skills of remaining childless and alone. Im very grateful for my strategic choices, made on the off chance that I would be living through a global pandemic. Im not stuck at home, either home-schooling kids or plotting the murder of my husband. Talk about seeing the future and knowing what would work for me. I dont want to toot my own horn, but beep, beep.

When: 7:30 p.m. Sunday

Where: Humphreys Concerts By the Bay, 2241 Shelter Island Drive, Shelter Island

Tickets: Sold out

Online: humphreysconcerts.com

Manna is a freelance writer.

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Comedian Chelsea Handler delivers comedy with a dose of therapy - The San Diego Union-Tribune

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The Story Behind the Movie 21 – Film Threat

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As the world struggled to get to grips with a pandemic that kept us indoors twiddling our thumbs, thousands of new hobbies came out, while some old favorites rose from rekindled ashes. Watching movies and visiting online casinos topped the list of preferred pastimes, and the 2008 movie aptly called 21 brings both of these together.

For those of you still in the dark, 21 is another name for blackjack, a popular casino card game requiring some skill, and the inspiration behind the title. Ive tried my hand at blackjack a few times myself with dismal results, so I reckoned watching six MIT students younger than myself become millionaires playing it might teach me some tricks. In fact, after finishing the film, I can recommend that nowadays you can just try this blackjack strategy from home in online casinos. My second reason for watching was Kevin Spacey (who Ive been in love with since American Beauty) and his performance as Mickey Rosa, the genius mastermind behind the whole plot, certainly doesnt disappoint. Hot on his heels comes Jim Sturgess, who plays the lead (Ben Campbell), a broke MIT student who is refused entry to Harvard Medical School due to impossibly high tuition fees.

Based on a true story (the novel Bringing Down the House by Ben Mezrich), the plot is tight and slick as the game itself from the moment Rosa, Bens somewhat eccentric math professor, introduces the lad to a small group of students who he is training to count cards in blackjack. Spotting a way to pay off his school fees, Ben joins the group for a travel to Las Vegas, for beating the house and making millions with their practised strategy. The ending is rather disappointingly foreshadowed by one of Bens card-counting partners, who predicts that Ben will eventually be overcome by greed and this is exactly what happens. Enter Cole Williams; villain extraordinaire (Laurence Fishburn), whose hatred for Rosa leads him to attempt to ruin all the group has worked for, and youve got a movie that has you forgetting where youve put your popcorn.

Skill and high stakes abound in this movie where the accuracy of the portrayed characters is usurped only by the thrilling Las Vegas ambience. The action at the table is fast-paced and smoother than you would ever see it, hoisting the game of 21 high into realms of richness and mystery. The story is based on real events, and what happens onscreen is not as far removed from real life as others have been. Add the romantic love interest (for what hero could do without one?) and the movie ticks all the boxes.

For me, the best parts all revolve around the table when action was fast-paced and the characters pulled off their best poker faces, although I wished it couldve started off earlier. As a personal fan of The Big Bang Theory, the dialogue was pleasingly geeky, but generally free of jargon, with the soundtrack falling just a little short.

Is 21 worth watching? In a word, yes (if only to watch Kevin Spacey). But, all jokes aside, though 21 may fall short in some areas, the acting is great, the plot interesting, and the blackjack thoroughly exciting. So, even if youre just in it for the cards, thats certainly reason enough.

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‘The Card Counter’ Asks Whether an Abu Ghraib Torturer Is Worthy of a Second Chance – The Daily Beast

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While discussing his new film The Card Counter in an interview with Deadline, filmmaker Paul Schrader presented a paradox, both railing against the supposed insidiousness of cancel culture while decrying peoples strong aversion to personal responsibility. What I was trying to capture from this moment, he explained, is this lack of responsibility people seem to have. I didnt lie, I misspoke, I didnt touch her inappropriately, I made a mistake. Nobody is really responsible for anything.

What Schrader fails to realize is that cancel culture is most often invoked by those wishing to evade responsibility (its the culture thats toxic, not me!), and while context is indeed important, it doesnt grant you an indulgence. I am reminded of Bob Baffert, the legendary horse trainer, who blamed cancel culture when his Kentucky Derby-winning horse was found to have tested positive for steroids.

