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Daily Archives: June 30, 2021
The Backlog: After 6 Months of Patches Is Cyberpunk 2077 Worth Playing? Wellll, Lets Talk About It – The Root
Posted: June 30, 2021 at 2:52 pm
Lets make something clear off jump: I love cyberpunk...the genre.
Snow Crash and Neuromancer rank as some of my favorite books. Growing up, I was (and honestly still am) obsessed with anime like Akira, Ghost in the Shell, and Serial Experiments Lain. I stay mad Strange Days isnt streaming anywhere, and I even have a soft spot for 90s trash classic Johnny Mnemonic.
So again: I love cyberpunk.
When Cyberpunk 2077 was initially announced in 2013 the hype was instant, and playing developer CD Projekt Reds The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt only made it increase. Bro, can you believe The Witcher niggas are gonna make a Cyberpunk game?, I would frequently ask my best friend Oscar during our weekly ritual of smoking weed and watching anime.
I was one of the many people eagerly awaiting the release of this game. While the edgelord marketing campaign tried its best to dampen my excitement, ultimately I couldnt help but look forward to an open-world role playing game set in one of my favorite genres.
So you can imagine my disappointment when the game came out last December and was a buggy, glitchy mess. I was lucky enough to get the PC version, which while not a complete mess like the console release, had enough glitches to turn me off from playing the game. The game was eventually removed from the PlayStation store, class-action lawsuits were filed, and the game became the poster child for every bad development practice used to make AAA games.
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The game was recently re-released on the PlayStation Network, and the developer has released numerous patches over the past six months to fix the game. I figured now would be the perfect time to revisit the game and give an assessment of it without having to necessarily get into the nitty gritty of the fuckery surrounding its creation. (If you want to know all about it, here ya go.)
So having played through Cyberpunk 2077s main story and a solid chunk of the side missions, is it good?
Well, its not bad?
Cyberpunk 2077 is essentially your standard Bethesda game. It provides a large, expansive open-world that can be immersive when shit isnt breaking. I didnt really have a bad time with the game, and there is a certain thrill to just driving around the decrepit future. Without a doubt, Cyberpunk 2077 nails the aesthetics of the genre, and the integration of hacking as a core gameplay mechanic is tight as hell. There are quite a few moments where the game just feels cool. Unfortunately, the game never feels like anything more than a surface level approach to the genre.
The game opens with the good old fashioned one last heist thats gonna change everything. So of course, that goes to shit and it goes to shit hard. After suffering a tragedy and barely escaping with their life, the player character, V, is left with an experimental piece of technology in their head thats killing them. Your journey through Night City will take you through abandoned desert towns, vast cityscapes, and even the edge of cyberspace itself as you try to figure out what the chip is.
Feature and environment-wise, it checks all the boxes for what youd expect from an open-world game with the word Cyberpunk in the title. As I gradually made my way through the games narrative, I gradually became more and more underwhelmed. The games story feels like it was ripped from the Ubisoft school of lets make apolitical games out of inherently political subject matter.
The best cyberpunk stories are inherently about something. Whether its political corruption, propaganda masquerading as news, themes of identity, power, or even just the dangers of technology, theres usually always some larger idea lurking beneath the retro-futuristic surface.
Cyberpunk 2077 flirts with some interesting ideas, but never really commits to any of them. The stakes of the main story or life and death, with not much in the way of thematic resonance. Though, a handful of the side missions provide some interesting characterization and choices.
One standout was a mission that involves having to round up a group of rogue self-driving vehicles after the A.I. that manages them begins to develop multiple personalities. The mission culminates with you going to the main office of the company that manufactures the cars after the A.I.s essentially enacts a virtual uprising. The climatic choice of the mission was an interesting moral quandary that I really dug and I wanted more like it. Unfortunately, most of the missions dont ask questions as interesting as this one.
One of the things I really enjoyed about The Witcher 3 was the sense of discovery that came with just exploring the world. Simply traveling from point A to B can be an adventure in its own right, because you never know just what you might encounter throughout the world.
That sense of discovery is missing from Cyberpunk 2077. Just about all the missions you receive are as a result of someone calling you on the phone. There are very few opportunities to stumble into a cool adventure. Youll occasionally encounter a sporadic shootout, or a crimes you could stop to assist the cops, but even in the virtual world its fuck 12 for me.
While the developers have released multiple patches in the months since release, I still encountered a variety of bugs ranging from enemies straight up not even acknowledging I was in the combat area to strange animations in cutscenes. I will say that throughout my playthrough I didnt encounter anything game breaking, just quite a few oddities.
Even if Cyberpunk 2077 launched in a pristine state, though, in my opinion it would still be an underwhelming game. Should you still be curious about checking the game out, its currently discounted to $40 as part of the Steam Summer Sale. Its not a terrible game by any means, it simply doesnt do much that hasnt already been done by Grand Theft Auto and Fallout. The game is undeniably cool, but considering where it gets its name from, I was hoping it would have a little bit more to offer than that.
