Monthly Archives: January 2021

(Subscribe to our Today's Cache newsletter for a quick snapshot of top 5 tech stories. Click here to subscribe for free.)

Crunch numbers fast and at scale has been at the centre of computing technology. In the past few decades, a new type of computing has garnered significant interest. Quantum computers have been in development since the 1980s. They use properties of quantum physics to solve complex problems that cant be solved by classical computers.

Companies like IBM and Google have been continuously building and refining their quantum hardware. Simultaneously, several researchers have also been exploring new areas where quantum computers can deliver exponential change.

In the context of advances in quantum technologies, The Hindu caught with IBM Researchs Director Gargi Dasgupta.

Dasgupta noted that quantum computers complement traditional computing machines, and said the notion that quantum computers will take over classical computers is not true.

Quantum computers are not supreme against classical computers because of a laboratory experiment designed to essentially [and almost certainly exclusively] implement one very specific quantum sampling procedure with no practical applications, Dasgupta said.

Also Read: Keeping secrets in a quantum world and going beyond

For quantum computers to be widely used, and more importantly, have a positive impact, it is imperative to build programmable quantum computing systems that can implement a wide range of algorithms and programmes.

Having practical applications will alone help researchers use both quantum and classical systems in concert for discovery in science and to create commercial value in business.

To maximise the potential of quantum computers, the industry must solve challenges from the cryogenics, production and effects materials at very low temperatures. This is one of the reasons why IBM built its super-fridge to house Condor, Dasgupta explained.

Quantum processors require special conditions to operate, and they must be kept at near-absolute zero, like IBMs quantum chips are kept at 15mK. The deep complexity and the need for specialised cryogenics is why at least IBMs quantum computers are accessible via the cloud, and will be for the foreseeable future, Dasgupta, who is also IBMs CTO for South Asia region, noted.

Quantum computing in India

Dasgupta said that interest in quantum computing has spiked in India as IBM saw an many exceptional participants from the country at its global and virtual events. The list included academicians and professors, who all displayed great interest in quantum computing.

In a blog published last year, IBM researchers noted that India gave quantum technology 80 billion rupees as part of its National Mission on Quantum technologies and Applications. They believe its a great time to be doing quantum physics since the government and people are serious as well as excited about it.

Also Read: IBM plans to build a 1121 qubit system. What does this technology mean?

Quantum computing is expanding to multiple industries such as banking, capital markets, insurance, automotive, aerospace, and energy.

In years to come, the breadth and depth of the industries leveraging quantum will continue to grow, Dasgupta noted.

Industries that depend on advances in materials science will start to investigate quantum computing. For instance, Mitsubishi and ExxonMobil are using quantum technology to develop more accurate chemistry simulation techniques in energy technologies.

Additionally, Dasgupta said carmaker Daimler is working with IBM scientists to explore how quantum computing can be used to advance the next generation of EV batteries.

Exponential problems, like those found in molecular simulation in chemistry, and optimisation in finance, as well as machine learning continue to remain intractable for classical computers.

Quantum-safe cryptography

As researchers make advancement into quantum computers, some cryptocurrency enthusiasts fear that quantum computers can break security encryption. To mitigate risks associated with cryptography services, Quantum-safe cryptography was introduced.

For instance, IBM offers Quantum Risk Assessment, which it claims as the worlds first quantum computing safe enterprise class tape. It also uses Lattice-based cryptography to hide data inside complex algebraic structures called lattices. Difficult math problems are useful for cryptographers as they can use the intractability to protect information, surpassing quantum computers cracking techniques.

According to Dasgupta, even the National Institute of Standards and Technologys (NIST) latest list for quantum-safe cryptography standards include several candidates based on lattice cryptography.

Also Read: Google to use quantum computing to develop new medicines

Besides, Lattice-based cryptography is the core for another encryption technology called Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE). This could make it possible to perform calculations on data without ever seeing sensitive data or exposing it to hackers.

