Monthly Archives: August 2021

Eczema rash: Is that itchy patch indicative of a gluten sensitivity? – Daily Express

Posted: August 28, 2021 at 12:46 pm

Coeliac disease an autoimmune condition leads the intestines to make an antibody called IgA when gluten is consumed. As a consequence, a rash emerges. This condition tends to develop from the age of 30, WebMD pointed out. Fairly common in people of European descent, could you have the condition?

Other symptoms could include:

Coeliac disease causes the villi (finger-like projections) in the small intestine to become flat.

This leads to difficulty with absorbing nutrients from food.

If an affected person starts to follow a gluten-free diet, the small intestine will begin to heal.

The National Eczema Association explained that eczema sufferers have an "over-reactive immune system".

Some people with eczema have a mutated gene that is responsible for creating the protein filaggrin.

This mutation causes an ineffective skin barrier, meaning moisture can escape and bacteria and viruses can enter.

As a result, patches of eczema will be red, itchy and sometimes painful.

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Eczema rash: Is that itchy patch indicative of a gluten sensitivity? - Daily Express

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Shelfie: The all-natural ‘miracle’ Maiko Nagao uses on eczema, sunburn, and insect bites – Stuff.co.nz

Posted: at 12:46 pm

Artist and creative director at maikonagao.com, Maiko Nagao is known for her minimalist single-line drawings using Japanese sumi (charcoal) ink.

Here are her beauty favourites

Dermalogica Powerbright Dark Spot serum, 30ml, $180

Ive been using this for more than a month and it has completely evened out my skin tone; so good as I had such bad pregnancy pigmentation with baby number two.

READ MORE:* Shelfie: The beauty products Nicola Kwana swears by* Shelfie: The affordable gel Jenny Drury relies on for perky and polished eyebrows* Shelfie: Olivia Moon hasn't worn foundation since buying this sunscreen* The products we actually finish: Our never fail, best ever skin-care recommendations

Trilogy Rosehip oil, 40ml, $47.99

Ive been using this since it first launched in 2002. It is seriously a little miracle in a bottle!

Trilogy Nutrient Plus Firming serum, 30ml, $49.99

Use this straight after cleansing and your rosehip oil will sink into your skin 10 times better! This is a step I never go without.

Glow Lab shampoo and conditioner, 600ml, $15

My go-to, all-natural and affordable hair care, it smells amazing too.

Manuka Biotic body lotion, 200ml, $27.99

Another all-natural miracle in a bottle (or tube). I use it for the whole family for eczema, sunburn, insect bites and ouchies.

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Shelfie: The all-natural 'miracle' Maiko Nagao uses on eczema, sunburn, and insect bites - Stuff.co.nz

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Skin Exposures, Hand Eczema and Facial Skin Disease in Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study – DocWire News

Posted: at 12:46 pm

This article was originally published here

Acta Derm Venereol. 2021 Aug 24. doi: 10.2340/00015555-3904. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to enhanced hygiene procedures and use of personal protective equipment, but also to increased attention to occupational skin disease in healthcare workers. The occurrence of hand and facial skin disease in > 5,000 Swedish healthcare workers was investigated in a questionnaire survey. Levels of skin exposure related to hygiene procedures and personal protective equipment were recorded. Caring for patients with COVID-19 entailed higher levels of wet work and face mask exposures, and was associated with higher 1-year prevalence of both hand eczema (36%) and facial skin disease (32%) compared with not being directly engaged in COVID-19 care (28% and 22%, respectively). Acne and eczema were the most common facial skin diseases; for both, a dose-dependent association with face mask use was found. Dose-dependent associations could be shown between hand eczema and exposure to soap and gloves, but not to alcohol-based hand disinfectants.

PMID:34427318 | DOI:10.2340/00015555-3904

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Skin Exposures, Hand Eczema and Facial Skin Disease in Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study - DocWire News

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I Tested These Anti-Aging Retinol Creams for a Full Yearand They’re Responsible for My Glowing Skin – Yahoo Lifestyle

Posted: at 12:46 pm

Olay Beauty Products

olay.com

You might think that a sentimental gift or some pricey luxury item would be the present that delights family members the most, but it turns out, my clan loves some good skincare.

After receiving compliments galore about my clearer, more glowy skin from my parents, uncles, and grandparents, I was inspired to pass on my favorite Olay retinol skincare goodies for Christmas. To my surprise, the creams and serums, which are currently on sale, were a huge hit. Even the men in my family raved about the anti-aging moisturizers.

Olay Beauty Products

olay.com

To buy: $33 (was $44); olay.com.

Prior to gifting the nighttime serum, nighttime facial moisturizer, and eye cream, I incorporated the three into my routine for several months. My oily, acne-prone skin, that's also afflicted by eczema and sunspots, cleared up after about a month of everyday use and I've been mostly blemish-free ever since. I've since paired down my routine and I apply just the now-$33 nighttime serum once a day. And I no longer need to use any of the harsh topicals my doctor prescribed, either.