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Army Of The Deads Samantha Win To Star In Cyberpunk Indie The Dresden Sun – Deadline
Posted: at 2:52 pm
EXCLUSIVE: Samantha Win (Army of the Dead) has been tapped to star in The Dresden Sun.
The cyberpunk indie pic, written and directed by Michael Ryan, is said to combine elements of the sci-fi, action and thriller genres. It watches as aheist goes south, when a brilliant, principled mercenary with a traumatic past works with an insider to steal a valued asset from Peredor Corporation called the sphere. The C & Earth corporation, vying for global dominance, seeks to find a solution to an otherworldly technology via a scientists project. Meanwhile, a financialanalyst, who despises his job at the powerful investment firm Mutual One, finds himself caught between deadly corporate rivals, financial fraud, and technological espionage, and is ultimately forced to run from a psychopathic military contractor.
In The Dresden Sun, Win will play a character known as Z.
The feature is being produced by Michael Ryan and Tyler Lockamy at Archetype Pictures. Casting is being spearheaded by Neely Gurman. Galen Christy and Mark Silba are handling worldwide sales on behalf of High Octane Pictures.
Win recently appeared as Chambers, an associate of sharpshooter Mikey Guzman (Ral Castillo), in Zack Snyders zombie heist film Army of the Dead, which established itself as one of Netflixs most-watched originals, following its release in May. On the film side, she notably portrayed the Amazonian Euboea in bothWonder Woman and Zack Snyders Justice League, also appearing in the DC blockbuster Man of Steel. On the TV side, the actress has appeared inArrow, Lethal Weapon andAgent X.
Apart from her work as an actress, Win has also served as a stuntwoman, doubling for Ming Na-Wen and Maggie Q, among others. She started out in her career as an international multiple gold medalist Wushu athlete, her last competition being the 2008 Beijing Olympic Tournament.
Win is represented by Sandy Oroumieh Management.
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Army Of The Deads Samantha Win To Star In Cyberpunk Indie The Dresden Sun - Deadline
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Cyberpunk 2077 Benched at 8K with Ray Tracing: RTX 3090 vs RX 6900 XT – TweakTown
Posted: at 2:52 pm
Introduction
I've already benchmarked Cyberpunk 2077 at the beyond gloriously beautiful 8K resolution, with NVIDIA's flagship and brute power GeForce RTX 3090 graphics card with 24GB of GDDR6X memory.
VIEW GALLERY - 22 IMAGES
In those benchmarks, I used NVIDIA's GeForce RTX 3090 graphics card and ran 8K with ray tracing both enabled and disabled, as well as DLSS (Deep Learning Super Sampling) both enabled and disabled. There were some great results with the GeForce RTX 3090 hitting 31FPS average at 8K with DLSS on "Ultra Performance" mode.
DLSS will harness the power of AI to super-boost performance in-game, letting you run resolutions like 4K at 60FPS or even 120FPS in the recent DLSS 2.0-powered update for Call of Duty: Warzone. But at 8K you well and truly need the help of DLSS in Cyberpunk 2077, but what AMD? What about Radeon RX gamers?
Well, that's why we're here today -- DLSS is NVIDIA's secret sauce GPU black magik and AMD doesn't yet have a DLSS competitor but the rumored "FSR" or FidelityFX Super Resolution is coming later this year. For now, Cyberpunk has FidelityFX CAS (Contrast Adaptive Sharpening) with both "Dynamic" and "Static" presets.
It's not as good as DLSS, but it definitely helps performance at 4K and 8K in Cyberpunk 2077 on AMD Radeon RX 6000 series graphics cards. NVIDIA is well and truly ahead with its AI upscaling technology, especially with DLSS 2.0 enabled games like Call of Duty: Warzone and Cyberpunk 2077. DLSS 2.0 enables NVIDIA to be the clear leader in ultra-performance and ultra resolutions like 8K with bleeding-edge games like Cyberpunk 2077.
I did run into many more problems using CAS on my Radeon RX 6900 XT than I did by a long, long shot on the GeForce RTX 3090 with DLSS enabled. There were visual artifacts at times, slowdowns, crashes, and a few other bugs that created headaches during my re-testing of Cyberpunk 2077 at 8K.
I will go into the issues I had later on in the article, but in this testing I was only using the ultra-enthusiast flagship Radeon RX 6900 XT graphics card (reference from AMD) while I was using the tweaked MSI GeForce RTX 3090 SUPRIM X graphics card. It's barely a smidge (less than 1-2FPS at 8K) faster than NVIDIA's own GeForce RTX 3090 Founders Edition.
But it's not only the big GPU battle between DLSS and CAS technologies from NVIDIA and AMD... but ray tracing dominance.