Enterprises from banks to insurers can safely outsource the task of running predictions to an untrusted environment without the risk of leaking sensitive data, Dasgupta said.

Last year, IBM said it will unveil 1121-qubit quantum computer by 2023. Qubit is the basic unit of a quantum computer. Prior to the launch, IBM will release the 433-qubit Osprey processor. It will also debut 121-qubit Eagle chip to reduce qubits errors and scale the number of qubits needed to reach Quantum Advantage.

The 1,121-qubit Condor chip, is the inflection point for lower-noise qubits. By 2023, its physically smaller qubits, with on-chip isolators and signal amplifiers and multiple nodes, will have scaled to deliver the capability of Quantum Advantage, Dasgupta said.

The rest is here:

IBMs top executive says, quantum computers will never reign supreme over classical ones - The Hindu

A team of physicists have developed a way to mathematically describe the quantumness of different objects or systems that is, the degree to which they behave in a quantum manner.

The research is laid out in a newpaper that wasrecentlypublished in the journal AVS Quantum Science.

Previously, researchers had measured quantumness in systems that involved light, says lead authorAaron Goldberg,a PhD candidate in the University of Torontos department of physics in the Faculty of Arts & Science.

But we can apply our generalized approach to any quantum system systems involving light, atoms, molecules or even combinations of those things.

So what, exactly, are researchers measuring?

The subatomic world described by quantum physics is very different from the world described by Newtons classical laws of physics. In the familiar world of classical physics, we know the position and momentum of objects with enough precision to, for example, make a difficult shot in a game of billiards. We also know the ball wont magically transform into something other than a ball. It wont inexplicably pass through the side of the table. And we know when we strike a ball on our table, it wont affect a ball on another table on the other side of the planet.

But in the quantum world, a subatomic particle unlike a billiard ball on a pool table has only a probable position and speed. Light acts sometimes like particles and sometimes like waves. Subatomic particles can quantum tunnel through seemingly impenetrable barriers. And particles can mirror each other over vast distances a phenomenon known as quantum entanglement.

Such characteristics define an objects quantumness.

Goldberg says thatmany initially believed there was a clear distinction between the classical and quantum that objects were one or the other. But as our understanding of the quantum realm grew, he saysthat idea changed.

Over the years, scientists conducted more and more sophisticated experiments but failed to see a distinct boundary between the two, says Goldberg. And now, the prevailing theory is that quantum mechanics describes everything from photons to billiard balls to planets.

In fact, there are probably an infinite number of degrees of quantumness.

For example, a billiard ball is in fact a quantum object that could tunnel through the side of the table. But that would only happen if the quantum state of the atoms and molecules in the ball aligned and the chances of that are as small as the number of atoms and molecules in the ball is large.

Goldberg and his collaborators looked at the quantum end of the classical-to-quantum spectrum and identified the two highest degrees of quantumness, which they labeled as King and Queen.

And there are definitely more than just Kings and Queens, says Goldberg.

While the research seems esoteric, there are important applications in our increasingly quantum world.

Knowledge about the degree of quantumness of a system may help in the development of quantum computers, sensing technologies and in the technologies used to measure physical constants and other properties with extreme precision. For example, the research could potentially help in detecting gravitational waves because the observations involve measurements that must be accurate to 1/10,000th the diameter of a proton.

Goldberg and his colleagues are continuing to explore extreme quantum states with the help of teams in labs around the world,including the lab ofAephraim Steinberg in thedepartment of physics.

This result feels like a single step down a long road, Goldberg says.

I think research into extreme quantum states has just begun. I expect Ill be revisiting this quest for a good while.

The research received support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, among others.

See the original post:

How quantum is it? U of T physicist Aaron Goldberg may have the answer - News@UofT

Albert Einsteins theory of general relativity profoundly changed our thinking about fundamental concepts in physics, such as space and time. But it also left us with some deep mysteries. One was black holes, which were only unequivocally detected over the past few years. Another was wormholes bridges connecting different points in spacetime, in theory providing shortcuts for space travellers.

