Monthly Archives: November 2020

Spent Rockets Are Dangerous Space Trash, but They Could Be the Future of Living and Working in Orbit – Mother Jones

Posted: November 29, 2020 at 6:38 am

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This piece was originally published in Wired and appears here as part of our Climate Desk Partnership.

In early October, a dead Soviet satellite and the abandoned upper stage of a Chinese rocketnarrowly avoided a collision in low Earth orbit. If the objects had crashed, the impact would have blown them to bits and created thousands of new pieces of dangerous space debris. Only a few days prior, the European Space Agency had published itsannual space environment report, which highlighted abandoned rocket bodies as one of the biggest threats to spacecraft. The best way to mitigate this risk is for launch providers to deorbit their rockets after theyve delivered their payload. But if you ask Jeffrey Manber, thats a waste of a perfectly good giant metal tube.

Manber is the CEO of Nanoracks, a space logistics companybest known for hosting private payloads on the International Space Station, and for the past few years he has been working on a plan to turn the upper stages of spent rockets into miniature space stations. Its not a new idea, but Manber feels its time has come. NASA has looked at the idea of refurbishing fuel tanks several times, he says. But it was always abandoned, usually because the technology wasnt there. All of NASAs previous plans depended on astronauts doing a lot of the manufacturing and assembly work, which made the projects expensive, slow, and hazardous. Manbers vision is to create an extraterrestrial chop shop where astronauts are replaced by autonomous robots that cut, bend, and weld the bodies of spent rockets until theyre fit to be used as laboratories, fuel depots, or warehouses.

The Nanoracks program, known asOutpost, will modify rockets after theyre done with their mission to give them a second life. The first Outposts will be uncrewed stations made from the upper stages of new rockets, but Manber says its possible that future stations could host people or be built from rocket stages already in orbit. In the beginning, Nanoracks wont use the interior of the rocket and will mount experiment payloads, power supply modules, and small propulsion units to the outside of the fuselage. Once company engineers have that figured out, they can focus on developing the inside of the rocket as a pressurized laboratory.

Rockets headed to orbit are launched with at least two stages, each equipped with its own propellant tanks and engine. The large first stage boosts the rocket to the edge of space before decoupling and falling back to Earthor, in SpaceXs case,landing on autonomous drone shipsin the ocean. The smaller second stage brings the payload up to orbital speed before releasing it. At that point, the upper stage typically has just enough fuel left to fire its engine so that it plummets back to Earth. If the upper stage doesnt do a deorbit burn, it will keep circling the planet as an uncontrolled satellite.

The Nanoracks team is targeting these upper stages for development because they already have many of the qualities that are needed for a space station. A rockets fuel tanks are designed to hold pressure, and theyre made out of incredibly durable material to withstand the rigors of launch. Theyre also roomy. The upper stage of SpaceXs Falcon 9 is 12 feet in diameter and around 30 feet tall, which is enough space to make a New York apartment dweller jealous.

But these tanks need a little sprucing up before they can host experiments or astronauts. The first step is to vent any remaining fuel to prevent an explosion. Then, the robots take over. These automatons will attach necessary components like solar panels, surface-mounted connectors, or small propulsion units. Nate Bishop, the Outpost project manager at Nanoracks, says the company will do several small in-space demos before attempting to convert a full upper stage into a functioning space station. Right now, were not really modifying anything, says Bishop. Were focused on showing we can control the upper stage with attachments. But in the future, just imagine a bunch of little robots going up and down the stage to add more connectors and stuff like that.

Theres just one problemno one has ever demonstrated the core metalworking and fabrication techniques needed to convert a space station in orbit before. Next May, Nanoracks will change that during its first Outpost demonstration mission. The company has developed a small chamber that will be deployed with several other payloads as part of a SpaceX ride-share mission. Inside the chamber, a small robotic arm tipped with a rapidly spinning drill bit will cut three small pieces of metal made from the same materials used in rocket fuel tanks. If the experiment goes well, the tool should be able to make a precise cut without generating any debris. It will be the first time that metal was ever cut in the vacuum of space.

The fundamental challenge of converting rockets in orbit is understanding how materials react to the space environment. For example, the temperature of a material can differ by hundreds of degrees if one side is facing the sun and the other side is facing away. Without going to space to try it, it can be difficult to predict how that material will react to standard manufacturing techniques like cutting or welding. Other techniques, like making thin film materials for solar panels, require an ultra-pure environment to prevent imperfections. Although space is a vacuum, it still contains a substantial amount of dust and radiation that could interfere with conventional manufacturing processes exported from Earth.

Its remarkable how little we still know about manufacturing in space after 70 years, says Manber. Theres a lot we need to learn if you really go into reuse in space hardware. These sorts of things seem mundane, but we just have to do it step by step.

Mission extension programs like Outpost are new to the space industry. Ever since Sputnik, the stuff that was put into orbit was either intentionally deorbited or abandoned and left to fall back to Earth. There simply wasnt the technology to move a satellite once it ran out of fuel or to commandeer an abandoned rocket hull. And that meant there werent any regulations on how to do it safelyor any consensus on whether it was legal to do it at all.