Cyberpunk 2077 recently had a patch that enabled ray tracing. But man, does ray tracing performance suck on Radeon right now -- NVIDIA has the clear upper hand with its Ampere GPU architecture and far superior RT performance, while RDNA and even RDNA 2 don't come close.
Not even with CAS enabled and cranked to maximum does the Radeon RX 6900 XT compare to the GeForce RTX 3090 when they're running at 7680 x 4320... 8K is hard work for any GPU but with ray tracing enabled too? Sheesh. GPU overload.
Enough with the prelude, let's dive right into Cyberpunk 2077 benchmarked at 8K with DLSS or CAS enabled, as well as ray tracing on both the flagship AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT and NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090 graphics cards.
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I had every graphical bell and whistle enabled in Cyberpunk 2077, using a custom preset and turning everything up to max. This includes the texture quality to High, the field of view to 100, and motion blur gets disabled of course. I had all of the shadows, fog, cloud, decals, ambient occlusion, and level of detail max out on High or Ultra settings across the board.
When it comes to the ray-tracing side of things in Cyberpunk 2077, that's where I once again enabled ray tracing and then turned on ray-traced reflections, ray-traced shadows, and set ray-traced lighting to the "Psycho" preset.
Cyberpunk 2077 supports AMD FidelityFX CAS in both Dynamic and Static forms, where you can have a dynamic resolution that you can set a minimum and maximum resolution for. The minimum setting for Dynamic FidelityFX CAS is 50% while the maximum is 100%.
There's also Static FidelityFX CAS which when enabled, will disable Dynamic FidelityFX CAS and then gives you the option of a resolution scaling slider that you can tweak between 50% and 100%. I opted with Static FidelityFX CAS and ran it disabled, at 75% and 50% with some great results coming out of it.
Here's the graphics settings that I used:
After MSI asked if I wanted to do some testing with their GeForce RTX 30 series cards and the Intel Core i9-10900K and MSI MEG Z490 Unify motherboard, I asked if they would like me to use other MSI products in the article.
They agreed, so the CPU cooler, PSU and case were on their way and the upgrade began.
MSI sent over their Z490 Unify motherboard, which is the heart and soul here -- taking in our Core i9-10900K processor, super-huge Sabrent Rocket Q 8TB NVMe SSD, and G.SKILL Trident Z Royal RAM.
I think I was most excited for MSI to send me their huge MPG Sekira 500X case, as this started off with a 'hey, do you want an MSI Z490 Unify motherboard to do some testing on' into a full-on MSI-exclusive system. The MSI MPG Sekira 500X is a freaking hefty beast of a case, but man does it keep the system nice and cool -- and quiet -- oh and it looks dope, too.
I've got a hefty MSI MAG CORELIQUID 360R AIO liquid cooler keeping the Intel Core i9-10900K nice and chill, installed onto the MSI Z490 Unify motherboard. I have to say this is my first time using an MSI AIO cooler and I love it, the design really looks great inside of the machine.
MSI wanted me to use their MPG A850GF power supply, which is another first for me -- never used an MSI PSU before, and neither have you I'm sure. MSI has only just entered the PSU market, so I've been using this 850W unit for all of the testing on this new MSI Z490 Unify + Core i9-10900K system.
On the graphics side of things I'm using the RTX 3090/3080 FE cards as well as the MSI RTX 3090/3090 SUPRIM X graphics cards -- two of the fastest Ampere cards on the market.
One of the most insane parts of this new MSI system is the Rocket Q NVMe 8TB SSD that our good friends at Sabrent sent over -- yeah a huge 8TB super-fast NVMe SSD that pumps away at 3GB/sec.
G.SKILL helped in a big way by sending over some super-fast, and super-stylish Trident Z Royal DDR4 RAM. Installed into the MSI Z490 Unify motherboard is 16GB (8GB x 2) of G.SKILL Trident Z Royal DDR4-3600 memory (CL16-16-16-36).
Another important part of this rig is the flagship Intel Core i9-10900K processor, a beasty 10-core/20-thread CPU that rocks up to around 5GHz under gaming loads. Plenty for the testing we'll be doing with it -- and some 8K testing with this new system should push that 10900K to the limit.
As you can see the GeForce RTX 3090 kills it at 8K in Cyberpunk 2077 with ray tracing enabled and DLSS set to Ultra Performance mode we have 31FPS average, compared to 28FPS average on the Radeon RX 6900 XT with Static FidelityFX CAS set to 50%. That's not a bad result at all from a performance perspective.
Turning DLSS to Performance mode and Static FidelityFX CAS @ 75% we see performance just as neck-and-neck as the Ultra Performance and Static FidelityFX CAS @ 50% results. The GeForce RTX 3090 is ahead again with 18.8FPS average, while the Radeon RX 6900 XT is behind with 16.8FPS average.
Disabling DLSS and CAS completely sees performance dive off a cliff, but much more so for the GeForce RTX 3090 with just 6.6FPS average, while the Radeon RX 6900 XT fares better (juuuust) with 10.6FPS average. Cyberpunk 2077 is totally unplayable without DLSS or CAS enabled.