Wormholes are still in the realm of the imagination. But some scientists think we will soon be able to find them, too. Over the past few months, several new studies have suggested intriguing ways forward.

Black holes and wormholes are special types of solutions to Einsteins equations, arising when the structure of spacetime is strongly bent by gravity. For example, when matter is extremely dense, the fabric of spacetime can become so curved that not even light can escape. This is a black hole.

As the theory allows the fabric of spacetime to be stretched and bent, one can imagine all sorts of possible configurations. In 1935, Einstein and physicist Nathan Rosen described how two sheets of spacetime can be joined together, creating a bridge between two universes. This is one kind of wormhole and since then many others have been imagined.

Some wormholes may be traversable, meaning humans may be able to travel through them. For that though, they would need to be sufficiently large and kept open against the force of gravity, which tries to close them. To push spacetime outward in this way would require huge amounts of negative energy.

Sounds like sci-fi? We know that negative energy exists, small amounts have already been produced in the lab. We also know that negative energy is behind the universes accelerated expansion. So nature may have found a way to make wormholes.

How can we ever prove that wormholes exist? In a new paper, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Society, Russian astronomers suggest they may exist at the centre of some very bright galaxies, and propose some observations to find them. This is based on what would happen if matter coming out of one side of the wormhole collided with matter that was falling in. The calculations show that the crash would result in a spectacular display of gamma rays that we could try to observe with telescopes.

Could we travel to other universes using wormholes?

This radiation could be the key to differentiating between a wormhole and a black hole, previously assumed to be indistinguishable from the outside. But black holes should produce fewer gamma rays and eject them in a jet, while radiation produced via a wormhole would be confined to a giant sphere. Although the kind of wormhole considered in this study is traversable, it would not make for a pleasant trip. Because it would be so close to the centre of an active galaxy, the high temperatures would burn everything to a crisp. But this wouldnt be the case for all wormholes, such as those further from the galactic centre.

The idea that galaxies can harbor wormholes at their centers is not new. Take the case of the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way. This was discovered by painstakingly tracking of the orbits of the stars near the black hole, a major achievement that was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2020. But one recent paper has suggested this gravitational pull may instead be caused by a wormhole.

Unlike a black hole, a wormhole may leak some gravity from the objects located on the other side. This spooky gravitational action would add a tiny kick to the motions of stars near the galactic centre. According to this study, the specific effect should be measurable in observations in the near future, once the sensitivity of our instruments gets a little bit more advanced.

Weve only just seen a black hole. Credit: Event Horizon Telescope

Coincidentally, yet another recent study has reported the discovery of some odd radio circles in the sky. These circles are strange because they are enormous and yet not associated with any visible object. For now, they defy any conventional explanation, so wormholes have been advanced as a possible cause.

Wormholes hold a strong grip on our collective imagination. In a way, they are a delightful form of escapism. Unlike black holes which are a bit frightening as they trap everything that ventures in, wormholes may allow us to travel to faraway places faster than the speed of light. They may in fact even be time machines, providing a way to travel backwards as suggested by the late Stephen Hawking in his final book.

Wormholes also crop up in quantum physics, which rules the world of atoms and particles. According to quantum mechanics, particles can pop out of empty space, only to disappear a moment later. This has been seen in countless experiments. And if particles can be created, why not wormholes? Physicists believe wormholes may have formed in the early universe from a foam of quantum particles popping in and out of existence. Some of these primordial wormholes may still be around today.

Wormholes may have arisen in the early universe.

Recent experiments on quantum teleportation a disembodied transfer of quantum information from one location to another have turned out to work in an eerily similar way to two black holes connected through a wormhole. These experiments appear to solve the quantum information paradox, which suggests physical information could permanently disappear in a black hole. But they also reveal a deep connection between the notoriously incompatible theories of quantum physics and gravity with wormholes being relevant to both which may be instrumental in the construction of a theory of everything.

The fact that wormholes play a role in these fascinating developments is unlikely to go unnoticed. We may not have seen them, but they could certainly be out there. They may even help us understand some of the deepest cosmic mysteries, such as whether our universe is the only one.