This is all, of course, germane to Schraders latest, which centers on a mysterious card counter by the name of William Tell (Oscar Isaac, more brooding than ever) who, after a ten-year stint behind bars, drifts from casino to casino across the U.S. winning small sums of money at blackjack and Texas hold em. An early sequence sees William pocket $750 counting cards at blackjack before booking a cheap motel room, removing the artwork and devices, and covering all of the furniture in white sheetsfor he is a ghost who lives an ascetic life of cards, sleep, and the occasional glass of whiskey.

Like many of Schraders antiheroes, from Taxi Drivers Travis Bickle to the eco-conscious Pastor Ernst Toller of First Reformed, William is a haunted diarist in search of absolution. And he believes hes found it in Cirk (Tye Sheridan), another lost soul whom God dealt a terrible hand. So, he hatches a plot to make things right: get staked by La Linda (Tiffany Haddish), who bankrolls a stable of card sharks; win a few high-stakes poker tournaments; pay off Cirks debts; and reunite him with his estranged mother.

It is fascinating that the aughts poker boom, ignited by Chris Moneymakers storybook win at the 2003 World Series of Poker Main Event, has yet to inspire a single decent poker film (a few eye-hemorrhaging scenes in Casino Royale notwithstanding). The Card Counter wont change this, as it is far more concerned with the burden of guilt than what happens on the feltand because of this, its OK to overlook some of its slip-ups when it comes to the world of gambling, such as misdescribing prize pools, extolling roulette odds, and failing to so much as mention the importance of timely aggression in poker or what makes William such a gifted poker player in the first place other than his steely edge.

Early on in the film, we learn that William Tell is a cutesy alias; his real name is PFC William Tillich, and he served that lengthy prison sentence after he was found to have tortured detainees at Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad. In maze-like, washed-out flashback sequences shot with a fisheye lens, we see PFC Tillich brutalizing his prisoners and giddily posing with them, a la Lynddie England (who only ended up serving a year and a half behind bars). That PFC Tillich arrived at Abu Ghraib a softer man and was hardened under the tutelage of a Major John Gordo (Willem Dafoe), a sadistic civilian contractor specializing in torture, begs the question of whether he also fell victim to a corrupting systemthough, as Tillich asserts, Nothing can justify what we did.

Schraders film poses intriguing questions about redemption and self-reproach. Given the extreme nature of Tillichs crimes, is he redeemable? Has he served his penance? Should we allow his guilt to consume him, or is he, too, worthy of a helping hand? Isaacand his beautiful head of graying hairdoes a fine job of stirring up pity for Tillich, another of Gods lonely men bearing the weight of our collective sins on his shoulders. His chemistry with Haddish, who provides another way out of his misery, is powerful, culminating in a hallucinatory stroll through a neon-lit park, captured on high by a roving drone. But The Card Counter tips its hand when, during a pool-side tte--tte with Cirk, Tillich draws a parallel between a poker player going on tilt (or becoming consumed by emotion and making a series of bad plays) to force drift, a phenomenon whereby torturers no longer see their captives as human and apply more and more pain. In what world are these two even remotely the same?

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4 Games of Chance with the Best Odds – San Diego Entertainer Magazine

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Some people gamble for the thrill of it and dont care about the odds. Others actually like the idea of beating crazy odds for even crazier pots. However, most of us like to get out of the casino with more than we went in. While casino games are about luck, there can still be an element of strategy, and the first trick is knowing which games give you the best edge. Lets take a look at some of the games of chance that offer the best odds.

Roulette might be seen as the quintessential game of chance, but its actually one of the games where the house has the slightest edge. However, you should know that the style you pick will make a huge difference.

For instance, American roulette gives the house a 5.26% edge, which is not very great. European roulette, on the other hand, gives the house only a 2.7% edge. The reason for this is because the American version has a double-zero pocket whereas European roulette doesnt.