I'm a performance guy, I love numbers -- I want to see each GPU release crushing the other with features, technologies, and most of all PERFORMANCE. But... while you have somewhat decent performance out of AMD's flagship Radeon RX 6900 XT graphics card with CAS enabled and seeing 28FPS average, up against the GeForce RTX 3090 with 31FPS -- it doesn't seem like the flagship Big Navi GPU is behind the flagship Ampere GPU by that much.
But there are issues with CAS + ray tracing + Radeon GPUs as I experienced flickering all over the place, performance would tank for 3-5 seconds or more before Cyberpunk 2077 was ready to go and benchmarking began. The visual glitches were way too much for me, to the point where I simply wouldn't play it like that... it's just too annoying.
NVIDIA on the other hand with DLSS enabled, is fine.
Cyberpunk 2077 with ray tracing enabled and running at even 4K let alone 8K is an ultra-gorgeous game, it truly is the new Crysis when it's up against the likes of Microsoft Flight Simulator.
If you want the ultimate experience playing Cyberpunk 2077 and own an 8K monitor or new HDMI 2.1-powered 8K TV then you will want to only play it on NVIDIA's flagship GeForce RTX 3090 graphics card. The GeForce RTX 3090 truly is the ultimate 8K gaming GPU.
I don't think we'll be playing Cyberpunk 2077 at 8K 60FPS until we see next-gen GPUs in 2022 from NVIDIA, which is a pity because it is one of the best-looking games ever made. CD PROJEKT RED probably never made the game with the thought that people would be running at 7680 x 4320 and rendering those insane 33 million pixels per second... unless we wait until the year 2077 for truly next-gen GPUs.
AMD finally steps up and into the ray-tracing world with Cyberpunk 2077, with the flagship Radeon RX 6900 XT falling just behind NVIDIA's flagship GeForce RTX 3090 at 8K with CAS enabled. It might be more glitchy than Team Green, but Team Red shows it's nearly ready for ray tracing primetime... which should hopefully come with RDNA 3.
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Cyberpunk 2077 Benched at 8K with Ray Tracing: RTX 3090 vs RX 6900 XT - TweakTown
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Simulated Youth Combines Cyberpunk Rap and Ethereal Singing with the Release of "Digital Memories" – PRNewswire
Posted: at 2:52 pm
DETROIT, June 25, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Simulated Youth has released a two-track EP called Digital Memories. The title track, with cyberpunk style rap vocals, tells a two-sided story of breaking up in a modern age where one cannot escape their past due to relentless reminders on social media. In a sense, it is about escaping from the ties of technology. With triumphant synths and ethereal singing, the second track, called Happy Ending, is meant to add a more positive outlook after the more intense title track has concluded.
Following a series of international collaborations, Simulated Youth has again accomplished Digital Memories with the aid of two other vocalists. Rielle (@rielle.life) is an American singer who dominates the title track with her rap vocals. Happy Ending features vocals by Salvadoran singer Camoragi (@camoragi), who was also the lead vocalist on Simulated Youth's earlier track called NBT. Interested listeners will find streaming options for Digital Memories on all the major listening platforms here: simulatedyouth.com/dm
Digital Memories follows Simulated Youth's previous 3-track, 3-language Ghost in the Machine EP. The title track of that release has earned Simulated Youth a bit of notoriety, after having multiple social media accounts restricted due to the lyrical content of the song, which ironically discusses diminishing freedom of speech and overbearing surveillance around the world. New listeners may find Digital Memories more mainstream-friendly, although it still offers the energy and originality of Simulated Youth's previous releases.Simulated Youth is already working on their next release, which will be a dance style remix of their first track called Money in My Tummy, scheduled for July 30 release.
About Simulated YouthSplitting time between Phoenix and Detroit, Simulated Youth creates electronic music with a dark twist. To drive their belligerent yet beautiful sound, listeners will hear some aggressive breaks, ethereal drops, and creative arrangements. Their goal is always to balance the emotion of the track between bright and dark parts, ultimately providing a fun and original sound as listeners dance away. Simulated Youth is also a fan of international collaborations, with tracks featuring vocalists from El Salvador, Belgium, Russia, and the USA. On a personal note, Simulated Youth is passionate about dog welfare around the world and is committed to ending the dog meat trade.
IG/FB/YT: @simulatedyouthWebsite: simulatedyouth.com/
For more information or to arrange an interview, contact:Zach Tanghetti[emailprotected] 702-881-1138
SOURCE Simulated Youth
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9 Movies About Poker That Will Change How You Think of the Game – menshealth.com
Posted: at 2:51 pm
A24/Miramax/STX
Poker: a game, to be sure, but also a metaphor for life, business, and the hustling we all inevitably engage in to get ahead. Also very fun to watch famous actors do on the big screen! Certainly much more fun than watching the World Poker Tour, unless youre a true poker nerd.