Written by Andreea Font, Senior Lecturer of Astrophysics at Liverpool John Moores University.

Originally published on The Conversation.

The rest is here:

Wormholes May Be Lurking in the Universe Here Are Proposed Ways of Finding Them - SciTechDaily

The Internet of Things (IoT) is actively shaping both the industrial and consumer worlds, and by 2023, consumers, companies, and governments will install 40 billion IoT devices globally.

Smart tech finds its way to every business and consumer domain there isfrom retail to healthcare, from finances to logisticsand a missed opportunity strategically employed by a competitor can easily qualify as a long-term failure for companies who dont innovate.

Moreover, the 2020s challenges just confirmed the need to secure all four components of the IoT Model: Sensors, Networks (Communications), Analytics (Cloud), and Applications.

One of the top candidates to help in securing IoT is Quantum Computing, while the idea of convergence of IoT and Quantum Computing is not a new topic, it was discussed in many works of literature and covered by various researchers, but nothing is close to practical applications so far. Quantum Computing is not ready yet, it is years away from deployment on a commercial scale.

To understand the complexity of this kind of convergence, first, you need to recognize the security issues of IoT, second, comprehend the complicated nature of Quantum Computing.

IoT systems diverse security issues include:

Classical computing relies, at its ultimate level, on principles expressed by a branch of math called Boolean algebra. Data must be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time or bits. While the time that each transistor or capacitor need be either in 0 or 1 before switching states is now measurable in billionths of a second, there is still a limit as to how quickly these devices can be made to switch state. As we progress to smaller and faster circuits, we begin to reach the physical limits of materials and the threshold for classical laws of physics to apply. Beyond this, the quantum world takes over.

In a quantum computer, several elemental particles such as electrons or photons can be used with either their charge or polarization acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1. Each of these particles is known as a quantum bit, or qubit, the nature and behavior of these particles form the basis of quantum computing.

The two most relevant aspects of quantum physics are the principles of superposition and entanglement.

Taken together, quantum superposition and entanglement create an enormously enhanced computing power. Where a 2-bit register in an ordinary computer can store only one of four binary configurations (00, 01, 10, or 11) at any given time, a 2-qubit register in a quantum computer can store all four numbers simultaneously, because each qubit represents two values. If more qubits are added, the increased capacity is expanded exponentially.

One of the most exciting avenues that researchers, armed with qubits, are exploring, is communications security.

Quantum security leads us to the concept ofquantum cryptographywhich uses physics to develop a cryptosystem completely secure against being compromised without the knowledge of the sender or the receiver of the messages.

Essentially, quantum cryptography is based on the usage of individual particles/waves of light (photon) and their intrinsic quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptosystem (because it is impossible to measure the quantum state of any system without disturbing that system).

Quantum cryptography uses photons to transmit a key. Once the key is transmitted, coding, and encoding using the normal secret-key method can take place. But how does a photon become a key? How do you attach information to a photon's spin?

This is where binary code comes into play. Each type of a photon's spin represents one piece of information -- usually a 1 or a 0, for binary code. This code uses strings of 1s and 0s to create a coherent message. For example, 11100100110 could correspond with h-e-l-l-o. So a binary code can be assigned to each photon -- for example, a photon that has a vertical spin ( | ) can be assigned a 1.

Regular, non-quantum encryption can work in a variety of ways but, generally, a message is scrambled and can only be unscrambled using a secret key. The trick is to make sure that whomever youre trying to hide your communication from doesnt get their hands on your secret key. But such encryption techniques have their vulnerabilities. Certain products called weak keys happen to be easier to factor than others. Also, Moores Law continually ups the processing power of our computers. Even more importantly, mathematicians are constantly developing new algorithms that allow for easier factorization of the secret key.

Quantum cryptography avoids all these issues. Here, the key is encrypted into a series of photons that get passed between two parties trying to share secret information. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle dictates that an adversary cant look at these photons without changing or destroying them.