Some people still like playing all variations, but they can be difficult to find at your average casino. If youre one of these people, playing online could be a great option. If youre worried about the odds, know that there are plenty of casinos where you can play live roulette. This way, youll be 100% sure that youre getting the same odds as you would in any casino.

Poker is the best game of chance for people who hate gambling. In reality, poker is a game of skill with an element of chance, not the other way around. This is why you have professional poker players that win tournament after tournament or always end up on final tables. That couldnt happen with something like craps, for instance.

There are many ways that you can improve your poker game as well. People attend boot camps to refine their skills, but there are tons of manuals with just as many techniques that you can use. Playing online is also a great way to refine your skills. This will also give you the fundamentals and allow you to play in a controlled environment before playing live.

After poker, Blackjack is the most popular game for players who like to use their skills to increase their chances of winning. Blackjack is one of the games that give the house the lowest edge at around 1%. But some experienced players can reduce that edge to 0.5%.

This is because there are many strategies that you can apply here, and were not talking about card counting, even though its perfectly legal. The best players try to not only get the highest count, but also understand the odds of the house going bust, and use this to their advantage. Blackjacks rules and structure make it a popular game for advantage play, and it has many vulnerabilities that can be exploited by savvy players with good mathematical skills.

Craps may look like its pure luck since youre betting on a roll of a dice. However, what makes craps a great game for odds is the number of side bets you can make. You dont necessarily have to bet on a roller getting a 7 or an 11. You can also bet against the shooter to increase your odds. So, you should spend time learning the rules of the game so you can maximize your chances of winnings.

If you are looking for casino games that give you a real chance to win and apply a little bit of strategy, these are all great choices. The most important strategy you can use, however, is solid bankroll management, so make sure you have that down first.

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The Top 5 Actors Who Game When Offstage – Film Threat

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Its hard to imagine any celebrity having the moment to play games when theyre jetting off to remote islands to work on their next blockbuster, but somehow these picks manage it.

Did you know a surprising number of celebrities are avid gamers? You have to assume the lure of playing comic book and gaming characters intrigues them enough to have them reaching for the controller. Read on for the stories behind our top picks for celebrity gamers.

If youve ever been shot in the head by a guy in a check print suit, congratulations, youve met Chandler Bing, or Benny as his friends in New Vegas know him.

Yes, you might already be aware that the 90s funniest awkward friend was featured as the prime villain in Obsidians 2010 spin-off to the Fallout franchise: New Vegas, but you might not know this happened because he was a huge fanboy of the series.

After telling Ellen that he played so much Fallout 3 that he began to feel the pain of carpal tunnel syndrome take over, and then handing her a signed copy of the game, apparently word got to the team at Obsidian.

Obsidian was famously left to their own devices by Bethesda who didnt think much of the new addition, but with supreme writing, a few gameplay tweaks to elevate the experience and now with Chandler Muriel Bing as the main villain (that isnt a complex ideology anyway) Obsidian released what has been called the best Fallout game in the franchise.

Ah, the woman who doesnt shower, as Mila Kunis will now forever be known, was actually too busy playing World of Warcraft. The Thats 70s Show alum has expressed an addiction to the game that could only be quite cold turkey, by moving on to Call of Duty.

In a 2008 interview she told Jimmy Kimmel that at the height of her addiction she was an active member of several World of Warcraft guilds and that she even had to quit one because a fan in the guild recognized her voice.

It makes you wonder who else is really on the other end of that sword

Oh yes, Jason Bourne is a gamer. Matt Damon let his knowledge of games slip on a recent episode of Hot Ones, saying that he turned down a bunch of money to reprise his role as Americas answer to James Bond in game form.

Damon refused apparently because he wanted the game to not just be a first-person shooter, and that he wanted it to be more like Myst, a graphic adventure puzzle game rife with lore and beautiful locations.

Of course, the game was released without the voice or likeness of Damon in 2008, as a third-person shooter, thank you very much, Matt. It received average reviews, so maybe they should have listened to him.