But things are starting to change. Last year, a Northrop Grumman satellite successfullylatched onto another satellitethat had depleted its fuel supplies and moved it to a new orbit. This maneuver will extend the satellites lifetime by at least five years, and it officially ushered in the era of space mission extensions. During atalkat the International Astronautical Congress this year, Joseph Anderson, vice president of the Northrop Grumman subsidiary Space Logistics, described how the company had to work with several different US agencies to modify licensing requirements so that it could launch the historic mission. It simply didnt fit the licensing structure that the US government had established, Anderson said. Ultimately, we landed on a solution in which the FCC acts as our primary oversight agency. (Thats the Federal Communications Commission, which also regulates things like radio, television and broadband systems.)

If Nanoracks wants to turn rockets into space stations, it will also have to forge new licensing policies to make it happen. Northrop Grummans mission may have laid the foundation for extending the lifespan of new rockets heading to orbit, but what is less clear is whether a company can refurbish rockets that have been abandoned in orbit without the permission of the country or company that launched them.

This is an issue that James Dunstan, the principal attorney at the space law firm Mobius Legal Group, has been grappling with for years. On Earth, international maritime law allows sailors to salvage wreckage they find at sea, but Dunstan says that under the Outer Space Treaty, an international agreement signed in 1967, spent rockets remain the property of whoever launched them. Under this law, if a company or country were to take over an abandoned rocket stage without permission, they would be trespassing on the property of the launching state. But Dunstan describes this interpretation of the law as a fallacy, because, he says, neither the launching states nor launching companies really care about the spent stages. Theyd love for them to go away.

For now, though, Dunstan says the legal risk would be significant for any company that commandeered a rocket stage without asking. Hes spent more than a decade advocating that find and salvage maritime laws should be applied to orbital debris like rocket bodies, but he says regulators at agencies like the FCC and Federal Aviation Administration have been slow to act. It really is going to take a test case to move the needle on the issue of salvage, Dunstan says. And Nanoracks may very well be the company to do it.

Manber sees recycling rockets as the next logical step to increase orbital commerce and expand humanitys reach in the solar system. Launching stuff into space is expensive, but developing the techniques to take advantage of resources that are already there could drastically lower the cost of living and working beyond Earth. When I look 15 or 20 years ahead, there will be scout missions looking for good things to salvage, Manber says. Youre going to have prospectors looking for parts and using them for in-space assembly. Its going to be one of the big markets of the future.

Manbers vision has been a long time coming. Over the past 50 years, engineers at NASA have explored several different methods for converting old rockets into habitats. The agencys first space station, Skylab, was originally meant to be built out of the upper stage of a Saturn V, the massive launcher that carried Apollo astronauts to the moon. This concept, known as a wet workstation, was fairly developed before the engineers on the project decided it would be easier to just launch a bespoke space station instead. But the dream of recycling rockets didnt die.

Bill Stoneis an extreme caver who has been tosome of the deepest places on Earth, and he is the CEO of Stone Aerospace, a company he founded tobuild robots for exploring the oceans on the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Before that, he spent a decade at the National Institute of Standards and Technology working to turn a space shuttles external tank into an orbital habitat. At the time, NASA was just beginning to explore engineering designs for Freedom, a space station concept that would eventually morph into the International Space Station. The leadership at NIST tasked Stone and his colleagues with assessing all the details of NASAs plans to look for ways they could be improved.

One of the things that kept popping up was the fact that the space shuttle was not 100 percent reusable, says Stone. Although NASA could land the shuttle orbiter and occasionally recover the solid boosters from the ocean, the biggest element on the rocketthe external tankwas lost on every launch. For Stone and his team, this was a massive waste of resources. By the time the external tank was jettisoned from the shuttle, it had reached 98 percent of the velocity needed to achieve orbit. It wouldnt take much of an extra boost to keep it in space where it could later be converted into an industrial laboratory.

The shuttle external tank was actually two separate tanksa small one for liquid oxygen and a much larger one for liquid hydrogenthat are connected by an intertank ring to create one massive structure. The NIST teams plan was to use the intertank section as a temporary pressurized habitat for crew as they prepared one of the larger tanks for occupation. This would have required several modifications to the tank, such as a hatch to allow astronauts inside and a small motor attached to the bottom of the external tank so it could orient itself in orbit. But the payoff would have been a tremendous amount of space to use as a warehouse or research lab. The smaller liquid oxygen tank would have provided 25 percent more habitable volume than is currently available on the ISS. If the entire external tank was used, it would have had six times more volume than the space station.

There was 65,000 pounds of aluminum and other aerospace-grade components capable of being pressurized for human habitation that was thrown away on every mission, says Stone. Even looking at the best rates that SpaceX will give you for a boost to low Earth orbit today, thats pushing hundreds of billions of assets that were tossed away.

As NISTs plans came together in the 1980s, a consortium of 57 universities took a majority stake in a private venture called theExternal Tank Corporationthat would convert spent shuttle tanks for NASA. As Randolph Ware, the companys president, toldThe Los Angeles Timesin 1987, the program wasnt meant to compete with the agencys plans for space station Freedom. We are not a substitute for the space station, we are a warehouse on the edge of an industrial park, Ware said. As the External Tanks Corporations led efforts to commercialize the project, Stone and his colleagues at NIST ran digital and physical simulations of their recycled space station. By the late 80s, they had even built a mock-up of a shuttle tank in the pool at NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center so astronauts could practice getting in and out of it. The plan was to use two astronauts during the first demo missionand Stone was going to be one of them.