Given retinol's reputation for being irritating, I worried that my sensitive skin would become red, dry, and flaky, similar to my experience with the painful retinoids from my dermatologist. My hope was that this line would live up to the hype and praise it received from friends, influencers, and thousands of reviewers who all love its lightweight feel, effectiveness, and affordable price point. And surprisingly, it did: This array proved to be gentle enough for my skin thanks to the hydrating peptides and niacinamide that both combat the dryness most people experience with retinol.

The versatile formulas helped my relatives, too. My mom, who's mostly concerned with dryness, dullness, and fine lines, loved the smoother, dewy way her skin looked. And my uncle, who suffers from sun damage across his face and neck, was impressed by how much his uneven skin and spots improved with the "awesome" nighttime moisturizer.

Story continues

Olay Beauty Products

olay.com

To buy: $33 (was $44); olay.com.

Thousands of shoppers have also praised these gentle remedies, which are designed for normal, oily, and dry-combination skin types. "I've seen tremendous and very noticeable results on my neck and facial skin since adding this product to my nightly routine," one reviewer wrote about the nighttime moisturizer. "I've used other brands [at] several different price points, and Olay definitely out performs them. As with most retinol, it can cause a bit of sensitivity, but it wasn't as noticeable as other products I've tried. I will definitely be buying this and continuing to use [it]."

Unlike some other products that claim to work fast, these complexes take some time. While my mother's dry skin was almost immediately more hydrated, mine needed a full month before it started to show improvement. And knowing that retinol can make you more sensitive to the sun, I've been slathering on my favorite SPF more than ever.

My family has already requested replenishments for the holidays this year, and while I'll hold off on getting their gifts for now, I'm going to restock my own supply while the Olay line is on sale. Even without a discount, my go-to serum costs less than the prescription I used to get out-of-pocket. Though for clear, healthy skin, I'd be willing to pay much more.

Olay Beauty Products

olay.com

To buy: $33 (was $44); olay.com.

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I Tested These Anti-Aging Retinol Creams for a Full Yearand They're Responsible for My Glowing Skin - Yahoo Lifestyle

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For The First Time, Physicists Observed a Quantum Property That Makes Water Weird – ScienceAlert

Posted: at 12:44 pm

There's a storm in your teacup of the likes we barely understand. Water molecules flipping about madly, reaching out to one another, grabbing hold and letting go in unique ways that defy easy study.

While physicists know the phenomenon of hydrogen bonding plays a key role in water's many weird and wonderful configurations, certain details of exactly how this works have remained rather vague.

An international team of researchers took a new approach to imaging the positions of particles making up liquid water, capturing their blur with femtosecondprecision to reveal how hydrogen and oxygen jostle within water molecules.

Their results might not help us make a better cup of tea, but they go a long way in fleshing out the quantum modelling of hydrogen bonds, potentially improving theories explaining why water so vital for life as we know it has such intriguing properties.

"This has really opened a new window to study water," says Xijie Wang, a physicist with the US Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

"Now that we can finally see the hydrogen bonds moving, we'd like to connect those movements with the broader picture, which could shed light on how water led to the origin and survival of life on Earth and inform the development of renewable energy methods."

In isolation, a single molecule of water is a three-way custody battle over electrons between two hydrogen atoms and a single oxygen.

With far more protons than its pair of weenie sidekicks, oxygen gets slightly more of the molecule's electron love. This leaves each hydrogen with a little more electron-free time than usual. The tiny atoms aren't exactly left positively charged, but it does make for a V-shaped molecule with a gentle slope of subtly positive tips and a slightly negative core.

Throw a number of these molecules together with enough energy, and the small variations in charge will arrange themselves accordingly, with same charges pushing apart and unlike charges coming together.

While that might all sound simple enough, the engine behind this process is anything but straight-forward. Electrons zoom about under the influence of various quantum laws, meaning the closer we look, the less certain we can be about certain properties.

Previously, physicists had relied on ultrafast spectroscopy to gain an understanding of the way electrons move in water's chaotic tug-of-war, catching photons of light and analyzing their signature to map the electron positions.

Unfortunately, this leaves out a crucial part of the scenery the atoms themselves. Far from passive bystanders, they also flex and wobble with respect to the quantum forces shifting around them.

"The low mass of the hydrogen atoms accentuates their quantum wave-like behavior," says SLAC physicist Kelly Gaffney.

To gain insights into the atom's arrangements, the team used something called a Megaelectronvolt Ultrafast Electron Diffraction Instrument, or MeV-UED.This device at the SLAC's National Accelerator Laboratory showers the water with electrons, which carry crucial information on the atoms' arrangements as they ricochet from the molecules.

(Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)

Above: Animation shows how a water molecule responds after being hit with laser light. As the excited water molecule starts to vibrate, its hydrogen atoms (white) tug oxygen atoms (red) from neighboring water molecules closer, before pushing them away, expanding the space between the molecules.

With enough snapshots, it was possible to build a high-resolution picture of the jiggle of hydrogen as the molecules bend and flex around them, revealing how they drag oxygen from neighboring molecules towards them before violently shoving them back again.

"This study is the first to directly demonstrate that the response of the hydrogen bond network to an impulse of energy depends critically on the quantum mechanical nature of how the hydrogen atoms are spaced out, which has long been suggested to be responsible for the unique attributes of water and its hydrogen bond network," says Gaffney.

Now that the tool has been shown to work in principle, researchers can use it to study the turbulent waltz of water molecules as pressures rise and temperatures fall, watching how it responds to life-building organic solutes or forms amazing new phases under exotic conditions.

Never did a storm look quite so graceful.

This research was published in Nature.

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For The First Time, Physicists Observed a Quantum Property That Makes Water Weird - ScienceAlert

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Efficient quantum algorithm for dissipative nonlinear differential equations – pnas.org

Posted: at 12:44 pm

Significance

Nonlinear differential equations appear in many domains and are notoriously difficult to solve. Whereas previous quantum algorithms for general nonlinear differential equations have complexity exponential in the evolution time, we give the first quantum algorithm for dissipative nonlinear differential equations that is efficient provided the dissipation is sufficiently strong relative to nonlinear and forcing terms and the solution does not decay too rapidly. We also establish a lower bound showing that differential equations with sufficiently weak dissipation have worst-case complexity exponential in time, giving an almost tight classification of the quantum complexity of simulating nonlinear dynamics. Furthermore, numerical results for the Burgers equation suggest that our algorithm may potentially address complex nonlinear phenomena even in regimes with weaker dissipation.

Nonlinear differential equations model diverse phenomena but are notoriously difficult to solve. While there has been extensive previous work on efficient quantum algorithms for linear differential equations, the linearity of quantum mechanics has limited analogous progress for the nonlinear case. Despite this obstacle, we develop a quantum algorithm for dissipative quadratic n-dimensional ordinary differential equations. Assuming R<1, where R is a parameter characterizing the ratio of the nonlinearity and forcing to the linear dissipation, this algorithm has complexity T2qpoly(logT,logn,log1/)/, where T is the evolution time, is the allowed error, and q measures decay of the solution. This is an exponential improvement over the best previous quantum algorithms, whose complexity is exponential in T. While exponential decay precludes efficiency, driven equations can avoid this issue despite the presence of dissipation. Our algorithm uses the method of Carleman linearization, for which we give a convergence theorem. This method maps a system of nonlinear differential equations to an infinite-dimensional system of linear differential equations, which we discretize, truncate, and solve using the forward Euler method and the quantum linear system algorithm. We also provide a lower bound on the worst-case complexity of quantum algorithms for general quadratic differential equations, showing that the problem is intractable for R2. Finally, we discuss potential applications, showing that the R<1 condition can be satisfied in realistic epidemiological models and giving numerical evidence that the method may describe a model of fluid dynamics even for larger values of R.

Author contributions: J.-P.L., H..K., H.K.K., N.F.L., K.T., and A.M.C. designed research; J.-P.L., H..K., H.K.K., N.F.L., K.T., and A.M.C. performed research; J.P.L. led the theoretical analysis; H..K. led the numerical experiments; and J.-P.L., H..K., H.K.K., N.F.L., K.T., and A.M.C. wrote the paper.

The authors declare no competing interest.

This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2026805118/-/DCSupplemental.

Source code data have been deposited in GitHub (38).

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READY, FIRE, AIM: The Big Bang and Then, Pagosa Springs – Pagosa Daily Post

Posted: at 12:43 pm

According to certain scientists who attended private universities and then married one of their graduate students, the universe as we know it went through a big change 13.7 billion years ago.

Or perhaps the big change was 13.8 billion years ago. Scientists havent been able to agree on the exact moment, nor have their wives.

The event has been labeled The Big Bang although no one was around to hear it, so we are stuck once again with that ancient philosophical controversy, If a universe is created and there is no one to hear it, does it make a sound?

Really, it ought to be referred to as The Big Soundless Explosion. In my humble opinion.

Which brings to mind what has happened in Pagosa Springs lately. But well get around to that scientific concept in a moment.

As I understand the situation, prior to the Big Bang (or alternately, the Big Soundless Explosion), the entire universe was squeezed in a single packet of energy and matter called a singularity, which didnt obey the rules of physics that science has so carefully constructed over the past 200 years.

Apparently, when you are a singularity you get to make up your own rules.