Matt Damon is also a fan of lady luck, having been known to spend his nights as a professional poker and blackjack player. Most of Matts favourite Blackjack and poker games can be found at NewCasinos, the place where you can enjoy outstanding new casino sites.

Apparently Shazam actor Zachary Levi now has his eyes on the gaming adaption corner of Hollywood. Specifically, hes looking at two stars of the Naughty Dog development company: Uncharteds Nathan Drake and Joel from The Last of Us.

Levi told Brazilian website Cinema com Rapadura that he thought Nathan Drake would make for a very fun role, calling him the next Indiana Jones.

Unfortunately, both The Last of Us television show and the Uncharted film series have now been cast with The Red Viper of Dornes Pedro Pascal playing Joel and Marvels Spiderman, Tom Holland, playing Nathan Drake. But you never know. Maybe Ellies actor will have to drop out?

Vin Diesel is famously a gamer, and as proud of it as you can get, which always brings a chuckle when you consider his brand of muscle-bound, punch your problems away mentality his characters seem to have.

But the family-oriented Fast and Furious star is a big fan of role-playing games, be that on video games like World of Warcraft or with the tried-and-true dice in Dungeons and Dragons.

After lending his voice and likeness to two The Chronicles of Riddick games and a Fast and Furious spin-off game in 2020, he has even gone so far as to put his name as executive producer to video game Ark 2, which is a follow up to Ark: Survival Evolved, an action-adventure survival game set to be released in 2022.

He has even spearheaded a movie based on his own D&D witch hunter character called The Last Witch Hunter, with a sequel confirmed in 2020.

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Slotegrator adds studio Rhino Gaming to its distribution network – Yogonet International

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T

he iGaming content aggregator and solutions provider, Slotegrator, announced Thursday that it has entered into partnership with iGaming studio Rhino Gaming.

Rhino Gaming currently offers 13 titles, with new releases added every two months. Its best known products are its slots, with games such as Classic Triple Seven, Diamonds Wild, and Supaball, plus the Jacks or Better and Deuces Wild poker titles.

Rhino Gaming also offers a selection of tables and card games including blackjack, roulette and baccarat.

Operators will also be able to acquire Rhino Gamings set of retention and marketing tools, aside from its back office solution enabling advanced performance tracking.

In an official press release, Henrik Svensson, CEO at Rhino Gaming, commented on this new integration and said: We are excited to be partnering with Slotegrator and believe that our portfolio will perform very well on their vast distribution network.

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Trapped in the self Catholic Philly – CatholicPhilly.com

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Richard Doerflinger

By Richard Doerflinger Catholic News Service Posted September 3, 2021

Recently Ive seen television footage of two protests against vaccine and mask mandates. In my home state of Washington, a protester held up a large sign saying, My Body My Choice. A protest in Louisiana featured the slogan Freedom of Choice.

These, of course, have been mantras of the pro-abortion movement: Whatever I choose regarding myself is valid and beyond reproach, simply because its my choice.

Of course ones choices about abortion and the pandemic affect more bodies than ones own, devastatingly so in the former case. But some protesters were probably staunchly pro-life, objecting to vaccines that were developed (or later tested) using a cell line from an abortion performed decades ago. How must they have felt, seeing those slogans?

For me, that question leads to political, cultural and even spiritual reflections.

Libertarianism emphasizing individual freedom and some distrust of government power has always been part of American politics.

In recent decades, both major parties have embraced it to some extent, applying it differently: Democrats favored a strong government in economic matters but maximum freedom on moral issues of life and sexuality; Republicans favored the free market economy but defended traditional norms on the social issues.

That seems to be breaking down. Corporate America promotes the freedom to choose ones sexual orientation and even ones gender; and formerly pro-choice Democratic politicians work to force others to fund and even perform abortions.

Culturally this has been a long time coming. Social commentators once called the baby boom generation, born during the prosperity after World War II, the Me Generation. But some of the boomers descendants make them look socially responsible by comparison.

In the 1980s, sociologist Robert Bellah and philosopher Charles Taylor called the dominant worldview of our time expressive individualism. It sees persons as atomized individuals, who fulfill themselves by expressing their inner truth so they can invent their own destiny and even identity. Personal autonomy is the core of the person.