NIST wasnt the only organization that had designs on the space shuttles external tank. Astudyled by an engineer at Martin Marietta Aerospace, one half of what would become Lockheed Martin, floated the idea of using the tank as the basis for a larger space station, and a separate Air Forceproposalsuggested using the tanks as scrap metal for building structures in orbit. Around the same time, a joint research project between Boeing and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agencysuggestedconverting the external tank into a large-diameter telescope. Even Hilton Hotels had plans for building orbital hotels calledSpace Islandsout of shuttle boosters, although it seems the project never made it beyond a conceptual stage. (Hilton representatives did not respond to WIREDs request for comment.)

The dream of turning spent shuttle boosters into a space station collapsed in 1993 when the Clinton administration gave a stamp of approval to the International Space Station. Stone and his team at NIST had recently submitted a proposal to turn shuttle boosters into space stations, which had worked its way up through the highest levels at NASA and into the White House. But as the Clinton administration prepared to move ahead with the ISS, Stone recalls, the director of NIST called him into his office to deliver the bad news: NASA had spiked the program. The space station had become a national jobs program, and the project was viewed as a threat to the space station, says Stone. It was a tragic mistake that NASA didnt store those external tanks, because they would have established the orbital depots that you need to implement an Earth-moon economy.

For the next two decades, the idea of living and working in old rockets faded from memory as NASA engineers concentrated their efforts on the ISS. It wasnt until 2013 that the idea made a modest comeback when Brand Griffin, a NASA contractor from Jacobs Engineering, led astudyfor the agency on how to turn a fuel tank from its next generationSpace Launch System rocketinto a habitat for deep space exploration. He called his reclaimed space stationSkylab II.

Like its namesake, Skylab II would be launched in a single piece in the upper stage of NASAs SLS, the rocket that the agency will use to send humans back to the moon. The crew compartment would be made from an unused hydrogen fuel tank that would be launched as a payload in the upper stage of the rocket. This is similar to the design of Skylab, which was built from the third stage of a Saturn rocket that had been modified on the ground, rather than converted from a spent upper stage in orbit. All the components needed to turn the tank into a viable habitatsolar panels, antennas, robotic armswould be integrated before it was launched. Much like the Nanoracks Outpost idea, there would be no need for astronauts to assemble the station. The converted hydrogen tank would have enough space to host up to four astronauts and their provisions for a multiyear journey around the moon or Mars. Once Skylab II was in orbit, the crew would be delivered on a subsequent launch via theOrion crew vehicle, which could dock with the habitat and provide propulsion for the mission.

Griffin says the Skylab II study was motivated by the need to lower the cost of deep space exploration. Building the ISS was expensive, and it took dozens of launches to get all the components into orbit. A similar modular station around the moon or Mars would be more expensive still. But Skylab had demonstrated it was possible to launch a capable space station in one shot. We wanted to bring that economy to a cislunar habitat, says Griffin. After the study, Griffin and his team built a full-scale mock-up of a Skylab II station at NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center.

But despite some enthusiasm for the project from NASA officials, the idea was shelved and the agency proceeded withGateway, its new plan for a lunar space station. Unlike Skylab II, the Gateway is modular and more closely resembles a scaled-down version of the ISS. There are lots of reasons why people dont accept change, says Griffin. Sometimes people get an idea of where the solution is going to go and have invested too much already. It needed more pressure, but it wasnt like people were against it.

Manber and Bishop are well aware of the long history of failed attempts at turning space junk into space stations. But they believe that they can succeed where others have failed. Today, robots are able to carry out some of the tasks that, during the shuttle era,would have required a team of astronauts. Aburgeoning space economyis driving demand for more orbital R&D platforms. AndNASAs lunar ambitions will require the agency to rethink the deep-space supply chain. Nanoracks still has to demo many fundamental technologies before the company can recycle a rocket, but for the first time in decades it seems plausible that future astronauts will be living in a secondhand space station.

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Spent Rockets Are Dangerous Space Trash, but They Could Be the Future of Living and Working in Orbit - Mother Jones

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India Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Markets, 2020-2026: Focus on Supplements, Beverages, Food and Others – ResearchAndMarkets.com – Yahoo…

Posted: at 6:38 am

The "India Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Market, by Product Category (Supplements, Beverages, Food and Others), by Distribution Channel (Convenience Stores, Specialty Stores, Others), by Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, FY2026" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The Indian Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Market is projected to reach $ 347 million by FY 2026 owing to increasing consciousness and focus among Indian consumers towards preventive health.

Further, rising per capita income and expanding middle-class and urban population are some of the key factors fueling the growth of immunity boosting packaged products market. Increasingly busy lifestyle is resulting in a lack of nutrition and fitness among people, which is creating a huge demand for immunity boosting packaged products across the country.

The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has created a growing need for products which boost the body's immune system. Apart from that, rising prevalence of various chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer are also driving the growth of immunity boosting packaged products market in the country. The soaring healthcare costs and rising consumer focus on preventive healthcare are expected to further augment the market growth in the coming years.

The Indian Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Market is categorized based on product category, distribution channel and region. Based on the product category, the market is split into supplements, beverages, food, and others. The food segment is further divided into instant food, seeds, and others. The beverages segment is categorized into juice, tea, coffee, probiotic shots and others and the supplements segment is divided into mixes, capsules, and powder.