For some reason that no one can fully explain, the singularity suddenly decided to expand into the shape of a universe. Most of the expansion took place during the first second of the universes creation, during which protons and neutrons and electrons came into being. Also something called dark energy filled the void of space, except that no one knows exactly what dark energy is. But it has to exist, because the universe is supposedly expanding at an ever-increasing rate, which it cannot do unless we have a universe full of dark energy. Whatever it is.

This image, above, might illustrate the first moments of the Big Bang, when the singularity woke up and decided to blossom into a full-blown universe.

Or it might be just a purple dot. Im not sure.

But one thing about which we are sure: after about 13.7 billion years (give or take), Pagosa Springs was incorporated along the banks of the San Juan River.

Some people have suggested that the whole reason for the Big Bang was to bring Pagosa Springs into existence. Other people will argue that Pagosa Springs was simply one of a gazillion accidents happy accidents, or unhappy accidents that resulted from the Big Bang.

The unhappy accidents are many, of course and include hurricanes, taxes, and Facebook.

The happy accidents include dogs, romance novels, and soft-serve ice cream.

Not all scientists buy into the idea that our universe happened purely by accident. Many of them subscribe to the belief that intelligent design has been guiding the cosmic process. This intelligent design theory does not, however, explain Facebook.

But the opposite belief that everything is a random happening, with no thought behind it does not explain soft-serve ice cream.

So we are stuck in the middle, so to speak, between an accidental universe and intelligent design clowns to the left of me, jokers to the right, as they say.

Then we have the conundrum of Pagosa Springs, which has experienced its own Big Bang over the past couple of years. Many of us remember Pagosa Springs when it had only a single stoplight, at the corner of Hot Springs Boulevard and Highway 160. In those days, Pagosa Springs was like a singularity that could make up its own rules.

Then it decided to wake up. Whether this decision had anything to do with intelligent design is highly questionable.

One similarity between the universes Big Bang and Pagosas Big Bang that the increasing speed of the expansion. For a long time, Pagosa didnt have any stoplights. Then one appeared, and for a long time, we just had just that one stoplight. Then suddenly there were, like, six stoplights. And even that didnt fix the traffic problems.

I blame it on dark energy.

I can do that, because Im not a scientist.

Louis Cannon

Underrated writer Louis Cannon grew up in the vast American West, although his ex-wife, given the slightest opportunity, will deny that he ever grew up at all.

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READY, FIRE, AIM: The Big Bang and Then, Pagosa Springs - Pagosa Daily Post

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Destiny 2s Void 3.0 converts the Light subclass to the Stasis system – Polygon

Posted: at 12:43 pm

Bungie revealed at its Destiny Showcase that all of Destiny 2s Light subclasses Arc, Solar, and Void will undergo a conversion to the Darkness/Stasis system over the next year. Just a few days later, the studio gave players their first look at the first subclass getting updated: Void.

The studio first revealed that players wont unlock a new Darkness subclass in The Witch Queen or any point before Destiny 2s 2023 expansion, Lightfall something creative director Joe Blackburn discussed on a Twitch stream an hour prior. Bungie also said players wont unlock new Stasis Aspects or Fragments in Season of the Lost.

For the uninitiated, Stasis offers the traditional class ability, jump augment, grenade choice, and melee ability. But players can also choose up to two Aspects, which augment the subclass with new abilities or functionalities like letting Hunters hold a button in midair to dive back to earth. Void 3.0 will work similarly, but it sounds like players will be able to select multiple Supers, rather than Stasis single-Super option.

Also like Stasis, Void will get key terms that define it, called verbs by Bungie. These work similarly to Stasis Slow, Freeze, and Shatter offering, and are buffs and debuffs that all play into each other. For Void, the verbs are Suppression, Weaken, Volatile. [Ed. note: Hey, Bungie suppression and volatile arent verbs.]

Suppression is all about blinding and disabling enemies, preventing them from using abilities, or, for AI enemies, shooting at all. Weaken increases the targets incoming damage and slows their movement. And Volatile causes affected enemies to explode after death or after taking enough additional damage. Void Guardians will also be able apply an Overshield, invisibility, or Devour (a life-steal buff) to their allies.

In addition to revealing the verbs, Bungie showed players a host of new Supers and Aspects for each updated class.

Nightstalker Hunters will get a new version of the Moebius Quiver Shadowshot, which currently lets players fire multiple arrows. In the Void 3.0 version, players will fire two volleys of three arrows each. The arrows will seek enemies out and tether them with multiple Void Anchors, which also turn them Volatile.

A new Aspect for Nightstalker Hunters, Stylish Executioner, will also turn the Hunter invisible and grant them Truesight each time they kill a Volatile, Suppressed, or Weakened enemy. Nightstalkers will also Weaken enemies if they use a melee attack on enemies while invisible with this Aspect equipped.

