Daily Archives: August 4, 2021

Noel Swerdlow, one of the ‘greatest scholars’ of the history of science, 1941-2021 – UChicago News

Posted: August 4, 2021 at 2:09 pm

Swerdlow was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1988, and was twice appointed as a member of the Institute for Advanced Study. He was also a member of the American Astronomical Society and the International Astronomical Union, professional societies which bring together astronomers and other experts.

He was a highly independent mind, and he was willing to rethink assumptions people had made for a really long time, said Anthony Grafton, the Henry Putnam University Professor of History at Princeton University, who was a student in Swerdlows very first undergraduate class at UChicago and remained a lifelong friend and colleague. When he examined a text, he could imagine his way into possible interpretations that other people simply didnt see.

Swerdlow was also known for his passion and charisma in the classroom and as a mentor. He was an extraordinary teacher and an incredibly generous person, to whom I owe more debts than I can list, said Grafton, AB71, AM72, PhD75. If someone was passionate about the scholarship, Noel would put in immense amounts of time to make their work even deeper and stronger. Scholars around the world, as well as his own students, learned an immense amount from him.

Though he occupied an unusual position in the astronomy department as its only historian, Swerdlows UChicago colleagues said his presence influenced how they thought.

He was the consummate scholar, said Michael Turner, the Bruce V. and Diana M. Rauner Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Astronomy and Astrophysics at UChicago. Noel was enormously respected in the Department of Astronomy. Talking with him impressed upon me a newfound appreciation for the history of sciencea humility for its scope and a sense of progression, that it is a long-term and team effort.

Rigorous inquiry only begins to describe Swerdlows work in the history of the exact sciences, said Rocky Kolb, Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Service Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Chicago and Swerdlows longtime colleague and friend. Whether the study of obscure Babylonian clay tablets or the well-studied works of Nicolas Copernicus, Swerdlows books and papers brought to light the underappreciated mathematical sophistication of ancient astronomers.He was a great influence on his colleagues in the Department of Astronomy, infusing us all with a deeper understanding of our predecessors in the quest to understand the heavens.

Swerdlow shared an appreciation for these ancient scientists with many colleagues in the astronomy department, but particularly Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the famed astrophysicist known for his work on black holes. Swerdlow and Chandrasekhar co-authored several articles on ancient astronomers.

In addition to his scholarship, Swerdlow loved music and was a regular opera attendee and music listener. Encyclopedic doesnt begin to do justice to his knowledge of performances and recordings of the great symphonies and operas of the 18th and 19th centuries, Grafton said.

After retiring, he moved to California, where he continued research at Caltech as a visiting associate professor in history from 2010 to 2018.

He is survived by his wife, Nadia Swerdlow; son Dorian Swerdlow, daughter-in-law Fiona and granddaughter Julia; and brother Lanny Swerdlow and partner Victor.

A memorial is planned; details will be announced later this fall.

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Saturn at opposition August 1-2, near Jupiter – EarthSky

Posted: at 2:09 pm

From most of Earth in early August, Saturn and Jupiter ascend in the eastern half of your sky by mid-evening (midway between your local sundown and midnight). Both are bright and noticeable! This chart is via Stellarium; try it to view the orientation of the planets from your specific location on the globe. In a dark sky, notice the famous Teapot in Sagittarius, and the graceful J shape of Scorpius the Scorpion, near Saturn and Jupiter (to the right of them, on this chart).Saturn at opposition

When viewed through a telescope, Saturn is our solar systems most glorious planet. But, to the eye, Saturn isnt as noticeable as bright Jupiter. Luckily, were still less than a year past the great conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter. It happened on December 21, 2020. At that time, Saturn and Jupiter were exceedingly close in the sky. Now, as Saturn reaches its opposition on August 1-2, 2021, Saturn and Jupiter are still close. Keep reading to learn how Jupiter and the moon can help you find Saturn on the skys dome.

Earths faster motion in orbit brings Saturn to opposition once each year. Opposition is a big yearly milestone for observing the ringed planet Saturn, or any outer planet. It happens when we on Earth fly between that planet and the sun. At opposition, an outer planet is generally closest to Earth and brightest for that year. Saturns opposition comes on August 2 at about 06:00 UTC. That is on August 2 at 3 a.m. ADT, 2 a.m. EDT, 1 a.m CDT, 12 midnight MDT yet on August 1 at 11 p.m. PDT, 10 p.m. Alaskan Time and 8 p.m Hawaiian Time.

And dont worry about exact times too much. Just know that in early August 2021 Saturn is generally opposite the sun in Earths sky. At opposition, Saturn rises in the east around sunset, climbs highest up for the night around midnight and sets in the west around sunrise. When opposite the sun, Saturn is visible all night and at its brightest seen from Earth.