In India, the supplements segment held the largest market share in FY 2020 owing to easy product availability of trusted manufactures and proven health claims. However, the food segment is also expected to witness a healthy CAGR during the forecast period due to focus on preventive healthcare in the country and broad range of products offered by the manufactures.

Story continues

Based on the distribution channel, the Indian Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Market is segmented into convenience stores, specialty stores, supermarkets & hypermarkets, medical stores and online. The convenience stores segment dominated the Indian market in FY2020 and is expected to grow substantially during the forecast period. However, the online segment exhibited significant growth in FY2020, especially during the spread of COVID-19.

Major players operating in the immunity boosting packaged products market include The Himalaya Drug Company, Dabur India Ltd., Patanjali Ayurved, Organic India Private Limited, Amway India Enterprise Private Limited and Herbalife India Private Limited, Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Pvt. Ltd, Kerala Ayurveda Ltd, Aeronutrix Sports Products Private Limited, TBOF Foods Ltd, and Del Monte India, among others.

Companies are focused on launching new products carrying all the essential nutrients as well as on strengthening distribution network to increase their market share in the country's immunity boosting products market.

Years considered for this report:

Key Topics Covered:

1. Product Overview

2. Research Methodology

3. Impact of COVID-19 on India Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Market

4. Executive Summary

5. India Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Market Outlook

5.1. Market Size & Forecast

5.1.1. By Value

5.2. Market Share & Forecast

5.2.1. By Product Category (Supplements, Beverages, Food and Others)

5.2.2. By Distribution Channel (Offline (Convenience Stores, Specialty Stores, Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Medical Stores), Online)

5.2.3. By Region (North, East, South, West)

5.2.4. By Company (FY2020)

5.3. Market Attractiveness Index

6. India Immunity Boosting Supplements Market Outlook

6.1. Market Size & Forecast

6.1.1. By Value

6.2. Market Share & Forecast

6.2.1. By Product Type (Mixes, Capsules, Powder)

6.2.2. By Distribution Channel (Offline (Convenience Stores, Specialty Stores, Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Medical Stores), Online)

7. India Immunity Boosting Packaged Beverages Market Outlook

7.1. Market Size & Forecast

7.1.1. By Value

7.2. Market Share & Forecast

7.2.1. By Product Type (Juice, Tea, Coffee, Probiotic Shots and Others (Syrup, etc.,))

7.2.2. By Distribution Channel (Offline (Convenience Stores, Specialty Stores, Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Medical Stores), Online)

8. India Immunity Boosting Packaged Foods Market Outlook

8.1. Market Size & Forecast

8.1.1. By Value

8.2. Market Share & Forecast

8.2.1. By Product Type (Instant Food, Seeds, and Others (Gummies etc.))

8.2.2. By Distribution Channel (Offline (Convenience Stores, Specialty Stores, Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Medical Stores), Online)

9. India Immunity Boosting Others Market Outlook

9.1. Market Size & Forecast

9.1.1. By Value

9.2. Market Share & Forecast

9.2.1. By Distribution Channel (Offline (Convenience Stores, Specialty Stores, Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Medical Stores), Online)

10. Market Dynamics

10.1. Drivers

10.2. Challenges

11. Market Trends & Developments

12. Pricing Analysis

13. Competitive Landscape

13.1. Players Profiled (Leading Companies)

13.1.1. Dabur India Limited

13.1.2. Patanjali Ayurved

13.1.3. The Himalaya Drug Company

13.1.4. Amway India Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.

13.1.5. Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Pvt. Ltd

13.1.6. Organic India Pvt. Ltd

13.1.7. Kerala Ayurveda Ltd

13.1.8. Aeronutrix Sports Products Private Limited

13.1.9. TBOF Foods Ltd.

13.1.10. Del Monte India

14. Strategic Recommendations

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/zbzd2c

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201127005486/en/

Contacts

ResearchAndMarkets.comLaura Wood, Senior Press Managerpress@researchandmarkets.com For E.S.T Office Hours Call 1-917-300-0470For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call 1-800-526-8630For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900

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India Immunity Boosting Packaged Products Markets, 2020-2026: Focus on Supplements, Beverages, Food and Others - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Yahoo...

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Asia Pacific Egg White Powder Market Forecast to 2027 – COVID-19 Impact and Regional Analysis By Grade, Distribution Channel, and Application -…

Posted: at 6:38 am

New York, Nov. 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Asia Pacific Egg White Powder Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Regional Analysis By Grade, Distribution Channel, and Application" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p05989499/?utm_source=GNW Egg white powders are economic and safe form of egg products to be used in various applications.

Dried egg white powder can be stored conveniently with extended shelf life.Confectionary producers are considered the only consumers of pan-dried egg white powders, and they use it in the preparation of aerated confectioneries such as nougat owing to their anti-crystallizing properties.

Moreover, powdered egg white is increasingly being used in the preparation of desserts, such as chocolate mousse and meringues.As egg white powder is considered diet-friendly products and acts as a lactose-free alternative to essential nutrients consumed for the development of the body, they are increasingly being used in pharmaceutical and dietary supplement bases.