The movies have been obsessed with the card game since just about forever. The best of these, showcased in this list, delve into the larger social and psychological implications of those who become deeply involved in the poker worlds tricky web. Plus whats better than watching Matt Damon and Warren Beatty flop-sweat it out over a hustle?
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The Sting (1973)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid director George Roy Hill took the reins of this Best Picture winner (starring Robert Redford and Paul Newman) thats centrally about the art of conning, though poker plays an important role. Its one of the ultimate hustle-as-a-way-of-life allegories. For better or worse, it might also just help you at your next job interview.
Stream It Here
Casino (1995)
One of the many wonderful, dirty things about Martin Scorseses nearly three-hour Las Vegas epic (!) is Sharon Stone as a gambling hustler who marries Robert De Niros casino manager. Poker is one small but critical facet of what happens inside the casino. Another is Joe Pesci. No wonder Scorsese refused to edit this thing down.
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Rounders (1998)
Its hard to say why (the indie film explosion? A renewed fixation with conning?), but the 90s were a golden age for poker movies. And Matt Damon and Edward Norton as friends nervously, sweatily exploring the underworld of high-stakes poker to pay off a debt are never less than riveting. Rounders is one of the true underrated gems of the decade.
Stream It Here
Molly's Game (2017)
Before he directed the Oscar-nominated and then Oscar-snubbed Netflix movie The Trial of the Chicago 7, Aaron Sorkin took the helm of this twisty true story of Molly Bloom, who ran high-stakes poker games attended by the wealthy and famous before facing an FBI investigation and criminal charges. Jessica Chastain as Bloom is in excellent form here.
Stream It Here
Mississipi Grind (2015)
The A24-released Mississippi Grind didnt reach many peoples radars, but it should have. After all, you would think Ryan Reynolds and Ben Mendelsohn as degenerate gamblers on a Southern excursion would have more commercial traction.
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Maverick (1994)
An update of the old TV series, Maverick has Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner as a trio of Old West schemers intent on using poker to improve their station in life. It is funny, weird, and extremely 90s.
Stream It Here
The Grand (2007)
The improv-oriented mockumentary features actual players at a poker tournament at the Golden Nugget in Las Vegas, with Ray Romano, Woody Harrelson, Chris Parnell, Werner Herzog, Jason Alexander, Dennis Farina, David Cross, Gabe Kaplan, Michael Karnow, and Cheryl Hines thrown into the mix. In other words, theres no way not to laugh.
Stream It Here
Kenny Rogers as The Gambler (1980)
The title kind of explains it all, but if youre only familiar with the Kenny Rogers hit The Gambler (and if youre not, please correct that immediately), check out the surprisingly solid TV movie piggybacking off the songs success. The always good-natured Rogers plays a gambler helping out a young poker player. Revolutionary? Certainly not, but a worthy late-night watch.
Stream It Here
McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971)
Okay, so its not really about poker, but Robert Altmans masterpiece kicks off with a poker game launched by Warren Beattys newly arrived hustler: Well, you boys don't know nothin' about me, and I don't know nothin' about you. So whaddya say we make this a nickel game, huh, to start off with. Thats just the beginning of McCabes sordid saga, and Beattys performance is poetic.
Stream It Here
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9 Movies About Poker That Will Change How You Think of the Game - menshealth.com
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Single bee is making an immortal clone army thanks to a genetic fluke – Livescience.com
Posted: at 2:50 pm
When hives of the African lowland honeybee (Apis mellifera scutella) collapse, they do so because of an invisible inner threat: the growing, immortal clone army of a rival bee subspecies.
That army is possible because the female workers of the rival subspecies the South African Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis) can create perfect copies of themselves, with one individual found to have done so millions of times in the past three decades. With this perpetual-cloning ability, the Cape honeybees sneak into the hives of their lowland honeybee rivals and churn out copy after copy (no need for a queen). Even worse, these clones are freeloaders, refusing to do any work.
Now, a new study has revealed the genetic foundations of the strange and formidable adaptation. Unlike most animals, and even their own queen, the female workers do not reshuffle the DNA of the eggs they lay. This enables the workers to consistently recreate a perfect copy of themselves a clone each time they reproduce. According to the researchers, the sidestepping of this DNA-reshuffling process is unlike anything they've ever seen.
Related: Gorgeous images of Australia's 'rainbow' bees will blow your mind
"It's incredible. It's also incredibly dysfunctional," lead author Benjamin Oldroyd, a professor of behavioral genetics at the University of Sydney, told Live Science, referring to the fact that reshuffling is normally required to hold chromosomes together during the egg-making process. "Yet, somehow they've managed to do it [still lay eggs]. It's insane; I've not heard of anything like this before, anywhere."