How can you find Saturn? First, look for Jupiter, which is the brightest starlike object in the evening sky once Venus sinks below the western horizon after sunset. Saturn is not far from Jupiter, located along the same path the sun travels during the day (the ecliptic). Saturn is the bright golden star a short hop to the west of Jupiter. Saturn lies in the direction of the constellation Capricornus and can be found there for the rest of 2021.

Does it surprise you that Jupiter will be at opposition on August 19-20? Yes, the heavens are orderly! Plus, in late August, the moon full or nearly full can help you find both Saturn and Jupiter. That makes sense, because both Jupiter and Saturn are near opposition, opposite the sun or nearly so. And a full moon is also opposite the sun. Check out the chart below:

The ringed planet will be in good view in the evening sky for the rest of August and throughout September, October, November and December 2021. Saturn and Jupiter will stay rather close together on the skys dome throughout 2021. Theyll remain fixtures of the evening sky for the rest of this year.

In 2021, Saturn comes closest to Earth for the year about 5 hours after it reaches opposition. But its nowhere near us in space. In fact, Saturn is the most distant of the worlds we can see with the eye alone. At present, Saturn lies about 10 times the Earths distance from the sun, and nine times the Earth-sun distance from Earth. Astronomers refer to one Earth-sun distance as an astronomical unit (AU). Saturn is now about 10 AU from the sun, and nearly 9 AU from us. Heavens-Above gives information about the present distances of the planets from the sun and Earth.

So the distance scale of the solar system is vast, and so is the size scale. For a realistic depiction of Saturns size relative to that of Earth (but not its distance), see the illustration below.

Our fast movement in orbit brings Earth between Saturn and the sun every year, or more precisely, about two weeks later every year. For instance, in 2016, Saturns opposition was June 3. In 2017, it was June 15. In 2018, opposition came on June 27. In 2019, it was July 9. And in 2020, it was July 20.

If you recognize this golden world tonight or later this month, youll also enjoy it throughout the Northern Hemisphere summer, or Southern Hemisphere winter.

If you had a birds-eye view of the solar system on the day of Saturns opposition, youd see our planet Earth passing between the sun and Saturn. Youd see the sun, Earth, and Saturn lining up in space. But not for long. Earth moves in orbit at 18 miles (29 km) per second in contrast to about 6 miles (9 km) per second for Saturn. Soon, well be pulling ahead of Saturn in the race of the planets.

The planets that orbit the sun inside Earths orbit Mercury and Venus can never be at opposition. Only the planets that orbit the sun beyond Earths orbit Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and the dwarf planet Pluto can ever reach opposition, that is, appear opposite the sun in Earths sky.

All the planets farther from the sun reach opposition every time our swifter-moving planet sweeps between the sun and these superior planets, the planets that orbit the sun outside Earths orbit. Mars returns to opposition every other year. Jupiters opposition happens about one month later each year, whereas Saturns opposition occurs about two weeks later yearly. The farther that a planet resides from the sun, the shorter the period of time between successive oppositions.

Saturn is the sixth planet outward from the sun. People in ancient times saw it as a golden star that moved among the fixed stars: a wanderer. It wasnt until astronomers began using telescopes in the 17th century that they saw its rings. In the 1950s, astronomers spoke of Saturn as having three rings. But spacecraft in the latter part of the 20th century showed vastly more detail. They revealed that Saturn actually has thousands of thin, finely detailed rings made of tiny chunks of ice. Saturn also has at least 62 moons with confirmed orbits. Only 53 of Saturns moons have names, and only 13 have diameters larger than 50 kilometers (about 30 miles).

Saturn is truly a wondrous world of rings and moons. Its everyones favorite celestial object to gaze at through a small telescope, so if theres a public astronomy night near you this month go!

Bottom line: Look for Saturn at and around opposition in early August 2021. It will be shining in the southeast at nightfall. Clouded out tonight? No problem. Saturn will be in an excellent place to observe throughout late July, August, September and October 2021.

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Deborah Byrd created the EarthSky radio series in 1991 and founded EarthSky.org in 1994. Today, she serves as Editor-in-Chief of this website. She has won a galaxy of awards from the broadcasting and science communities, including having an asteroid named 3505 Byrd in her honor. A science communicator and educator since 1976, Byrd believes in science as a force for good in the world and a vital tool for the 21st century. "Being an EarthSky editor is like hosting a big global party for cool nature-lovers," she says.

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China seals city as its worst virus outbreak in a year grows – Associated Press

Posted: at 2:09 pm

BEIJING (AP) Chinas worst coronavirus outbreak since the start of the pandemic a year and a half ago escalated Wednesday with dozens more cases around the country, the sealing-off of one city and the punishment of its local leaders.