Thus, the rapid rise in health and wellness trend is propelling the growth of egg white powder market. Surging focus on R&D activities is among the other factors expected to positively influence the growth of the egg white powder market. Various research studies have been conducted to explore the properties of egg white that can useful in food, pharmaceutical, and other applications. In April 2018, a research study was published in the International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology. The main objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties of egg white powder obtained from eggs of different types of birds, such as local kampung chicken, local serama chicken, leghorn chicken, local fighting chicken, turkey, and guineafowl. Egg whites were separated manually from egg yolks, blast frozen, freeze-dried, and then ground into powder. In this process, moisture and protein content, color, emulsification activity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, water holding capacity (WHC), and texture profile parameters of the powders were measured. The protein content, as well as foaming capacity, of egg white powder from leghorn chickens was found significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that obtained from the other chicken breeds. The emulsion ability and stability of commercial egg white powder were observed significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of the powders obtained from the chicken breeds tested; however, it formed a stronger gel and had greater World Health Organization WHC. These results indicate that the physicochemical properties of egg white powder differ significantly among eggs from different types of bird. Such research studies can provide future opportunities for the egg white powder market players to come up with new products for various applications, including, food, pharmaceutical, and dietary supplements.

In terms of application, the food processing segment accounted for the largest share in the APAC egg white powder market in 2019.The egg white powders are known for their nutritional profile and add aromatic essence to the food products they are used in.

In bakery industry, these powders are increasingly being used for their foaming and gelling properties which make them useful to produce several food items. Moreover, the future growth of the egg white powder market is expected to be promising due to its mild flavor that allows its usage as a balancing ingredient in processed food products, without conceding on the taste of several other added ingredients.

COVID-19 pandemic has affected industries and economies in various countries due to lockdowns, business shutdowns, and travel bans.The government of APAC is taking possible steps to reduce its effects by announcing lockdown, which, in turn is affecting the revenue generated by the market.

The Airports Council International (ACI) Asia Pacific warned that the prolonged duration of the COVID-19 would drastically impact the regions airport connectivity and economic sustainability, significantly restricting them from achieving previously forecasted growth prospects.Such closures are anticipated to negatively impact market growth in the coming period.

Till now, India has the highest number of COVID -19 confirmed cases.

The overall APAC egg white powder market size has been derived using both primary and secondary sources.To begin the research process, exhaustive secondary research has been conducted using internal and external sources to obtain qualitative and quantitative information related to the market.

The process also serves the purpose of obtaining overview and forecast for the APAC egg white powder market with respects to all the segments pertaining to the region.Also, multiple primary interviews have been conducted with industry participants and commentators to validate the data, as well as to gain more analytical insights into the topic.

The participants who typically take part in such a process include industry experts such as VPs, business development managers, market intelligence managers, and national sales managers along with external consultants such as valuation experts, research analysts, and key opinion leaders specializing in the APAC egg white powder market. Adriaan Goede BV, Agroholding Avangard, Bouwhuis Enthoven, Wulro BV, Kewpie Corporation, and Ovostar Union NV are among a few players operating in the APAC egg white powder market.Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05989499/?utm_source=GNW

About ReportlinkerReportLinker is an award-winning market research solution. Reportlinker finds and organizes the latest industry data so you get all the market research you need - instantly, in one place.

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Asia Pacific Egg White Powder Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Regional Analysis By Grade, Distribution Channel, and Application -...

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Letter: The history of the Second Amendment – The Salt Lake Tribune – Salt Lake Tribune

Posted: at 6:37 am

When the Second Amendment was ratified in 1791, we should remember that a musket could fire one to three or four rounds per minute, requiring the gunman to stop between each shot and reload gunpowder, add a patch and a ball, use the ramrod to clean the barrel, and then seat the round bullet properly. Oh, and fill the flashpan with gunpowder. There was no standing army. The amendment reads, A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

Things have changed. So, should it be legal in this day and age that anyone old enough to buy a weapon can flaunt and potentially fire an AR-15 (which fires 45 or more rounds per minute) in a public setting? Or carrying current-day arms at a public event? Really, the Second Amendment was not meant for assault weapons. Bear in mind that arms also means bombs, rockets, bazookas and machine guns, to name a few. Perhaps the issue for the assault rifle proponents is to possess all that power.

Interestingly, James Madison was the most influential framer of the Second Amendment. He intended the amendment to guarantee the right of each state to resolve its internal problems; for him especially, this included the problems of a large slave population, as he was a slaveholder.

Loraine Brandt, Salt Lake City

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Letter: The history of the Second Amendment - The Salt Lake Tribune - Salt Lake Tribune

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Second Amendment advocates urge Norfolk City Council for protections against increased gun regulations – wtkr.com

Posted: at 6:37 am

NORFOLK, Va. Gun rights advocates will be heard by Norfolk City Council after months of lobbying for more firearm protections.

Robert Brown is the Chair of the 2nd Amendment Preservation Coalition, which is petitioning city council to consider an ordinance to protect the rights of citizens to keep and bear arms.

The Constitution says the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. It doesn't say government grants you the rights, said Brown.

The Coalition garnered enough signatures to bring the proposed ordinance to city council members to either reject, adopt or try to amend.

Council will hear comments at Tuesday's 6 p.m. meeting in the first of two public hearings on whether to adopt the Coalitions ordinance to prohibit the city from passing regulatory gun laws.