Sentinel Titans will get a new Aspect and melee ability. Overwatch empowers the Titans Barricade with Void, giving the Titan and allies behind it a powerful Overshield. Sentinel Titans will also receive a new melee ability called Shield Toss, which essentially lets them act like Captain America outside of their Super. The shield can ricochet between enemies, and the Titan will gain some Overshield charge for each enemy it hits.

It looks like Warlocks may see the most unique changes in Void 3.0. Pocket Singularity is a new melee projectile that tracks enemies and both pushes them out of cover and turns them Volatile when it explodes. Children of the Old Gods is a new Aspect that summons a sentient black hole when the Warlock places a Rift. The Child, as Bungie calls it, will latch onto nearby enemies like a Metroid, Weakening them and refunding grenade or melee energy for Healing Rift users or health for Empowering Rift users.

Bungie elaborated further on these changes by saying that while many things will change with Void 3.0, players should have more options to create new builds as well as mix and match old abilities. The studio gave some exciting examples like Spectral Blades with Vanishing Step for Hunters, Ward of Dawn and Controlled Demolition for Titans, and Handheld Supernova and Devour for Warlocks.

Bungie promised more reveals closer to Void 3.0s debut in The Witch Queen on Feb. 22, 2022.

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Destiny 2s Void 3.0 converts the Light subclass to the Stasis system - Polygon

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Sally Rooney on the hell of fame: It doesnt seem to work in any real way for anyone – Irish Examiner

Posted: at 12:43 pm

Sally Rooney appears before a stark, white background, stripped of even the most incidental feature. It makes me laugh: in 18 months of Zoom meetings, Ive encountered people in their bedrooms and home offices, in front of bookcases and windows situations that, no matter how bland or contrived, still betray some minor, contextualising detail. The empty staging today is, evidently, something that Rooney, after two hit novels and the rapid onset of unwelcome fame, clearly wishes might extend further than a video call. Later in our conversation, she will tell me celebrity is a condition that, in many cases, happens without meaningful consent the famous person never even wanted to become famous. Now, after exchanging greetings, I mention the singularity of the naked white walls and she laughs and says merely, Yes.

There are some good reasons for the 30-year-olds reticence. Her first two novels Conversations With Friends and Normal People were published in quick succession to the sort of acclaim that put Rooney in a category of exposure more consistent with actors than novelists. The books featured characters in late adolescence and early adulthood struggling through first relationships while starting to organise their thoughts about the world. They were erudite and self-assured, written with a dry, flat affect that was often very funny, and contained the kinds of fleeting, well-wrought descriptions that infused every scene with a casual virtuosity. (Early on in Conversations With Friends, Frances, the heroine, sleeps with Nick, a married man, and taking the bus home afterwards, sits at the back near the window, where the sun bore down on my face like a drill and the cloth of the seat felt sensationally tactile against my bare skin. Rooneys ability to unpack a thought or feeling without forfeiting economy is one of the great strengths of her writing.)

Normal People sold a million copies and was turned into a megahit TV show starring Daisy Edgar-Jones and Paul Mescal. More trenchantly, it became the sort of talismanic novel made to represent an entire generations coming of age. I dont think of my novels as millennial novels any more than I think of them as female novels, Rooney says. Nonetheless, that is how they are perceived.

It all seems a lot to hang on the shoulders of a very slight young woman, hair grown long during the pandemic so that it falls in sheets on either side of her face. Rooney is assumed to be difficult in the vein of her characters a spiky, awkward, intellectual woman who, as Alice, the heroine of her new novel, says of herself, goes around accusing everyone of having the wrong opinions. In fact, over the course of our two conversations, by Zoom and by email in which we will discuss her journey from champion teenage debater to novelist, whether shes sufficiently working class to be allowed to use the word Marxist and the new novel, Beautiful World, Where Are You Rooney is nothing but obliging, though her sensitivities to intrusion are occasionally triggered to amusing effect. How do you know Im married? she says, taken aback when I mention John, her husband, a maths teacher with whom shes been since college. I point out she thanks him in the books acknowledgements.

Like the other two novels, Beautiful World, Where Are You is set in Ireland, where Rooney grew up and still lives. It features a set of recognisably Roonian characters: Alice, a successful writer, is dating Felix, who works in a warehouse; her best friend Eileen, an editor at a literary magazine, is obsessed with Simon, a childhood friend who works in politics. (She also spends a lot of time Googling her ex-boyfriend.) These four people, all approaching 30, are, to one or another degree, lost: too successful, not successful enough, carrying various wounds of their childhoods and, in spite of endlessly analysing their own reactions to things, unable to identify what they want.