Since that initial outbreak was tamed last year, Chinas people had lived virtually free of the virus, with extremely strict border controls and local distancing and quarantine measures stamping out scattered, small flareups when they occurred.

Now, the country is on high alert as an outbreak of cases connected to the international airport in the eastern city of Nanjing touched at least 17 provinces. China reported 71 new cases of COVID-19 from local transmission Wednesday, more than half of them in coastal Jiangsu province, of which Nanjing is the capital.

In Wuhan, the central city where the first cases of COVID-19 were identified in late 2019, mass testing has shown some of its newly reported cases have a high degree of similarity to cases discovered in Jiangsu province. Those cases have been identified as being caused by the highly transmissible delta variant that first was identified in India.

Meanwhile, another COVID-19 hotspot was emerging in the city of Zhangjiajie, near a scenic area in Hunan province famous for sandstone cliffs, caves, forests and waterfalls that inspired the on-screen landscape in the Avatar films.

The city, with a population of about 1.5 million, ordered residential communities sealed Sunday, preventing people from leaving their homes. In a subsequent order on Tuesday, officials said no one, whether tourist or resident, could leave the city.

The city governments Communist Party disciplinary committee on Wednesday issued a list of local officials who had a negative impact on pandemic prevention and control work who would be punished.

The city itself has only recorded 19 cases since last week, three of which were people with no symptoms, which are counted separately. However, individual cases linked to Zhangjiajies outbreak have spread to at least five provinces, according to the Shanghai government-owned newspaper the Paper.

Far higher numbers were reported in Yangzhou, a city next to Nanjing, which has recorded 126 cases as of Tuesday.

After announcing last week that they were suspending issuance of passports for travelers except for those with an urgent need, officials at the National Immigration Administration reiterated the message again on Wednesday at a press briefing.

As of Tuesday, China has given more than 1.71 billion vaccine doses to its population of 1.4 billion. Its not clear how many of those are first or both doses, but at least 40% of the population is fully protected, according to earlier announcements.

Chinese companies have not publicly shared real-world data on how effective their vaccines are against the delta variant, though officials have said the vaccines prevent severe disease and hospitalization.

In addition to the 71 cases of local transmission, 25 travelers from overseas have COVID-19 and have entered quarantine, making the total for Wednesday 96 new cases. The National Health Commission also said 15 people tested positive for the virus but have no symptoms.

China has reported 4,636 deaths and 93,289 cases of COVID-19 overall, most of them from the original outbreak in Wuhan that peaked early last year.

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Florida Faces its Worst Coronavirus Wave Yet – The New York Times

Posted: at 2:09 pm

As the highly contagious Delta variant of the virus rips through the unvaccinated population in the United States, Florida is heading toward its worst outbreak since the start of the pandemic.

The state is still about one month away from its peak, according to an epidemiologist who has been tracking the viruss reach there.

Short term and long term, the cases are going to explode, Edwin Michael, a professor of epidemiology at the University of South Florida, in Tampa, said in an interview on Monday. We are predicting that the cases will be peaking the first week of September.

Dr. Michael models predictions of the coronavirus statewide and in each Florida county, and his teams work is used by officials and hospitals to support plans and responses to the pandemic.

Our simulations show that if we dont slow the hospitalizations, if we dont prevent the wave of coming infections, we might exceed Floridas bed capacity in early September, he said.

In the last week, hospitals around the state are reporting an average of 1,525 adult hospitalizations and 35 pediatric hospitalizations a day, and cases have risen to levels not seen since January.

We need a two-pronged approach, Dr. Michael said. Get as many people vaccinated as possible, especially the pediatric population. But to prevent the coming waves, we need to couple it with social-distancing measures and face-mask mandates.

He lamented that it was too late for vaccinations which take five weeks from the first dose to full protection to prevent the coming peak, and he insisted that the only way to have a quick impact on the Labor Day wave was to have the extra protective measures.

The next four weeks are going to be so crucial, he said. Schools and universities are reopening in Florida. This is going to be a dangerous period coming.

The pace of vaccination has plunged since April. That, coupled with a collapse in people taking precautions, allowed Delta to flourish. Barely 5 percent are practicing social measures, he said.

Gov. Ron DeSantis has opposed mask mandates and vaccine requirements and has restricted local officials ability to put steps in place that, scientists say, would stem the rising tide of cases.

On Friday, Mr. DeSantis barred school districts from requiring students to wear masks when classes begin next week, leaving it to parents to decide whether their children wear masks in school.

In Florida, there will be no lockdowns, Mr. DeSantis said. There will be no school closures. There will be no restrictions and no mandates.

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California Coronavirus Updates: Run to Feed The Hungry Returns After Being Held Virtually Last Year – Capital Public Radio News

Posted: at 2:09 pm

Find an updated count of COVID-19 cases in California and by county on our tracker here.