Nobody's advocating anything other than to take care of protect their home, their family and their business, said Brown.

A proposed ordinance intended to prohibit guns in public spaces like buildings, parks and at events was abruptly removed from the city council agenda in August after backlash over confusing text. Since then, council has not taken up the issue.

If you're going to want to propose something, how about having a conversation with us? Be transparent about it, said Brown.

The Virginia General Assembly passed a law this year allowing localities to regulate firearms on public property that went into effect July 1.

Portsmouth, Suffolk and Virginia Beach all passed legislation reaffirming a commitment to protect Second Amendment constitutional rights.

City council can decide to vote on the ordinance or do nothing. Brown says he would be surprised if council takes any action.

If someone's carrying a weapon, they could save dozens of lives, and that's our position and it's not going to change, he says.

Brown says if council is unwilling to at least amend the ordinance in good faith, his next step is to collect the 4,000 signatures needed to try to get a referendum on the ballot so voters can have the final say.

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Horowitz: When conservatives cant even guarantee Second Amendment protection in Oklahoma … – TheBlaze

Posted: at 6:37 am

When Donald Trump became president and it was widely assumed that there would be a crackdown on illegal immigration, Democrats swiftly moved to create a sanctuary for illegal aliens in every state they fully controlled. Well, if Democrats could create a sanctuary for people who have no right to be in the country, most certainly one would expect Republicans to create sanctuaries for Americans and constitutional rights in the states they control, right?

Think again.

Following this election in Oklahoma, Republicans will hold an 82-19 majority in the state House and a 39-9 majority in the Senate. Those are greater supermajorities than what Democrats hold in California. One would think that this state would be a sanctuary for freedom during coronavirus fascism, for self-defense during the era of BLM and gun confiscation, and all-around fiscal and social conservatism in an era of ubiquitous socialism and cultural Marxism. The problem with that assumption, though, is that conservatives don't really have any majority, much less a supermajority. Liberal Republicans, who, by and large, are the less attractive side of the tyranny coin from the Democrats, are the ones who hold that majority.

In the days following the election, News 9 reported that Oklahoma state Sen. Nathan Dahm is drafting legislation to make the Sooner State a sanctuary from any potential unconstitutional violations of the First and Second Amendments in pursuit of a gun control agenda under a Joe Biden administration.

"A lot of how the feds try to implement these things is through local law enforcement, whether it's county sheriffs, local police departments, and they try to attach funding to that to force those cities and counties to do that," Dahm told News 9 in explaining the logic behind his proposal. "So what we could do is make sure that those cities and counties don't accept any federal funding to implement any gun control measures."

So why hasn't this bill become law, given the GOP's dominance in the legislature and the fact that such legislation has already been introduced in some form for several years?

"The Republicans have killed it in the state Senate each time," said Don Spencer, president of the Oklahoma Second Amendment Association, in an interview with Personal Defense World. "The Republicans are the problem of why you cannot get pro-Second Amendment legislation done in the state of Oklahoma. We have a supermajority in the Senate, a supermajority in the House and we have the Governor's office, so there is no one else to blame."

Across the country, Republicans are disenfranchising conservatives on nearly every issue of our time. If illegal aliens have states where they can go and claim sanctuary, why can't Americans find a constitutional sanctuary against gun-grabbing and coronavirus fascism in any state?

What about morals and values? Despite Republicans controlling the trifecta of government in Oklahoma, conservatives have failed for years to pass meaningful legislation protecting life for the unborn. The only successful measures they seem to pass are jailbreak provisions to weaken sentencing and deterrent for criminals.

Obviously, issues pertaining to foreign policy and national security are controlled by the federal government. But for conservatives, if they actually had a party representing them, there is no reason why they couldn't enjoy a sanctuary from coronavirus fascism, gun-grabbing, and violent crime and rioting in a substantial portion of the country. Trump likely won over 80% of the nation's counties, and Republicans control the trifecta of government in 24 states. So why is it that there seems to be no place that is an asylum for civil and religious liberty as well as for law and order? Because we refuse to look beyond the wretched Republican Party for our representation.

Putting aside the obvious election fraud for a moment, let's just say Trump lost the election. The reason why the base refuses to let go of Trump is because they don't see anyone else in the party fighting for them. Everyone is focused like a laser beam on the Senate elections in Georgia as if the world hangs in the balance based on their outcome. But we all know that the Left will continue to enact its policies administratively (as they are successfully doing now in the states even under Trump) and Republicans will do nothing meaningful with control of the Senate to stop that through budget fights.

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Horowitz: When conservatives cant even guarantee Second Amendment protection in Oklahoma ... - TheBlaze

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What Gun Rights Defenders and Police Protesters Have in Common – Crime Report

Posted: at 6:37 am

Protesters calling for stricter measures against police violence should be on the same side of the barricades as Second Amendment opponents of stricter gun controls, argues a Virginia law professor.

Since both fear the governments monopoly of force and are skeptical of authorities ability to protect citizens during times of unrest, they have an equal interest in Constitutional guarantees of the right to bear arms and protect themselves, Robert Leider writes in a forthcoming article in the Northwestern University Law Review.

Decentralizing force allows private citizens to defend their interests and to protect the public when the government under-enforces the law, wrote Leider, an assistant professor at George Mason University.