The book first presented itself to me as a four-person story, Rooney says, a story about a friendship between two women, and their respective relationships with two men. But it took me a relatively long time and a lot of trial and error to figure out how to tell that story. The friendship between the two women is unconventionally told. Interspersing the narrative are long, wordy emails exchanged between Alice and Eileen. (Sample from Alice: I suppose you think this is all extremely rudimentary and maybe even that Im un-dialectical. But these are just the abstract thoughts I had, which I needed to write down, and of which you find yourself the (willing or unwilling) recipient.) They discuss aspects of history, philosophy, psychology and politics, as well as their love lives and the deteriorating state of their friendship. I was interested in the interaction between their friendship and their intellectual lives, Rooney says. How their ideas inform the relationship, and how the particularities of their dynamic inform the development of their ideas. The intellectual friendship between two women is an unusual focus for fiction, and it helps explain why Rooneys young female fans feel such passion for her work: she takes seriously something so little represented, some might imagine it doesnt exist.

There is something else, too; Rooneys heroines are, without fail, always the smartest people in the room. They are also pretentious, priggish, self-absorbed and superior, condescending and driven by insecurity. They put me in mind, occasionally, of people I remember from university, those students who hung around outside the union on election day, shouting, Apathy led to the rise of Hitler! at politically disengaged students as they passed.

Their cleverness is mocking and, to casual readers, one imagines, vaguely threatening: typical responses to young, smart women that have been deflected on to Rooney herself. She was 27 when Normal People was published and her experience of being in the spotlight is worked into the new novel through Alice who, after writing two successful novels, has fled to a remote house in rural Ireland. When I submitted the first book, I just wanted to make enough money to finish the next one, writes Alice in an email to Eileen. I never advertised myself as a psychologically robust person, capable of withstanding extensive public inquiries into my personality and upbringing. Literary fame, Alice writes, has been so thoroughly unpleasant and unnerving that, in her opinion, people who intentionally become famous I mean people who, after a little taste of fame, want more and more of it are, and I honestly believe this, deeply psychologically ill.

If you dont want to read novels about writers, or women, or Irish people, dont read my novels. I wont mind

Rooney is at pains to point out shes not Alice. I have no appetite for writing about myself and things that have actually happened to me, she says, instead casting her experiences as a mental library she may draw from when creating her fiction. This seems a complicated way of preserving her privacy, but in any case, as it turns out, Alices horror of the publicity process is one Rooney wholeheartedly shares. I mention that I recalled her saying it would be graceless to complain about fame, and shell have none of it. I dont remember saying that. And actually, I dont think that at all. Quite the opposite, in fact. As far as I can make out, the way that celebrity works in our present cultural moment is that particular people enter very rapidly, with little or no preparation, into public life, becoming objects of widespread public discourse, debate and critique. Its irrelevant whether or not fame was part of their plan. They just randomly happen to be skilled or gifted in some particular way, and its in the interests of profit-driven industries to exploit those gifts and to turn the gifted person into a kind of commodity.

After Normal People, the story of Marianne and Connells bleak romance, was longlisted for the 2018 Booker and awarded novel of the year at the Costa book awards, Rooneys writing was spoken of as a mystic portal into the minds of young people, with the inevitable backlash when it failed to represent all of them. The hell of fame, Rooney says now, is that of a person enduring variably serious invasions of their privacy from the media, from obsessive fans, and from people motivated by obsessive hatred.

She stopped posting on and eventually looking at Twitter, something she misses (Twitter can be very funny). And she averted her eyes from as much of the coverage as she could. I dont read reviews or profiles, and back when I used social media, I actually muted my own name to try and avoid seeing things accidentally. None of it worked. The world does have a way of intruding. Coverage of the Normal People television show was so ubiquitous that I really could not avoid encountering it even when I tried. And of course, people approach me in public now and then, almost always in a very friendly and pleasant way, and I get letters and emails and things like that. Nonetheless it has been unpleasant, and she can only see one, very unattractive way out. Of course, that person could stop doing whatever it is theyre good at, in order to be allowed to retire from public life, but that seems to me like a big sacrifice on their part and an exercise in cultural self-destruction for the rest of us, forcing talented people either to endure hell or keep their talents to themselves. So no, she says, I dont think it is graceless for people in those positions to speak out about how poisonous this system is. It doesnt seem to work in any real way for anyone, except presumably some shareholders somewhere.

These anxieties are present in Beautiful World, Where Are You, a novel that has the impossible task of following up on a book as successful as Normal People and tackles it by featuring a protagonist worrying about the impossible task of how to follow up on her successful first novels. Alice rakes compulsively over her first two books, trying to figure out how she did it. She goes on a rant about how dishonest writers are when they write novels that seek to obscure the reality of life as a successful novelist. They come home from their weekend in Berlin, she writes, after four newspaper interviews, three photoshoots, two sold-out events, three long leisurely dinners where everyone complained about bad reviews, and they open up the old MacBook to write a beautifully observed little novel about real life. I dont say this lightly: it makes me want to be sick. Rooney is well aware this storyline is vulnerable to criticism who cares about a novelist self-indulgently fretting about her next novel? and is bullish about it.