With its capabilities, quantum computing can help address the challenges and issues that hamper the growth of IoT. Some of these capabilities are:

Quantum computing is still in its development stage with tech giants such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft putting in resources to build powerful quantum computers. While they were able to build machines containing more and more qubits, for example, Google announced in 2019 they achieved Quantum Supremacy, the challenge is to get these qubits to operate smoothly and with less error. But with the technology being very promising, continuous research and development are expected until such time that it reaches widespread practical applications for both consumers and businesses.

IoT is expanding as we depend on our digital devices more every day. Furthermore, WFH (Work From Home) concept resulted from COVID-19 lockdowns accelerated the deployment of many IoT devices and shorten the learning curves of using such devices. When IoT converges with Quantum Computing under Quantum IoT or QIoT, that will push other technologies to use Quantum Computing and add Quantum or Q to their products and services labels, we will see more adoption of Quantum hardware and software applications in addition to Quantum services like QSaaS, QIaaS, and QPaaS as parts of Quantum Cloud and QAI (Quantum Artificial Intelligence) to mention few examples.

A version of this article first appeared onIEEE-IoT.

The rest is here:

The Convergence of Internet of Things and Quantum Computing - BBN Times

By Charles Foster

[This is a review of The Flip: Who you really are, and why it matters, by Jeffrey J. Kripal. Penguin, 2020]

A few years ago I dislocated my shoulder. I went off to hospital, and breathed nitrous oxide while they tried to put it back. Something very strange yet very common happened. I rose out of my body, and looked down at it. I could see the nurses centre parting and the top of my own bald head. I was aware of the pain in the shoulder, and regretted it, but it wasnt really my business.

My mind was hovering over the skull that encased my brain, and so it seemed ludicrous to say that mind and brain were identical. The experience ousted my residual materialism. Out went Aristotle: in came Plato. This change was a flip, as Kripal describes such events in this exhilarating, bold, timely, and profoundly important book.

Personal experience of this kind often produces tectonic philosophical conversions in professional philosophers and scientists. Mere reflection rarely does. This observation itself is likely to elicit howls of derision from the materialists. For them, to intrude oneself into an inquiry is necessarily to invalidate it. And of course the humanities are supremely to be mocked, for they are all to do with subjectivity.

This derision has a dated, desperate feel about it. Its the last gasp of a fundamentalism thats on the way out. In assessing the results of scientific experimentation one simply cant ignore the consciousness of the observer. The idea that one can goes back to Descartes, who split reality into two realms the mental and the material. Eighteenth century science, without any evidence whatever for the split, and ignoring an immense amount of evidence for its absence, then ignored the mental domain, and proceeded on the assumption that all that there was (or all that mattered) was a mechanical reality, unaffected by observation, and devoid of consciousness. The rules governing the operation of the machine were clear. Newton and others had defined them.

Thats where most scientists stand today at least in public, and if they want to get and keep tenure, and be published in the good journals. Newton has been joined on the pedestal by Darwin. Together they are omniscient.

There are some impressive things on the cv of post-eighteenth century science. It has made many cool gadgets, and some vindicated predictions. But its reputation depends on looking only at its successes, and ignoring the failures. Its easy to draw a neat straight line on a graph if you delete all the outliers.

Everyone knows that quantum mechanics and relativity are discordant with classical mechanics, but the significance of the discordance is not widely appreciated. Newton, after all, continues to calculate fairly accurately the momentum of car crashes and the orbits of planets.

The real significance of the difference lies in the role that each accords to the effect of the observer, and accordingly in the degree of certainty with which each says assertions about the natural world can be made. These issues were the subject of a famous debate between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. Einstein (despite his authorship of relativity) advocated the traditional view, inherited from Newtonian mechanics and embodied in the swaggering self-confidence of nineteenth-century science, that physics would eventually describe perfectly the weave of the world. This is the (essentially religious) belief thats voiced whenever one of sciences shortcomings is mentioned. Take consciousness, for instance. There has been no progress whatever in saying what it is, or in suggesting how it might be an emergent property of matter. Just give us time, comes the response. Our existing principles will do the job.