Honeybee workers and other social insects have the ability to reproduce via a form of asexual reproduction called thelytokous parthenogenesis, in which females produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs. Each time she creates offspring, the single-parent worker bee will replicate the chromosomes she received from her parents (a queen and a male drone) into four. Next, she takes the genetic material from all four chromosomes, reshuffles it and creates four chromosomes with that mixed-up DNA through a process called recombination. This reshuffling guarantees that, even with just one parent, future offspring will be genetically distinct.
However, as only two chromosomes out of the four are picked and no new genetic material is introduced by a sexual partner, this leads to an average loss of one-third of genetic diversity every time the shuffling is performed, or every generation, Oldroyd said. After just a few generations of parthenogenetic reproduction, the accumulated loss of genetic material leads to levels of genetic diversity that are low enough to be lethal.
Most social insects, therefore, rely on a queen that reproduces sexually on their behalf. In return, the genetically diverse workers maintain the health of the colony and protect the brood of their closely related siblings and cousins.
"It's like in a human society, we have this tension between what's good for the individual and what's good for society, and we come up with all of these social norms that allow us to function," Oldroyd said. "In honeybee societies, one of the things that evolved to suppress selfish behavior is [that] the workers generally can't lay eggs."
This is mostly true of the Cape honeybee, which on the whole abides by the usual rules of social insect reproduction, according to Oldroyd. But Cape honeybee workers have a genetic mutation that enables them to lay eggs parthenogenetically with all of the genetic material from the four chromosomes (so they dont throw out any of those chromosomes somehow). With that ability, they can prevent the immediate loss of genetic diversity caused by the reshuffling process. This allows them to clone themselves whenever they like for decades, even if cloning in the much longer term leads to a population that, on the whole, has no genetic diversity.
This cloning superpower places colonies on a much finer balancing point between individualism and sociality. And if they tip over, they may be at risk of extinction, according to the researchers.
To understand how the clones can create millions of copies of themselves and yet remain functional, Oldroyd and his team compared the genomes of Cape honeybee workers with those of their queen and her offspring.
After forcing the Cape queen to reproduce asexually by fitting her with surgical tape that prevented her from mating, the team examined certain DNA sequences of both the Cape queen and the 25 larvae she produced. Then, they did the same for four Cape honeybee workers and their 63 larvae.
The team discovered that the asexually reproduced offspring of the queen had levels of recombination (DNA mixing) 100 times greater than the genetically identical cloned offspring of the workers a finding that suggests the Cape worker bees have evolved a mutation that prevents recombination. Without the risk of a one-third loss of genetic material caused by the asexual reshuffling process, the workers are free to continually create perfect copies of themselves.
The workers ability to clone at will places their colonies in a much more precarious position, especially once the queen leaves or dies and the old social order collapses. Instead of expending energy to get the colony back on its feet, workers will dedicate themselves to selfish schemes such as finding ways to place their clones into positions of power.
"If you take the queen away, for instance, instead of raising a new queen like other bee species might, these bees will just start laying eggs themselves," Oldroyd said. "There are also cells, called queen cells, where the queen lays the eggs containing future queens. It's perfectly possible for a worker to fly in from another colony, or one of the existing workers in that colony to come and replace that queen egg with one of their clone eggs. That way, they can be genetically reincarnated as a queen."
But one lineage of Cape bee workers has taken this socially parasitic behavior even further, to the point where they no longer need a queen, and they solely exist by taking over the hives of the African lowland honeybee. Members belonging to a single branch of rogue clone Cape bee workers sneak into African lowland honeybee hives, which are commonly used for agricultural purposes, and lay as many eggs as they can, which the African lowland bees mistake for their own and rear.
The parasitic clone Cape bee larvae are in on this ruse, even sending signals to their unfortunate hosts to feed them as much as possible. This cuckoo-like behavior allows them to grow their bodies and their ovaries almost to the size of a queen's.
"The Cape bee clones don't do any work inside those hives because they've become reproductive," Oldroyd said. "They just strut around with this attitude like, 'Yeah, you're going to work for me.' It very quickly leads to the collapse of the hive. As individuals, these clones are quite dysfunctional, so you'd expect them to peter out. But they're a lot like the cells in a tumor in this regard it doesn't matter if every clone is healthy, so long as enough of them are around to exploit the host."
The Cape bee workers that take part in this parasitic behavior are the genetically identical descendants of a single worker that lived in 1990, according to Oldroyd. This single lineage of clones is responsible for the collapse of 10% of African lowland honeybee colonies every year.
Now that the researchers have a handle on how the workers can accomplish their bizarre cloning trick, they want to figure out how queens can switch on the gene that enables recombination and how the workers can switch it off. They also want to investigate the African lowland hives parasitized by Cape bee workers, to figure out what triggers the hive collapse.
The researchers published their findings June 9 in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Originally published on Live Science.