For a start, she says, the people making these complaints like to read novels, presumably, but they dont like to be reminded that novelists are necessary for the production of the novels they like to read. Isnt that odd? Almost like attending a football game and complaining that everyone on the pitch is a professional footballer. Their job is to play football, not to reflect your life experiences. Furthermore, she says, Its not my job to populate my books with particular types of characters that I imagine other people might find relatable. Its my job to write about whatever comes into my head, to the best of my ability. If as a reader you want to exercise control over the kinds of things that are depicted in novels, try writing one. Thats what I did and it worked for me. If, on the other hand, you just dont want to read novels about writers, or women, or Irish people, whatever, thats OK a very Roonian moment, this dont read my novels. I wont mind.

Rooney is not from a family of writers. She grew up in Castlebar, County Mayo, where her father worked as a technician for the national telecoms company and her mother, after training as a teacher, worked in a local arts centre. It was not, she says, a very wealthy background and leftwing politics were frequently discussed at the dinner table. Her family Rooney has an older brother and a younger sister were on the mostly cheerfully noisy and argumentative side, which I dont think they will mind me saying. Without a doubt this contributed to the kind of person I became, and the kind of writer I am.

She is fond of polemic, in other words, and what she once characterised, in an essay for the Dublin Review about her career as a college debater, as a taste for ritualised, abstract interpersonal aggression. Rooney wasnt competitive at school. The popularity race didnt interest her and she opted out, not only socially but academically, doing the bare minimum required to achieve the desired results. The only place she exhibited any ambition was at a local writing class. It wasnt a class! she says, at mention of it; it was a writing group that she joined at the age of 16, in which everyone read aloud their work and invited feedback from others. It sounds like a daunting environment for a kid of that age but, Rooney says, it just wouldnt have occurred to me to be nervous about reading my work aloud to a group. I dont have a natural fear of public speaking. After winning a place to read English at Trinity College, Dublin, she started sending out fiction and poetry to small literary magazines, and eventually started writing a novel.

Rooney is the precise opposite of the popular image of the novelist as mumbling and haphazard, speech punctuated by bursts of agonised silence. Her rhetorical style has been shaped by the experience of her early 20s when, as she puts it in the Dublin Review essay, she became the number one competitive debater on the continent of Europe. Rooney wasnt a good debater when she joined the college team, but she understood the rules of the game, and that with practice, she could excel. The essay was published in 2015, and it seems like the last time she shared, without inhibition, her feelings in a non-fiction format. I was 19 when I started debating competitively, she wrote, and its probably fair to say that most things I did when I was 19 were motivated by a desperation to be liked. I wasnt only willing to lose debates: I was willing to tell all my secrets, to lend money when I couldnt afford to and to date anyone who showed an interest in me, no matter how dull or aggressive. I had low self-esteem and a predilection for hero-worship, and I was extremely determined.

As a description, it sounds very much like Rooneys beloved characters. Why suddenly become competitive in this way? I wasnt good enough at anything to be meaningfully competitive about it before, she says. With debating I found something I was pretty good at, and pursued it with the aim of becoming the best. And when I felt I had become the best, I lost interest in it and gave up. Getting really good at something is a fun challenge, but once everyone agrees youre very good at it, theres more pressure and less fun, at least for me. I dont think I have the right mentality to compete in any field at a very high level for very long, even if I was talented enough to do that, which Im not.

The fun aspect of being recognised as good at something seems absent, too, from the way Rooney talks about writing. In the essay, she writes about giving up debating because it seemed empty and vaguely offensive; adopting positions you dont believe in, about things war in the Balkans; the Arab Spring with deadly consequences for real people. An agent read it, asked if she had anything else, and Rooney sent her the manuscript of a novel shed been working on, Conversations With Friends, featuring two college-age women: Frances, who was lonely and felt unworthy of real friendship, and Bobbi, her more freewheeling friend, who also suffered from various social inadequacies.

Frances and Bobbi take part in spirited political discussions, just as Marianne and Connell, and Alice and Eileen, do in her subsequent novels. The dialogue in these sections echoes the principles of college debating to the extent that the speakers, one eye on their audience, jam through words at a rate that forestalls interruption, digestion, or even much in the way of introspection, and via which, despite Rooneys obvious comic outlook, an element of mirthlessness creeps in. Her characters talk about what it means to be working class, the shortcomings of social movements Bobbi goes off on one about pay gap feminism while mocking themselves for being the sorts of people to do so.