Run to Feed the Hungry returns after being held virtually last year

Fauci says not enough Americans vaccinated to 'crush the outbreak'

What to know about the delta variant

More than 110 million COVID-19 vaccines sent abroad to over 60 countries

COVID-19 By The Numbers

5:50 p.m.: Run to Feed the Hungry returns after being held virtually last year

A Sacramento Thanksgiving tradition is set to return this year. Organizers say Run to Feed the Hungry is coming back after being held virtually last year because of COVID restrictions.

The race's return wasn't officially declared until today, but somehow word leaked out to eager runners.

"We actually launched registration at midnight and people are already registering before we even announced it this morning," said Melanie Flood with Sacramento Food Bank and Family Services.

The nonprofit puts the race on as a fundraiser generating nearly a million dollars. Thousands of people participate, running and walking in either a 5K or 10K through the streets of East Sacramento.

Flood says the decision to bring the run back aligns with CDC guidelines.

"In the worst case scenario, if we had to cancel the race and we weren't allowed to have an event such as this, we would still hold it virtually like we did last year, she said.

Registration will stay open through race day - November 25th.

10:15 a.m.: Fauci says not enough Americans vaccinated to 'crush the outbreak'

The nations top infectious disease expert is warning that more pain and suffering is ahead as COVID-19 cases climb again and officials plead with unvaccinated Americans to get inoculated, according to the Associated Press.

Dr. Anthony Fauci also said on ABCs This Week that he doesnt foresee additional U.S. lockdowns because he believes enough people are vaccinated to avoid a recurrence of last winter.

However, he said theres not nearly enough people who are inoculated to crush the outbreak. Currently, 58% of Americans 12 years and older are fully vaccinated.

The silver lining is that U.S. vaccinations are up 56% in the last two weeks, according to the National Institutes of Health Dr. Francis Collins said recently on CNN.

10:05 a.m.: What to know about the delta variant

The delta variant is more contagious than its predecessors, but research has shown that COVID-19 vaccines still provide strong protection against it.

According to the Associated Press, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cited the variant's surge in advising that vaccinated people return to wearing masks indoors in areas with high transmission.

The change is based on new research suggesting vaccinated people who get infected can spread it to others, even if the vaccinated don't get seriously ill. The more vaccinated people there are, the more it helps protect the unvaccinated, including children not yet eligible for the shots.

Some breakthrough cases were always expected, and a Kaiser Family Foundation analysis found such cases remain rare.

9:35 a.m.: More than 110 million COVID-19 vaccines sent abroad to over 60 countries

The White House says the U.S. has donated and shipped more than 110 million COVID-19 vaccine doses to more than 60 countries, ranging from Afghanistan to Zambia.

According to the Associated Press, Biden has promised the U.S. will be the arsenal of vaccines for the world. The 110 million doses given largely through a vaccine program known as COVAX represents a fraction of whats really needed globally.

The White House says the U.S. will begin shipping at the half a billion Pfizer doses its pledged to 100 low-income countries in August. President Joe Biden was expected later Tuesday to discuss the U.S. strategy for slowing the spread of coronavirus abroad.

5:11 p.m.: Bay Area health officials reinstate indoor mask mandate

Health officials in San Francisco and six other Bay Area counties have announced that they are reinstating a mask mandate for all indoor settings as COVID-19 infections surge. Monday's order applies to everyone, regardless of vaccination status, and starts on Tuesday.

California last week recommended that people wear masks indoors, but stopped short of issuing a mandate, following guidance from the U.S Centers for Disease Control.

Three other California counties have already adopted mandates as COVID rates rise because of the highly contagious delta variant.

11:04 a.m.: While vaccinated people can contract delta COVID-19 variant, vaccines still best defense

The delta variant has changed Californias COVID-19 landscape in a big way. New research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that even fully immunized people can contract the virus and even pass it to others.

Still, vaccines are seen as the best chance at reducing viral transmission. Getting immunized does protect you from getting very ill or dying from COVID-19. The vaccine also mostly prevents symptomatic cases from the original alpha variant, though, its slightly different with the delta variant.

There definitely can be transmission from symptomatic breakthroughs, said UCSF infectious disease specialist Dr. Monica Gandhi. She explains that the delta variant can do this because its much more contagious and can transmit higher quantities of the virus, even to fully vaccinated people.

The trick is we need to get transmission down, Gandhi said. We need to get more people vaccinated so that theres not even a virus around for all of us to see to get mild breakthroughs. And thats really what were doing right now with resuming masking inside, and also importantly, getting our vaccination rates as high as we can.