Law professor O. Carter Snead points out in his impressive new book What It Means To Be Human that on matters of life, death and procreation, this tends to reduce human relationships to contracts for mutual benefit, discarded when they no longer serve ones personal goals.

Even the human body becomes a mere instrument for achieving those goals and vulnerable people at the beginning and end of life who cannot freely express and pursue such goals may not be persons at all.

Snead shows that this ignores fundamental aspects of the human condition. We are embodied beings, not sovereign wills trapped in prisons of flesh. Our very existence depends on the love and care of others, beginning with our parents, and our flourishing depends on our learning to give and receive love.

What does expressive individualism make of religion? It can accept being spiritual but not religious spiritual wayfaring can be yet another way to advance oneself, and there is no religious authority to contradict that. But it has a serious problem with the Judeo-Christian claim that human flourishing comes from my loving God above all, and my neighbor as myself.

As Bishop Robert E. Barron says, Your life is not about you is a central Christian message. Jesus says to take up our cross and follow him, that we must lose our life to save it. Explaining the Sign of the Cross, Msgr. Ronald Knox used to say that its vertical gesture spells I and its second gesture crosses that out.

Nothing could be more alien to the self-absorption typical of our culture. Which means that nothing is more desperately needed.

***

Doerflinger worked for 36 years in the Secretariat of Pro-Life Activities of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. He writes from Washington state.

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Federal Judge Hands a Big Victory to Prospective Third-Party, Independent Candidates in Georgia Peach Pundit – Peach Pundit

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Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger is now prohibited from enforcing the 5 percent petition requirement for certain candidates seeking office in Georgia, handing a victory to the Libertarian Party of Georgia and any potential candidate who wishes to seek office as an independent.

Because the Libertarian Party of Georgia isnt a political party under state law and is instead considered a political body, a candidate must receive the signatures of 5 percent of registered voters in the district in which he or she wants to run. The same threshold applies to independent candidates. The Libertarian Party is, to this authors knowledge, the only entity to gain ballot access as a political body.

As a result of Georgias restrictive ballot access lawsoften criticized as being among the most restrictive in the countryno independent or third-party candidate has made it on the ballot for a U.S. House seat since 1964. In March, Judge Lanier Anderson issued an opinion in which he wrote that Georgias ballot access requirements violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because the 5 percent signature requirement was adopted with a discriminatory purpose.

The opinion issued today by Judge Leigh May Martin, who serves on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, prohibits Secretary Raffensperger from enforcing the 5 percent petition requirement. Instead, only 1 percent will be required. This 1 percent petition requirement is equal to the requirement necessary for an entity to gain status as a political body under Georgia law.

Until the Georgia General Assembly enacts a permanent measure, a candidate to whom this signature requirement applies may access the ballot by submitting a nomination petition signed by a number of voters equal to one percent of the total number of registered voters eligible to vote in the last election for the office the candidate is seeking, Martin wrote, and the signers of such petition shall be registered and eligible to vote in the election at which such candidate seeks to be elected.

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Federal Judge Hands a Big Victory to Prospective Third-Party, Independent Candidates in Georgia Peach Pundit - Peach Pundit

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The Taliban and the Second Amendment – The Wall Street Journal

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Aug. 29, 2021 1:28 pm ET

Regarding Anthony Gills op-ed Economists Explain the Taliban (Aug. 26): A few weeks ago (although it seems like years), President Biden mocked Second Amendment supporters who maintain that the right to bear arms is necessary to mitigate government overreach. Mr. Biden remarked that anyone resisting the government would need jets and nuclear weaponsotherwise, he implied, they were doomed to fail in the face of a hypothetical government onslaught. But history has taught us over and over again that a determined foe can outlast a technologically superior force through sheer human will, and often with terror. The Viet Cong, Mujahedeen and Taliban are only the more recent examples.