Youve misunderstood physics, Bohr told Einstein. Uncertainty doesnt denote an incomplete theory: it is part of the very structure of reality. Heisenberg had noted that there was no such thing as an objective real world whose smallest parts exist objectively in the same sense as stones or trees exist independently of whether we observe them

We now know that Bohr and Heisenberg were right, and Einstein was wrong at least in relation to fundamental particles. Relationship, and consequential indeterminacy, are basic constituents of the universe. Once particles have interrelated, their internal states correlate with one another, however widely separated in time or space the particles may be. Since all particles began life at or near the same place, at or near the same time, perhaps we can talk sensibly about the universe as one organism, each cell affecting the other. Many mystics many quantum physicists amongst them have spoken of the interconnection of things in terms of Mind.

There is obviously a relationship between brain and mind: between matter and consciousness. If a lorry rolls over my head it will affect my consciousness in some way. Mind, as Kripal puts it, is mattered. But this does not begin to exclude the possibility that matter is minded. William James put it beautifully: Human consciousness is a function of the brain, but function is not the same thing as production. Function can also denote transmission. A prism reflects light, but the light is not produced by the prism itself. Perhaps brains are like transmitters or receivers of mind. Perhaps they act like valves or filters, restricting the flow into us of data from an extravagantly minded world. It would make sense of much human experience not least the dramatic new perspectives (out of body experiences and near death experiences among them) that we get when the valve is compromised. Subjects who have had out of body experiences often report that they have had a 360 degree view of their own body. It sounds suspiciously as if theyve added another dimension to their perception; as if the brains usual and convenient (but mathematically nave) insistence on three spatial dimensions has been temporarily trumped.

The general materialistic framework of the sciences at the moment is not wrong, writes Kripal. It is simply half right. His book is a brilliantly successful attempt to demonstrate what might be added to our understanding of the universe and ourselves if we took seriously the insights of ordinary and extraordinary human experience. Those insights chime perfectly with Bohr and Heisenberg, and they suggest strongly that mindedness is fundamental to the cosmos, not some tangential, accidental, or recent emergent property of matter. They may indeed go further than that, and entail the conclusion that matter is an expression of some kind of cosmic Mind.

The equations of quantum physics are, for Kripal, a thrilling new genre of mystical literature. In the quantum world, matter is congealed energy, the division between space and time is illusory, and dark energy constitutes most of the universe. You can go seamlessly from those observations to the Tibetan Book of the Dead or the accounts of the post-resurrection appearances of Jesus.

Where does all this leave the humanities? If the best books on consciousness are written by physicists, does anyone who doesnt understand partial differential equations have anything to offer? Yes, says Kripal and this may be the main legacy of The Flip. The best defence advocates are those who acknowledge their clients shortcomings, and Kripal is merciless. Why, he asks, should anyone listen respectfully to a discipline whose central arguments often boil down to the claim that the only truth to have is that there is no truth? Quite right. But there is hope for non-scientific writers. The humanities, after all, have had consciousness as the, or a, central concern for thousands of years. And now their special subject is the main focus of research in the worlds best funded laboratories. Kripal proposes that we reimagine the humanities as the study of consciousness coded in culture. (Original emphasis). Thats a high calling.

An era can be considered over when its basic illusions have been exhausted, wrote Arthur Miller. The illusion of the adequacy of materialism as an explanation for the nature of the world is exhausted, and a new era of real science is surely about to begin an era in which all the available evidence is taken into account, and accordingly one that recognises that (in Kripals words) mind is an irreducible dimension or substrate of the natural world, indeed of the whole cosmos, and in which science and the humanities play a synergistic role in expounding the nature of that substrate. Kripals book will be seen as one of the foundational texts of that new synergy.