Several California counties are requiring everyone to wear a mask in indoor public settings, though state and federal officials say its only recommended, not required, for fully immunized people.

However, Gandhi says strong mask policies are needed to combat this variant. She also stresses that people should refrain from gathering indoors and unmasked with friends who arent vaccinated.

We are acting like vaccines arent working, and thats what people seem to be hearing. These vaccines are working, Gandhi said. They are profoundly effective at preventing severe disease and death.

While many counties are seeing increases in hospitalizations, its far from the surge that California saw during the winter. Gandhi said public health departments will have to work hard to explain that more vaccinated people means theres less virus in circulation, leading to fewer deaths among those who cant get their shots.

10:06 a.m.: Evictions expected to spike due to national eviction moratorium ending

Housing courts around the country are ramping up work following the end of the federal eviction moratorium, according to the Associated Press.

Housing advocates fear that the recent end of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention moratorium will result in millions of people being evicted. Most expect the wave of evictions to build slowly over the coming weeks and months as the bureaucracy of removing people from their homes restarts Monday.

The Biden administration announced Thursday it would allow a nationwide ban to expire. It argued that its hands were tied after the Supreme Court signaled the measure needed to come to an end.

California has its own eviction moratorium that is in place through the end of September.

9:43 a.m.: US employers ramp up vaccination pressure on white-collar employees

Employers across the U.S. are increasingly losing patience with unvaccinated workers.

According to the Associated Press, a growing number of businesses are requiring their employees to get vaccinated against COVID-19, alarmed by the rise of the more contagious delta variant.

Some employers getting tougher with vaccination requirements:

Some hospitals, universities, restaurants, bars and other entertainment venues have also started requiring vaccines.

In contrast, major companies that rely on lower-income blue-collar workers food manufacturers, warehouses, supermarkets, and other store chains are shying away from vaccine mandates for fear of driving away employees and worsening the labor shortages such businesses are facing.

10:51 a.m.: Tokyos COVID-19 infections top 4,000 for the first time

Tokyo is seeing new records every day in new cases of COVID-19. For the first time, Japans capital has exceeded 4,000 coronavirus casesa record high and nearly four times as many cases were reported just a week ago.

In the past day, 21 Olympic games-related personnel have tested positive, none of which were athletes.

On Friday, extended a state of emergency to areas around Tokyo and Osaka to tackle the COVID-19 surge.

Read more here.

Find older coronavirus updates on our previous blog page here.

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White-tailed deer are getting coronavirus infections: How big of a problem is that? – Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Posted: at 2:09 pm

A male deer trots through the underbrush. New research has found that more than 30 percent of blood samples from White-tailed deer in several US states contained antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Credit: Whwthunts via Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Since making the leap to people, the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 has wrought havoc on human populations. Now the virus appears to be surging among some wild animals as well. A new US government study of white-tailed deer reported that many had been infected, raising the potential that even if the virus is eventually controlled or even eradicated in humans, another common animal could provide it a reservoir and spawn future outbreaks.

The US Department of Agricultures Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service tested 481 samples collected between January 2020 and March 2021 from deer in Illinois, New York, Michigan, and Pennsylvania and found that 33 percent tested positive for antibodies to the COVID-19 virus. While many animals appeared to have been infectedmore than 60 percent of samples in Michigan tested positive, for examplethe agency said there were no reports of deer appearing clinically ill.

Researchers want to know how the deer got infected in the first place. Linda Saif, a virologist at The Ohio State Universitytold Nature that a critical question is how the virus spread to deer and if it will spread from infected deer to other wildlife or to domestic livestock such as cattle. The animal and plant health service said the deer could have been exposed to the virus by people, other deer, other animals, or the environment.

Laboratory experiments have shown that deeralong with several other animals, including cats, nonhuman primates and deer miceare susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. For the most part infected animals dont get very sick.

Researchers want to know which species are susceptible to the virus in part to better understand the potential for spillbackor the reverse of the natural spillover from animals to people that many scientists believe caused the pandemic. With spillback, infected people could spread the disease to other species and create a new reservoir for the virus. Transmission among animals could also lead to new variants. In experiments, researchers have shown that the virus begins to mutate quickly after spreading among just a handful of animals.

While its not known whether deer can spread the virus to peoplethe government researchers believe the risk is lowthere have already been documented cases of farmed minks spreading the disease to workers. Hundreds of people in the Netherlands were infected with mink-related variant viruses last year.

White-tailed deer are common in North America.

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Man in his 20s becomes one of Australia’s youngest COVID-19 deaths – Reuters

Posted: at 2:09 pm

SYDNEY, Aug 4 (Reuters) - Australia's New South Wales reported one of the country's youngest deaths from COVID-19 on Wednesday, as daily infections lingered near a 16-month high despite the lockdown of 5 million people in Sydney entering its sixth week.