Mr. Gills article is a reminder that we often underestimate people we dont understand, with immense consequences. It is easy to denigrate and lampoon the Taliban as a ragtag anachronism. But that anachronism just beat the worlds leading superpower.

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The paradox at the heart of the vaccine mandate debate | TheHill – The Hill

Posted: at 5:52 am

Many people believe that the existence of strong and effective vaccines against COVID-19 implies that governments have the right to issue vaccine mandates. Under a mandate, residents must be vaccinated before they are allowed to enter places of work, schools or businesses.

This view has it exactly backwards. Paradoxically, it is the weakness of the existing COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine delivery system that justify vaccine mandates. Weak vaccines require strong laws.

The question of what governments or employers are authorized to do is first and foremost a question of political philosophy. Within political philosophy, deciding not to take a vaccine is a classic example of a decision whose consequences are not purely private.

Suppose that Robert (named in honor of the late, libertarian political philosopher Robert Nozick) chooses not to be vaccinated against COVID-19. By remaining unvaccinated, Robert is more likely to spread COVID-19 to other persons. In the language of economics, Roberts decision imposes a negative externality on others. Therefore, a government has the right to regulate Roberts otherwise private decision to remain unvaccinated, just as it has the right to limit pollution. Roberts liberty interest in remaining unvaccinated is overridden by the public benefit in widespread vaccination.

Many proponents of vaccine mandates end their analysis here, but they shouldnt because Robert has a response. Suppose that COVID-19 affects only adults, that a vaccine is freely available to all residents and that all residents are fully informed with respect to the vaccines effects. Suppose further that the vaccine is perfectly effective against COVID-19. Finally, suppose that everyone pays for their own health care and that persons who contract COVID-19 dont impose a cost on the health care system through congestion.

If all these conditions are satisfied, or even just more or less true, then the philosophical case for a vaccine mandate is quite weak. Yes, Roberts decision to remain unvaccinated increases the risk that others will contract COVID-19. But anyone can choose to eliminate that risk by getting vaccinated. Therefore, society is not justified in violating Roberts personal liberty by mandating that, in order to participate in civic life, he take a vaccine that he would rather avoid.

Robert would further argue that it is everyones personal responsibility to protect themselves against COVID-19 for example, by taking the vaccine if they wish to so a failure to exercise that responsibility is not a legitimate reason to infringe on his liberty.

From the standpoint of liberal (in the classical, English sense) political philosophy, Roberts argument is powerful on its own terms. But each of Roberts assumptions are empirically flawed. And because they are flawed, a liberal society in fact has a strong interest in implementing vaccine mandates.

First, COVID-19 affects children, and a vaccine has not yet been developed for all children. Moreover, even if an effective vaccine for children were widely available, a child who is unvaccinated is not responsible for that decision.

Second, society may also believe that communities that have faced historical discrimination and are distrustful of the health care system do not bear full responsibility for their decisions not to get vaccinated and deserve some protection from that decision through vaccine mandates.

Third, vaccines are widely available in the United States, but certain people such as the homeless and the undocumented may still have a difficult time obtaining access. Moreover, vaccines are not widely available in other parts of the world, and COVID-19 does not respect borders.

Fourth, existing vaccines are not perfectly effective against COVID-19. For example, even if vaccines reduce the likelihood of hospitalization by close to 90 percent, 10 percent of the total number of hospitalizations to date is still a big number.

Finally, in our health care system, society bears some of the cost of care and thus has a right to regulate individual health decisions that impose a high cost on the system as a whole.

Therefore, in the real world, Roberts decision to remain unvaccinated imposes costs, at a minimum, on children, disadvantaged communities, people in poorer countries, already-vaccinated individuals and funders and patients of the health care system. Moreover, none of these costs can be eliminated under our current constraints.

In other words, it is the limitations in current vaccine science and existing systems of vaccine delivery that justify incursions into the liberty of others. In a perfect world, liberty should prevail. But ours is not a perfect world, which makes vaccine mandates a legitimate part of a liberal society.

PrasadKrishnamurthy is professor of law at U.C. Berkeley School of Law, where he teaches and writes in the area of financial regulation and contracts.

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