See the article here:

Who You Really Are And Why It Matters | Practical Ethics - Practical Ethics

Article Views : 0

By MICHAEL JOHN UGLO

In the infinite past, today and in the future of time infinity, one thing for certain is that everything relates to everything else. This was the affirmation made in the scholarly world of science and the top discovery and establishment which gains insights from all angles, corners and manners of scientific and mathematical critiques.The one principle gaining utmost insight in the history of science is the Principle of Relativity. Everything relates to everything else as a colloquial discourse to lead our discussion and inquiry and discovery in this lecture. Wow, how that was a remark as it seems cool enough isnt it.There are two principle with a ten-year lag of discovery by the famous brilliant scientist who once lived on the planet by the name of Albert Einstein a Jewish German naturalized citizen of United States of America. The first principle formulated was the Principle of Special Relativity in 1905 and the General Principle of Relativity in 1915.Spacetime and energy mass gravitation curvature.

The Principle of Relativity as conveniently referred on the scene of the field of physics revolutionised this area of study. It gives rigour and tenacity to make physics an acclaimed field in an erudite discipline and its application is so vast in technology in human history. It hence accomplished a menacing four dimensions in three tensors (3-D) and the time as an integral component as being the fourth dimension (4-D) all in space and time.Tensors are vectors that emanate from just one vector with size (magnitude) and direction which gives the tree dimensions (3-D) and if you add time it gives the fourth dimension. Vectors are simply quantities with a magnitude (size) and direction. Thus, for any event that happens in space, the application of relativity comes into mind for an automatic computation. This has a relevance in computer software applications in relation to the relativity principle in physics to do with the use of resources of time and space in computer engineering.

Relativity Science, Gravity and TechnologyThe Special Relativity Principle simply states that any object will be moving at a constant speed when not subjected to any force from outside or external force.That is given substance with the use of the terms inertial frame of reference. That means one can apply the nature of the mass and speed of the object using Isaac Newtons laws of motion as wellas the principles of the Special relativity. In generality, it can be asserted that in Special Relativity Principle, the principle works in the absence of gravity. That is, gravity is not considered in calculating the magnitude of any travelling object in a state of constant motion. This principle is proven with the fact that light or the visible light is not affected by any inherent nor neither external force at all. Hence, all objects are travelling to reach the ultimatum of the speed of light, which is approximately 300,000 km per second.When we look at the other record setting principle of relativity, it is the General Principle of Relativity. This principle was formulated subsequent to the Special Relativity Principle after a ten-year period owing to careful thought and study by the genus himself Albert Einstein. This time, this principle includes gravity at its epicentre. It gives the stature to gravitation as we now know and apply. The principle crafts the field and presence of gravity in the universe as we refer to the vastness of space of galaxies and black bodies with their interactions. It gives grounding to the movement of the astronomical and celestial bodies and formations such as gamma streams and formations with emissions of cosmic radiations and those predictions are made with very high accuracy in reference with gravitation.The one idea is the space and time in the realm of space. Gravity comes about as a result of mass and energy creating an impact of a warping on a surface of space and measured in space as a curvature with a an eigen grid. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be derived from there as in tensor and vector calculations for three dimensions (3D) and four dimensions (4D) calculations when factoring in time. Further mathematics in spacetime calculations can be with exponential functions with trigonometric functions for circular both in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions of sine and cosine values. This can include Euler functions as a requirement to derive complex numbers that can bring to completion calculations in space for meteoric and celestial calculations to determine precision of galactic events.

The General relativity also explains the bending of light in spacetime due to gravity. That is a combination of mass and energy exerting a force effecting as a curvature created in space and time. This is known as the spacetime curvature which equals to the gravity of that substance of mass and energy. This we generally term gravity in a non-scientific manner as an invisible force is staying in the middle of the earth and pulling everything downward all the time.