The unnamed man in his 20s, who had no underlying health issues and was unvaccinated, died at his home in the city, authorities said. He deteriorated rapidly after earlier complaining of just mild symptoms, they added.

The man was ineligible for a Pfizer (PFE.N) vaccine, as Australia limits that type for people over 40 amid tight supplies, while Canberra has only recently told people to take the AstraZeneca vaccine as cases swell, having previously limited it to people over 60.

The death highlights the risk facing Australia's largest city, which is struggling to contain an outbreak of the highly infectious Delta variant when fewer than 20% of Sydney's residents are vaccinated.

Last year, the neighbouring state of Victoria said an unnamed man also in his 20s had died from COVID-19, though a coroner is still investigating the exact cause of death.

It was unclear if the Sydney man had the Delta coronavirus variant but most of the latest cases in New South Wales have been that type. Early data are showing Delta is more contagious and likely causes more severe effects than earlier coronavirus variants, though other experts cautioned more findings are needed. read more

The young man was one of two COVID-19 deaths reported in New South Wales in the past 24 hours. New South Wales also recorded 233 new cases, near a 16-month high reported last week, and State Premier Gladys Berejiklian said case numbers would likely grow.

"I'm not going to rule out case numbers wont get worse, I actually think they will get worse, Berejiklian told reporters in Sydney, the New South Wales capital.

"If you look at the number of people infectious in the community, it indicates that perhaps we havent reached our peak."

At least 68 of the 233 new cases were not in isolation for their entire infectious period.

INTENSE PRESSURE

Berejiklian is under intense pressure to ease the movement restrictions that threaten to drive Australia into its second recession in as many years. However, she has said at least 50% of the state's population would need to be vaccinated for the curbs to ease at the end of August. read more

Still, many remain wary of taking the AstraZeneca (AZN.L) vaccine, the most plentiful of two vaccines approved in the country, because of a rare blood clotting issue.

Additionally, government modelling released on Tuesday showed at least 70% of the state's population would need to be inoculated to slow the spread.

The modelling also indicated Australia should intensify vaccinations of younger people, who tend to spread the virus more frequently but are unable to secure a Pfizer vaccine.

Authorities have warned people not to wait for an increase in Pfizer supplies expected next month as case numbers prove difficult to curtail and sewage tests are indicating the coronavirus may have spread north.

New South Wales has taken aggressive countermeasures to stop the coronavirus's spread, including sealing off high-risk suburbs and asking the military to help police enforce lockdown rules. read more

A total of 17 people have died in Sydney during the current outbreak that began on June 16. During that time, the surge has pushed the total cases in New South Wales to more than 4,000.

Nationally, Australia has recorded 927 deaths since the pandemic's start, with just over 35,000 cases out of about 25 million people.

Queensland on Wednesday reported 16 locally acquired cases, the same as the day earlier, prompting authorities to declare it the state's worst outbreak since the start of the pandemic and warn that a lockdown in the capital Brisbane might be extended beyond Sunday.

"If we don't do something really, really, really special in Queensland, we'll be extending the lockdown," Queensland Chief Health Officer Jeannette Young told reporters in Brisbane.

The states of Victoria and Western Australia also reported one new COVID-19 infection each.

Reporting Byron Kaye, Paulina Duran and Renju Jose in Sydney and Colin Packham in Canberra; Editing by Gerry Doyle and Christian Schmollinger

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

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Will There Be A Coronavirus Vaccine Mandate For Most Workers? – Forbes

Posted: at 2:09 pm

While the concern used to be creating a Covid vaccine, the greatest issue now is getting people to ... [+] take it.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) COVID Data Tracker, more than 80% of new coronavirus cases in the United States are caused by the B.1.617.2 variant. More commonly known as Delta, this mutation of the coronavirus is more contagious than previous coronavirus strains.

Medical experts agree that getting vaccinated is important to be at least partially protected from the Delta variant. Dr. Rochelle Walensky, who is the director of the CDC, stated that this is becoming a pandemic of the unvaccinated. With infections rising and vaccination rates slowing down, employers (including the federal government) have been looking for ways to convince their workers to get the coronavirus vaccine.

On July 29, 2021, President Biden announced additional efforts to get more people vaccinated. His announcement represents a strategic shift in how the White House (and many employers) may take with workers who still havent gotten vaccinated against the coronavirus.

In this article, Ill discuss what these changes are and how they fit into an overall trend concerning vaccination efforts. Ill also explain the underlying legal reasoning that supports these changes as well as real-world considerations that employers must confront when trying to get their workforce vaccinated.