The Second Amendment upholds a longstanding Anglo-American tradition of decentralizing the means of political violence, and fills the gap between public duties and private rights, he maintains.

The right to bear arms helps citizens in keeping the peace and enforcing the law, provides a check against private and public forms of domination, reinforces separation of powers, and promotes individual liberty and security, writes Leider,

Differing views on the Second Amendment often turn on the question of whether the government should have a monopoly on the use of force, according to Leider.

One perspective contends the government has the exclusive right to use force to prevent crimes, enforce the law, and punish wrongdoers, he said.

But a second perspective offers a much wider definition. While it acknowledges government as the ultimate decider of when force is permissible, it also maintains that government may delegate its preventative policing and law enforcement authority in diverse ways, even to private citizens.

This is exemplified most commonly in granting the right of self-defense, which allows a person to use deadly or violent force against another person without fear of reprimand in order to protect against a deadly threat.

According to Leider, the notion of self-defense is implicit in the rights granted by the Second Amendment, since there are many situations in which law enforcement would be ineffective to protect against harm, wrote Leider.

Leider added that the Second Amendments effective challenge to the governments monopoly of force represents a crucial protection for civilians in times of emergency and civil unrest.

The debates over the meaning of the Second Amendment underline profound disagreements over whether the government is, in fact, sufficiently protecting the people in its jurisdiction, said Leider.

He cited as an example the national movement for radical police reform, which heightened over the summer.

The protests consuming America derive largely from allegations of police misconduct, and many have adopted the motto Abolish the police, wrote Leider.

Presently, a large disconnect has emerged among those who both decry the police and who seek to further restrain guns and the private use of force.

But Leider argues that the two sides share a lot in common, and should unite to advocate for their own self-protection through the Second Amendment.

The government is under no obligation to furnish any individual citizen with police protection or law enforcement, said Leider.

So even if the state has some obscure public duty to furnish police protection in general, individuals lack any means of enforcement when the government refuses to protect them.

Leider also argues that the lack of sufficient effective law enforcement officials has led to underpolicing, meaning the monopolization of force isnt even being correctly applied.

According to Leider, police clearance rates are only 45 percent for violent crimes and 15 to 20 percent for property crimes.

Although a possible way to improve under-enforcement would be to increase the number of officers, increased police presence could make the overcriminalization problem worse without solving the under-enforcement problem, wrote Leider.

Under-enforcement also has a disproportionate effect on poor neighborhoods, Leider said.

Police are generally more funded in more wealthy neighborhoods, where tax money from wealthier families can invest more money towards law enforcement. This leaves poor or disadvantaged communities with less law enforcement services than neighborhoods that already are safer, he wrote.

If the government cannot provide adequate protectionand often it cannotthen the least it can do is to allow members of the community to protect themselves and to preserve law and order, said Leider.

We should reject claims that in a modern, urban society the governments monopoly of force is adequate to protect everyone within its jurisdiction.

Leider conceded that professional policing has made long strides since the days of incompetent constables, and we may have less need today for citizens arrest than in centuries past.

But he pointed out that private citizens already have even more power than just self-defense. He noted that in certain circumstances American law even allows private citizens to perform a felony arrest.

In the case of felonies, private citizens may arrest a suspected person if a felony has been committed and they have with municipal police to provide on-duty policing, said Leider. That is only slightly narrower than the arrest authority of professional law enforcement, who are excused if they have probable cause even if a crime has not, in fact, been committed.

Although Leider notes that those in favor of stricter gun control consider such law archaic for todays time period, Leider argued a government that has no monopoly of force has no moral responsibility to extend supplemental police protection or to indemnify for losses.

Leider said fears of vigilantism cited by opponents of gun controls are misdirected.

As long as private citizens participate in defensive force, meaning force that protects them from any present threat to themself or their property, vigilantism isnt an issue, he claimed.

But he conceded that there was a danger if citizens participated in offensive force, that is, force against a person or group to implement policy.

I do not want to suggest that private citizens should have the unqualified right to enforce any criminal law on the books, said Leider. Although police agencies may under-enforce the law, we simultaneously suffer from severe statutory overcriminalization.

Leider also made clear that hes not sure which laws should enforceable by civilians and which shouldnt be allowed.

But what he does say is that it would be more problematic when choosing to take responsibility beyond core common-law mala in se crimes to broad mala prohibita regulatory offenses.

The provision of law enforcement may be a public duty, but it is not a private right. And making it a private right would create profound separation-of-powers problems.

Self-help, decentralization of the governments monopoly and private law enforcement are the best remedies when governments undersupply needed levels of police protection, said Leider.

The right to bear arms still has relevance today, Leider argued, and should warrant consideration when determining the scope of the right, including that the arms protected by the Second Amendment should continue to include those arms whose primary value is public security rather than individual self-defense.

The full report can be downloaded here.

This summary was prepared by TCR justice reporting intern Emily Riley.

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Republicans have betrayed the principles of their party – Wilkes-Barre Citizens Voice

Posted: at 6:37 am

Editor: I am a pro-life, fiscally conservative, second-amendment supporting, law-and-order citizen. It is for these reasons that I will never support a Republican Party that continues to betray these principles.

Republicans have typically been the party of strong support for the death penalty. As a pro-life citizen I oppose this position.