Application of Special Relativity and Spacetime Curvature of Energy and MatterAll activities taking place in the cosmological and astrophysical realm in the universe are all predicted with very high accuracy as explained by the General Relativity Principle.For instance, satellites transmissions as a relay from activities on the planet earth to a receiver Global Positioning System (GPS) station on earth involve the relativistic principle in accommodating the spacetime delay in transmissions. From the different satellite transmissions, each spacetime parameters of curvature are calculated correct to a billionth of a second for exact identification of locations. If the relativistic effects are not taken on board, then the GPS will not be very reliable as it is today. For instance, if the tracking device tells you that you are 0.9km away from the target, then after a day you will be 10km away from that destination. That is the information you are getting from a satellite that travels 10km per hour noting its speed not as fast as the speed of light. You can see the stretch and curvature effect of space and time in the GPS application and or the grid point reconnaissance.Albert Einstein also gave the formula for the General relativity that explains the nature of gravitation and light as the independent wave particle as photon into the future of the blackholes and blackbodies and also from black holes and blackbodies back into the present and into the past. This is a milestone achievement form him (Albert Einstein). This formula can be used to determine any astrophysical event like the big bang theory that brought all of the universe into existence.

Encyclopedia Britannica 2012 quoted as saying that In Einsteins theory, space-time geodesics define the deflection of light and the orbits of planets. As the American theoretical physicistJohn Wheelerput it, matter tells space-time how to curve, and space-time tells matter how to move. The difference seen here is a difference in thoughts that Isaac Newton regarded gravity as a force while the special relativity has it that it is a space and time curvature called spacetime on matter and energy in space that impacts the warping on the geometry of the grid of time and space that generates the gravity. This can be articulated for elaboration with normal calculations in geodesics.The application of relativistic effects can be seen in the working of the power generators. Magnets exert a force over a coil of wire can cause electrons to move or moving coil of wire over magnets can cause electrons to move. The frame of reference as in the special relativity is not a matter of regard. As seen here is that you can either move a coil of over a magnetic field or you can either move a magnetic field over a coil of wire to produce electric current in power generators.Another application is in the electromagnets. When a direct current flows it seems like the wire is neutral with all positive and negative charges balanced. However, it you put a second wire close to it then it shows a relativistic effect particularly when the flow of the current or electrons are in opposite directions because of the spacetime and closely spaced warping will seem for the electrons to be overcrowded and get attracted to the more positively charged wire creating the electromagnetic field.The next area of relativistic application is in the golden colour of gold. Gold is a very heavy metal and its electrons are densely packed with vey high momentum of electrons. It is all the same with its outer electrons and so it absorbs all shorter wave and bigger energy sized waves in the spectral colours of blue and violet and only longer waves like yellow, red or orange spectral colours are emitted because they have a long wave length. This is due to the relativistic effect of time and space with bending of the light rays throughout the curvature.Further still, another heavy metal is the mercury. It is a liquid metal because its bonds are weak. The relativistic effect of the spacetime and momentum of mass and energy of this huge atomic mass accumulates enough energy through the space and time stretch and warping that causes the bonds to melt at low temperature and appear as a liquid.Another application is seen in the electron pixel formation of images from the back of an old TV screen. When a magnet monitors the speed of the electron to travel approximately at 30% the speed of light to create the florescence for picture formations on the TV screen.

Future Relativity trends in TechnologyIt is a real matter of the subject of the 21st century physics and beyond. The macroscopic study of cosmology and the heavens in relation to the space and time concept with gravitation. On a microscopic level the previous prestigious finding about quantum physics and mechanics holds to do with the Hilbert spaces with relativity in time and space and the Plancks equation and constant which gives the resting magnitude of a mass of an electron which stands at 0.1094 x 19-34. This is an area for huge research that physicists need to establish for a unity and grounding relativism that unites classical physics with quantum mechanics and the Principle of relativity.My prayer for PNG is to come to be with God without Fear, Shame and Guilt (FSG). Know that FSG holds us away from God. A quote from 24th January, 2021 sermon by Fr. John Glynn from Sunday service at Sacred Heart Parish, NCD, PNG.

Next week: The photoelectric effect in technology

Here is the original post:

The relativity principle of physics in technology - The National