President Bidens Coronavirus Vaccine Announcement

When it comes to federal employees and onsite contractors, President Bidens announcement to unvaccinated federal workers was effectively this:

This plan isnt revolutionary, as its similar to what New York is doing. But while neither reaches the level of a vaccine mandate, theyre getting close.

However, the Biden administration has imposed a coronavirus vaccine mandate for federal workers, but its been limited to health workers from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

President Biden also indicated that his administration would encourage private employers to employ this model for encouraging workers to get vaccinated.

The July 29 announcement represents a significant shift in how the federal government (and many employers) will approach getting their workers vaccinated.

How the Drive to Vaccinate Americans Against the Coronavirus Has Changed

Currently, there are three coronavirus vaccines authorized for use in the United States:

All three of these have received emergency use authorizations (EUA) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Ill discuss the significance of that fact later in this article.

When these vaccines were first introduced, there werent enough to go around, at least with respect to the Modern and Pfizer-BioNTech versions. But as more people became vaccinated and production of the vaccines ramped up (and the Johnson & Johnson version also gained its EUA), it became evident that some additional means of persuasion would be needed to convince hesitant individuals to get their coronavirus vaccine.

So out came the carrots. Some states ran a variety of incentive programs, including those that offered guns, a $1 million lottery or college scholarships.

Employers also offered incentives to their employees. Benefits ranged from paid time off to $200 in extra pay to $125 in gift cards. Although depending on how these employer-incentive programs worked, employers needed to be careful not to violate federal anti-discrimination laws.

But as the Delta variant continues to spread, its become clear that carrots havent been enough to get a sufficient number of people vaccinated. So now the sticks have come out, with the most notable being President Bidens July 29 announcement concerning federal workers.

If this current plan doesnt work, a hypothetical vaccine mandate would be the next option. However, the Biden administration has so far made clear that there will be no nationwide federal coronavirus vaccine mandate.

Youll notice that theres been a progression in how vaccination efforts can occur. They start with no real effort needed, as demand easily exceeds the vaccine supply.

Then things flip, with more doses available than people who want them. Employers and the government start with rewards, but if they dont produce the required results, a more aggressive approach is used.

It can begin with a get vaccinated or wear a mask, socially distance and get tested often approach. And if that still doesnt work, the ultimate option is possible: get vaccinated or youre fired.

Can employers do that? In many cases, yes. But there are two major legal exemptions. If someone has a medical or religious reason for not getting vaccinated, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 may allow them to forego an employers vaccination requirement.

But theres another potential exception that could limit an employers ability to impose a vaccine mandate. Its the fact that none of the three available vaccines in the United States have been approved by the FDA. Instead, theyre being administered pursuant to the Emergency Use Authorizations I mentioned earlier in this article.

Forcing Employees to Take a Vaccine Thats Subject to an Emergency Use Authorization

The law concerning employers mandating the vaccinations of their employees is pretty clear. But the law largely revolves around vaccines that have been fully approved by the FDA.

While its expected that the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines will get full FDA approval, its unclear as to when. However, some medical experts believe it could arrive over the next few months. As for the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen vaccine, theres been no application filed with the FDA to obtain full approval.

But why does any of this matter? It matters because when the FDA granted EUA for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, it came with the condition that the vaccines fact sheets would include language that gave the individuals the option to accept or refuse the vaccine.

Does this language mean private and public entities, such as private and government employers, cant impose a vaccine mandate on their workers? According to the Office of Legal Counsel (which is part of the Department of Justice), the answer to that question is no.

In a July 6, 2021 legal opinion, the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) concluded that private and public entities, such as employers, could impose the vaccine mandate on their workforce even if the vaccine only had an EUA. The OLC reached this conclusion for several reasons, including:

Whether this legal opinion could survive judicial scrutiny remains to be seen, although its relying on fairly well-established legal principles and case law. Assuming its conclusions are upheld by a federal judge, there are still real-world considerations employers must face.

Practical Factors that Employers Must Consider

With the law likely on their side, why dont more employers require their employees to get the coronavirus vaccine? There are a plethora of reasons.

First, what happens if the employee gets sick from the vaccine? The employer could potentially be at risk of getting sued by the employee. This is another reason why the FDAs full approval of the coronavirus vaccines is important. It would be more difficult for the employee to successfully sue his or her employer for injuries from an FDA-approved vaccine compared to a vaccine thats only been authorized for emergency use.

Second, most employers would have difficulty enforcing the mandate. It might require intrusive inquiries into the employees medical history that could invoke other legal protections of the employee. Or perhaps the employer would just take the employees word with no process of verifying the employees vaccination status.

Third, there are collective bargaining considerations that might restrict the employers ability to impose or enforce a vaccine mandate on unionized workers.

Fourth, there are racial disparities in those who have received the coronavirus vaccine. If punishments for not being vaccinated were to disproportionately impact employees of a certain race, this could result in unlawful racial discrimination based on disparate impact.