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In 1990 a bee learned to clone herself – now her army of millions threaten other species – Sky News
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Over the past three decades, a single individual bee has successfully created millions of clones of herself thanks to hitting a bizarre genetic jackpot.
This growing army of clones poses a serious risk to the hives of the African lowland honey bee, 10% of which are collapsing every year, as the colonies become filled with clones that consume their resources refuse to share in the work.
Scientists have described the bee's mechanism of reproduction as "incredible" and have traced the lineage back to a single worker bee that lived in 1990, according to research published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
It was previously known that the subspecies of Cape honeybee was capable of creating a perfect copy of itself, but this poses serious issues for genetic diversity.
Many forms of social insects are able to reproduce asexually, creating female offspring from unfertilised eggs using two of four chromosomes replicated from their parents.
These chromosomes are reshuffled in the process, meaning that the next generation will be genetically distinct - but there is a limit to how many generations can be reproduced in this way.
Because only two chromosomes are passed on and no new genetic material can be introduced to the next generation, every time a worker bee reproduces in this way the species loses about a third of its genetic material.
This is why most social insects depend on a queen for their reproduction, retaining the genetic diversity of the colony which is constituted of insects that are related.
But a new study has discovered that mutation in Cape honey bee workers is allowing them to pass on all of the genetic information from the four chromosomes from their parents, enabling the subspecies to clone itself for decades - although at the cost of genetic diversity.
Speaking to Live Science, the lead author of the study, Professor Benjamin Oldroyd, described the findings as "incredible" and also "incredibly dysfunctional". "Somehow they've managed to do it. It's insane, I've not heard of anything like this before, anywhere."
It is not clear what the end will be for the clone army, but Professor Oldroyd suggested it is likely to be an evolutionary dead-end, not just because the cloning system suppresses genetic changes but also as the self-interest of the clones might hamper their ability to respond to a catastrophe.
"If you take the queen away, for instance, instead of raising a new queen like other bee species might, these bees will just start laying eggs themselves," Professor Oldroyd told Live Science.
"There are also cells, called queen cells, where the queen lays the eggs containing future queens. It's perfectly possible for a worker to fly in from another colony, or one of the existing workers in that colony to come and replace that queen egg with one of their clone eggs. That way, they can be genetically reincarnated as a queen."
Because the Cape honey bee is reproductive, it does not contribute to any work inside of the hives it infests.
"They just strut around with this attitude like, 'Yeah, you're going to work for me.' It very quickly leads to the collapse of the hive," Professor Oldroyd added.
"As individuals, these clones are quite dysfunctional, so you'd expect them to peter out. But they're a lot like the cells in a tumour in this regard - it doesn't matter if every clone is healthy, so long as enough of them are around to exploit the host."
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A Single Bee Has Created an Immortal Army with Millions of Clones – Futurism
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"It's incredible. It's also incredibly dysfunctional."Perfect Clones
In news thats emerged straight from your nightmares, scientists have discovered a subspecies of bees that can create perfect clones of itself and uses those clones to invade rival bee hives.
Scientists discovered that a female South African Cape honeybee doesnt reshuffle its DNA when it lays an egg, according to Live Science. This allows it to create perfect clones of itself every time it reproduces, rendering it virtually immortal. Scientists even discovered one bee in this subspecies that has produced millions of clones over the past three decades alone.
Researchers studying this unsettling phenomenon published a paper of their findings in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Its incredible. Its also incredibly dysfunctional, said Benjamin Oldroyd, lead author of the study and a professor of behavioral genetics at the University of Sydney, to Live Science.
Oldroyd is right to be surprised. Asexual reproduction isnt unusual when it comes to insects. When it happens though, the parents DNA is typically mixed up during a process called recombination. So even though the offspring has just one parent, their genetic makeup is different.
But thats not the case with the South African Cape honeybee, which seems to just be creating a perfect copy of its DNA every time it reproduces.
The bees actually pose a bit of a problem for its own colony and rival bee hives. Thats because in typical colonies, only the queen is able to reproduce. If the worker bees are able to create offspring, the hives become dysfunctional.
Eventually the workers just sort of hang around laying eggs not doing any work, Oldroyd said to New Scientist. The colony dies, and [the cloning workers] spread to the next colony.
According to Oldroyd, this phenomena kills off roughly 10 percent of South African bee colonies each year and is like a transmissible social cancer.
READ MORE: Single bee is making an immortal clone army thanks to a genetic fluke [Live Science]
More on clones: Chinese Scientists Cloned Gene-Edited Monkeys with Horrifying Results
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Cable, Krakoan Clones And Setting Up An Early Inferno? (Spoilers) – Bleeding Cool News
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A little while ago in the Krakoan X-Men comic book Hellions, when Madelyne Pryor died, we discovered a new policy on the island of Krakoa. As part of the new X-Men status, mutants who die can be resurrected courtesy of Cerebro and The Five. But one of their rules is that they will not resurrect duplicates whether genetic, parallel dimensional versions of time travelling alternates.