Republicans have typically been the party to oppose well-regulated gun ownership as opposed to the Second Amendment which states: A well regulated Militia...

Republicans have typically been the party to cut taxes, thus refusing to pay for the full cost or running the government and not balancing the budget.

Republicans have typically been the party to promote law and order as campaign slogans, yet starting with the Reagan presidency, Republican politicians have been complicit in the ever-increasing violations of the law. The Reagan administration violated the Boland Amendment in order to aid the Contras. The second Bush promulgated false information about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq to motivate the invasion of that country.

Their motives were believed to be in the best interests of the country. Trumps violations had no such meritorious goals.

Trump has violated the emoluments clause by accepting payment for his hotel services from foreign governments. Trump allows those in his administration to violate the Hatch Act using their administration positions for political purposes. Trump violated the Congressional Impoundment Act of 1974 when he withheld aid to Ukraine for the sole purpose of getting the leader of Ukraine to say that he was investigating Joe and Hunter Biden. During the impeachment trial it was never once denied. And thus with the complicity of Republicans, Trumps corruption has gone unchecked.

With this background, it makes sense for each person to re-examine how they think of the Republican Party.

Randy Booken

Pringle

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Letters to the editor for Sunday, Nov. 29, 2020 – Daily Commercial

Posted: at 6:37 am

Daily CommercialRemembering Marvin E. Jacobson

Readers of the Daily Commercial will miss the insightful and well reasoned "From the Left" columns written by Marvin E. Jacobson. Sadly, he passed away Nov. 15 at the age of 85.

As a former history teacher, he often pointed out the historical basis for political issues. He educated readers on how slave patrols influenced the passage of the Second Amendment, on how the lifting of banking restrictions led to the 1929 crash and the 2008 recession, and on how Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump used racism to attract votes.

Jacobson was a man of strong moral principles and an inspiration to everyone who knew him.

Jane Hepting, Eustis

We are all a bit poorer since Marvin Jake Jacobsons passing. In a county where Jesus Christ couldnt get elected if he were running as a Democrat and a state where environmentalism is a dirty word, it takes guts to be a Democrat, and courage and integrity to speak the truth.

Jacobson was always there. His many opinion pieces were well reasoned, thoughtful and compassionate; and when he cited facts you could take them to the bank.

Jacobson was an inspiration. That he did it all with a sense of humor always amazed me. Thank you, Jake, for being who you were, for standing up and for doing it so well and for so long.

Elizabeth Kapoor, Leesburg

So, if my understanding is correct, Donald Trump and his minions decided to overturn the Constitution so that he could become our ruler, similar to the socialist and communist countries he warns his cult that the demon Democrats want to do. Remember, when Rome was burning, Nero was fiddling; when Americans are dying, Trump is golfing. His cult is unbelievable. They threaten the lives of poll workers, governors, doctors and scientists and what does the GOP-led Congress say? The silence is deafening.

I promised myself that I would leave the country of my birth if he won. I can no longer tolerate a country that idolizes a man who has broken and continues to break every one of the 10 Commandments over and over again; makes fun of Gold Star families and disabled people; calls Mexicans rapists; makes up the most ridiculous conspiracy theories and has worked for four years to create a civil war between the Democrats and the Republicans by constantly vilifying the Democrats.

Trump is a deranged, pathological liar and if he was standing in front of me, I would tell him that. This is a man who cannot fire anyone without tweeting about it. He cannot look at another person face to face and fire them because he is a coward.

When Ben Franklin emerged from the Constitutional Convention, a woman asked him what kind of government we have, and he answered, A Republic if you can keep it. Looks like 63 million gullible cult members and the Trump party occupying Congress are hellbent on destroying our country as we know it. I am a senior and have seen many idiotic situations in government over the years, but this is really inconceivable. Everything about Trump screams, Me, Me, Me.

Barbara Hill, Eustis

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Parly gives Division of Revenue Second Amendment Bill the green light – Eyewitness News

Posted: at 6:37 am

The National Assembly gave the Bill the green light earlier this month.

Finance Minister Tito Mboweni delivers 2020 Budget Speech in Parliament, Cape Town, on 26 February 2020. Picture: GCIS.

CAPE TOWN - Parliament on Thursday approved the Division of Revenue Second Amendment Bill, which provides for the governments response to the COVID-19 pandemic and allocates funds for national, provincial and local government.

The Bill was passed by the National Council of Provinces, with six provinces in favour, the Western Cape against and abstentions by the Free State and Limpopo.

The National Assembly gave the Bill the green light earlier this month.

During the debate, opposition parties, the Democratic Alliance (DA) and Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), highlighted the impact on provincial and local government finances of having to help fund the R10.5 billion for South African Airways (SAA) business rescue.

In his reply, Finance Minister Tito Mboweni again repeated that the money was not a bailout.

For example, its provision for (unused) tickets, retrenchment costs, commitments which have been made with the airline companies that have provided the aircraft to us and so on and so forth, so its not a bailout I will insist on that.

Mboweni also made it clear the decision wasnt his.

That was a Cabinet decision by the way, and therefore the responsibility of the minister of finance is to implement a cabinet decision. Its not my own private decision.

He expressed sympathy for the financial difficulties faced by local government and said the process of reviewing the formula for the division of revenue should be sped up.

Local government currently gets the smallest slice of the division of revenue cake.

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