Fifth, the coronavirus and its vaccines are politically charged issues. By imposing a vaccine mandate, employers potentially enter this political fray.

If they havent already done so, its likely some employers will soon require their workers to get vaccinated. But other employers may take the option approach thats similar to what President Bidden announced on July 29.

Why might some employers choose the option approach as opposed to insisting their employees get vaccinated? There are two major reasons.

By allowing employees to choose between getting a vaccine or something else (like wearing a mask, socially distancing at work and/or getting tested regularly), it becomes harder for the employee to claim their religious or medical rights are being violated.

Another advantage of the option approach is that it makes it easier for employers to get their employees back to the office. Employers with remote workers due to the coronavirus are well aware of the challenges they face in getting the workers back into the office. The last thing employers want to do is give workers more reason to stay home.

Providing an option appeases the remote workers who want to avoid having to get the coronavirus vaccine. But it also works for workers who might have concerns about their safety when returning to the office that has no vaccine requirement or alternative precautions in place.

Bottom Line

Employers face a delicate balance in trying to keep their workers safe, complying with the law and staying out of the political spotlight. As more incentives are offered for vaccination, alongside rising case numbers from the Delta variant, when our pandemic society will come to an endif at allremains to be seen.

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126 more coronavirus cases have been reported across Maine – Bangor Daily News

Posted: at 2:09 pm

Another 126coronavirus cases have been reported across the state, Maine health officials said Wednesday.

Wednesdays report brings the total number of coronavirus cases in Maine to 70,844,according to the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Thats up from 70,718 on Tuesday.

Of those, 51,651have been confirmed positive, while 19,193were classified as probable cases, the Maine CDC reported.

The number of coronavirus cases diagnosed in the past 14 days statewide is 1,170. This is an estimation of the current number of active cases in the state, as the Maine CDC is no longer tracking recoveries for all patients. Thats up from 1,091 on Tuesday.

The new case rate statewide Wednesday was 0.94 cases per 10,000 residents, and the total case rate statewide was 529.32.

Maines seven-day average for new coronavirus cases is 103, up from 93.1 a day ago, up from 66.9 a week ago and up from 22 a month ago. That average peaked on Jan. 14 at 625.3.

No new deaths were reported Wednesday, leaving the statewide death toll at 900.

The most cases have been detected in Mainers younger than 20, while Mainers over 80 years old make up the majority of deaths. More cases and deaths have been recorded in women than men.

So far, 2,159Mainers have been hospitalized at some point with COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus. Information about those who are currently hospitalized wasnt immediately available.

The total statewide hospitalization rate on Wednesday was 16.13 patients per 10,000 residents.

Cases have been reported in Androscoggin (8,521), Aroostook (1,999), Cumberland (17,626), Franklin (1,422), Hancock (1,431), Kennebec (6,767), Knox (1,203), Lincoln (1,129), Oxford (3,706), Penobscot (6,561), Piscataquis (613), Sagadahoc (1,490), Somerset (2,355), Waldo (1,170), Washington (965) and York (13,886) counties.

An additional 723 vaccine doses were administered in the previous 24 hours. As of Wednesday, 769,763 Mainers have received a first dose of the vaccine, while 817,929 have received a final dose.

As of Wednesday morning, the coronavirus had sickened 35,242,078people in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as caused 614,317deaths, according to the Johns Hopkins University of Medicine.

Correction: An earlier version of this report misstated the number of cases reported in the past 14 days.

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As Covid-19 Recedes in India, Bars Are Full and Masks Are Optional – The Wall Street Journal

Posted: at 2:09 pm

A little over two months ago about 4,000 people were dying every day from Covid-19 in India. Yet, on a recent Friday, a rooftop bar in New Delhi was once again packed with crowds of young adults mingling without masks.

Among the hundreds at the Summer House Cafe, a popular nightspot in Indias capital city, was Srishtii Guptaa, a 29-year-old graduate student who said she lost several family members to Covid-19 in April and May.

Life goes on, said Ms. Guptaa, who resumed her busy social life as soon as lockdown restrictions were lifted. Nothing stops me from partying.

For some Indians, life has already returned to normal after a devastating spring surge. In New Delhi and other cities across the country, shoppers are once again crowding stores, diners are squeezing into restaurants, and bars are hosting crowds of revelers. Many have already abandoned safety precautions such as social distancing and wearing a mask.

Coronavirus infections have steadily fallendespite a sluggish vaccination rolloutafter hitting a peak of more than 400,000 cases a day in early May. For weeks, daily confirmed cases have plateaued around 40,000. Only about 7% of the countrys more than 1.3 billion people have received both shots of a Covid-19 vaccine.

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