As Rooneys fame grew, inevitably commentators online targeted her own background for being insufficiently pure. At the end of Normal People, Connell, a working-class boy, goes off to New York to take up a place on a creative writing course at NYU, an ending mocked by critics as being bourgeois. Short of offering to show these people my dads paycheck, Rooney says, there is not a lot one can do to satisfy this kind of criticism not least, she says, because most of it misunderstands its own terminology. From the Marxist point of view, people who work for a living rather than making money from capital are workers, members of the working class. But in contemporary colloquial use, the term working class is used much more restrictively, applied only to particular communities or workers in particular industries. These uses of the term are really not interchangeable at all, Rooney says. They mean very different things. So of course, when we try to talk about class using this terminology, we run into confusion and disagreement. In the new novel, an argument in the pub takes off around whether Eileen, a poorly paid editor at a small literary magazine, qualifies as working class.

On the one hand, all workers have some basic political goals in common, and recognising those commonalities could help to build class solidarity, Rooney says. On the other hand, relatively wealthy and privileged workers, say, software developers at major tech companies or successful novelists have very different lives from more obviously underpaid and exploited workers. Does it make sense to say both kinds of workers belong to the same class? I dont know. Maybe the answer is both yes and no. Its complicated.

I no longer feel so completely confident about the line that divides abusive people from the rest of us

The bigger issue for Rooney is around personalisation. In any industry, it helps to know where people come from to fix issues around under-representation but equally, she says, why should someone have to disclose facts about their upbringing and family life to the public, just because theyve written a novel? Shouldnt they be allowed to maintain a dignified silence about their personal life? The privacy of the individual seems to come up against the wider demands of the culture here. And its not an easy thing to resolve, or at least I dont think so.

The way most people in the public eye resolve this issue is, I suspect, simply by giving it less thought than she does. For Rooney, the injury is less the invasion of privacy itself very little has to be shared to satisfy the superficial needs of publicity than the assumption that it is owed in the first place.

She says, I dont think many people could reasonably conclude that my upbringing was so privileged as to disqualify me from writing books. But there is still a part of me that feels like these facts about my family life are nobodys business in the first place. My parents presumably did not conduct their lives in the expectation that their jobs and incomes would be dissected by strangers on the internet one day. It seems bizarre, and actually wrong. I understand and accept that I have become to some degree an object of scrutiny because of my work. But I find it very hard to accept that other people in my life should have to endure that. Theyve done nothing to deserve it. So yes, I think the discourse around representation in cultural fields is valuable, and even broadly necessary. And at the same time, I find it intrusive and difficult, and I dont know how to reconcile those positions. This is all true, and fair, but if Rooneys structural analysis of fame has a shortcoming, its a failure to recognise that, with no bad faith intended, most people simply want to know more about those they admire.

And readers love Rooney. They love her for her wit, and her readability, but mostly they love her for the story of Marianne and Connell; the shy, awkward, dowdy-but-brilliant girl and the equally brilliant, beautiful boy. When we meet Marianne as a teenager, she is being violently bullied by her horrible brother and mother, wealthy people with power in and outside of the home. Rooney says it didnt interest her to put the violence centre stage. I used to believe that abusers (and in particular, men who abuse women) were boring. And I still think theres some truth in that, and I still find our cultural fixation with men who rape and murder women very tiring. But I no longer feel so completely confident about the line that divides abusive people from the rest of us. And the novel maybe interrogates that division at times. I am probably never going to write a book from the perspective of a serial killer, but I do believe that many decent people have done things they now consider deeply wrong.

She is more interested in the echo of trauma this comes up in the new novel, too than the event itself, because the aftermath is what so many of us experience as life itself. If we are lucky, we spend relatively little actual time in deeply traumatic situations. But the aftermath of those experiences is a lifetime. That interests me very much. How do people who have endured certain kinds of violence, trauma or psychological breakdown carry on afterwards? These dont have to be extreme or out of the ordinary. It seems to me like almost everyone has endured some kind of pain or suffering that has changed their life. That change can take the form of damage, or of learning and growth, or some combination of the two an ability to adapt better in certain ways and worse in others. Naturally, when I ask what has informed her own understanding of these dynamics, she declines to answer personally.

Naming Rooney as the ultimate millennial voice is, of course, too generalised to be meaningful. And being labelled the voice of a generation, if it even made sense, always ends up being used against the voice in question; just ask Lena Dunham. Identity, Rooney says, can be very productive and useful when we want to talk about things like gender, race and sexuality. But is millennial an identity category? she wonders. In what way? And how is it useful politically, psychologically, socially?

Its the type of enquiry Rooney loves getting stuck into, and that can make it easy to forget something else: she is still very young, just 30. At the end of the call, I mention with incredulity that the essay that started her career was published a mere six years ago, a fact she agrees is amazing. Such a long time, right? she says, briefly ditching the intellectual register, to take it up again later by email. I am left with her sentences, thoughtful, abstract, generous in length, occupying an almost entirely theoretical plane. Just as she wants it.

Beautiful World, Where Are You by Sally Rooney is published by Faber & Faber on 7 September

- The Guardian

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