Art from Hellions #4.We were first made aware of the policy from Krakoan's Quiet Council, after the death of Madelyne Pryor.
Time for Scott, her ex-husband to give the news her ex-boyfriend, his brother Alex
Got to lobe those Krakoan family trees. It didn't go down well.
In Cable, starring the son of Madelyne Pryor (told you), he has own issues, tracking down Stryfe, the clone of his future self who he killed, who is stealing mutant babies.
Which brought back memories of Inferno, when Madelyne Pryor and mutant babies were used by Mister Sinister, and some senior demons to bring Hell to Manhattan.
All the time that Sinister has been disobeying the No More Clones rule with himself and we know he has other secret cloning-related plans with chimera as well.
And as a result of these rules, neither Madelyne Pryor or her child, the adult Cable, were allowed to be brought back from the dead with the rest, even as Teen Cable tries to make the latter happen.
X-Factor were tasked with establishing Proof of Death before reviving someone, so to avoid having multiple versions of the same person and soul -running around. Though we still reckon that happened with Laura Kinney and Old Woman Wolverine in X-Men. Did Laura Kinnery really die in the Vault? Was the younger version of herself resurrected without her Vault memories and now a member of the new X-Men team, at some point have to face a version of herself that has lasted centuries?
But there still seems to be some wiggle room. In Wolverine #12, The Five resurrect Logan even though he hasn't died. Just a version of him without a soul or a brain. And naturally Gabby, herself a clone of Laura Kinney, has some concerns in New Mutants as well.
With a little more pushback than Havok was able to give.
There's also concerns in Cable regarding Stryfe's plans being similar to those that started Inferno, and Majik checks there too.
While in the most recent New Mutants, we discovered that Gabby had, herself, mysteriously died on the island of Krakoa, at the end of the Hellfire Gala.
With the question as to would she be revived under Krakoan laws against reviving clones? And could the revival of Laura Kinney as Wolverine, when Old Woman Wolverine inevitably turns up, underline the issues here? In today's Cable #12 however, Teen Cable makes the case
finally gets his way. And Old Man Cable is revived.
With a couple of mentions for everyone watching Loki at the moment and wondering about the TVA.
Also The Summers War againsgt Stryfe? And that it all may be heading to an early Inferno. As Stryfe has been doing his own cloning, far away from Krakoa.
We presumed that the new Inferno from Jonathan Hickman and Valerio Schiti would be a very different ebast to the original Inferno, more about Mystique burning down Krakoa. Could there also be a more.. traditional bent to it as well?
CABLE #11MARVEL COMICSMAR210592(W) Gerry Duggan (A/CA) Phil NotoSUMMERS END!Some summers seem like they will never end. And some end too soon.Rated T+In Shops: Jun 30, 2021 SRP: $3.99
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Star Wars: The Bad Batch Reveals the Fate of an Attack of the Clones Character – Den of Geek
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In the episode, The Bad Batch finally solves one of its most intriguing mysteries: the origin of Omega, a young, blond clone who obviously doesnt look like the rest of her people (not to mention that shes a girl, while all of the other clones are male). But her appearance isnt the only special thing about her. We also learn that shes an unmodified clone created from Jango Fetts DNA just like Boba Fett! Even her name ties into Jango Fetts clone son, who was originally designated the code name Alpha before the bounty hunter named him. Yes, Omega is sort of Boba Fetts sisterfrom a certain point of view.
Its Tech who reveals the truth to his companions after studying Omegas DNA more closely: I further analyzed Omegas genetic profile and discovered she has pure, first-generation DNA, he says in the episode. All clones were created from a host named Jango Fett. While our genetic structure was modified for growth and acceleration and obedience, Omega is a pure genetic replication.
Therefore, since the Kaminoans have lost track of Boba in the years since the Clone Wars started, Omega is the only remaining source of Jangos original DNA, the key to creating more Gen 1 clones and restoring the Clone Army to its glory days.
Earlier episodes allude to the fact that so many generations of clones have been created from Fetts DNA at this point that the original genetic strain has been stretched too thin, resulting in mutations in the line as opposed to 1:1 copies of the Gen 1 clones. The rogue-ish Bad Batch, for example, are the result of these mutations.
Recovering Omegas DNA would allow the Kaminoans to restore its line of Jango Fett clones to their purest form, which Lama Su believes will put his cloning facility back in the Empires good graces. He hires bounty hunter Cad Bane to recover the asset and bring her back to Kamino so that he can extract a sample of her DNA and terminate her.
But not all Kaminoans agree that this is the right course of action. Chief medical scientist Nala Se, one of the key engineers of the clone army, has hatched her own plan to save Omega, whom she feels protective of despite her beliefs in The Clone Wars that clones are disposable. It seems that Nala Se has had a change of heart.
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Star Wars: The Bad Batch Reveals the Fate of an Attack of the Clones Character - Den of Geek
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