Daily Archives: July 2, 2017

In popular culture, LSD calls to mind stoned hippies, surrealist art and a Zen-inspired life philosophy. But for the Psychedelic Club at the University of Colorado at Boulder, psychedelics are more than just recreational drugs; they are a solution to mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety and PTSD.

Through weekly meetings, the club promotes awareness about the therapeutic uses of psychedelics, which include LSD, shrooms and ecstasy. Speakers are invited to present on a variety of topics related to psychedelics, from their effects on the brains chemistry to strategies to reduce bad trips. The club also does outreach, including handing out leaflets about the positive effects of LSD.

We go up to anyone from a family with two young kids all the way up to people in their nineties, Nick Morris, founder of the group, says. We think its a universal message that shouldnt be age, race or gender discriminated. People are generally receptive, but not everyone shares the Psychedelic Clubs enthusiastic attitude towards these controversial drugs. Every once in a while you get someone who tries to argue with you, Morris says. Honestly, if you just listen to them and hear out their viewpoints, you can give them a little reassurance that [psychedelics] are not nearly as bad as they think.

Morris saw first-hand how psychedelics can change peoples lives for the better. One of his close friends, after unsuccessfully trying conventional therapies to treat his combat-induced PTSD, finally found relief in ecstasy. It basically gave him his life back, says Morris. Witnessing his friends positive experience with psychedelics, as well as wanting to dive into activism around a controversial topic, inspired Morris to start the club. Though most psychedelics are illegal in the United States, the club focuses on education and community rather than consumption. This focus has helped them avoid conflict with the administration and local law enforcement.

However, the university shut down some of the clubs initiatives, including a trip-sitting program, where people trained in psychedelic harm-reduction watched over others as they took psychedelics, and a drug testing program, which provided people with kits to test their drugs to make sure they were consuming what they thought they were. The group prohibits transactions during meetings, but, even so, it is not uncommon for students to come asking to buy or deal drugs. These students are always turned away. According to Morris, If something were to happen, we would get shut down.

The Psychedelic Club sustains interest in the group by changing up their events each year. We dont want people to think were predictable, so that keeps people coming back, Morris says. The club has gotten so popularsome meetings number over a hundred people, while the average meeting has thirtythat its leadership started a non-profit centered around psychedelic awareness, which has branches on college campuses at the University of Georgia and the University of North Dakota, as well as other non-university affiliated chapters in Denver, Chicago, Sacramento and New Mexico.

Getting a 501(c)3 status was a major achievement for the group, Morris said. Though he and the staff managing the non-profit arent paid, they believe so strongly in its mission that they do it on their own time. In Morris words, the best thing about being involved in the Psychedelic Club is the people who come up and thank them for what theyre doing. Honestly, thats what keeps us going, he says.

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Tune in, Turn on, Stay in School - Study Breaks

N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is famous for producing one of the most intense psychedelic experiences possible, catapulting users into a series of vivid, incapacitating hallucinations. But despite the kaleidoscope of variation on offer, the enduring mystery of DMT is the encounters it induces with 'entities' or 'aliens': "jewelled self-dribbling basketballs" or "machine elves", as the psychedelic missionary Terence McKenna described them.

McKenna, not really a scientist so much as a roving DMT performance poet, helped popularise the drug in the 70s, along with his own intuitive theories that the entities were evidence of alien life, or that DMT facilitated trans-dimensional travel.

Theyre really amazing, spine-tingling ideas, says Robin Carhart-Harris, head of psychedelic research at Imperial College, London. But, you know, arguably theyre bullshit.

Carhart-Harris is part of a team of researchers at Imperial College London on a mission to trap the machine elves. Two years after conducting the worlds first fMRI scan of volunteers that had ingested LSD,the results of which are still being pored over, the Imperial team is now performing a similar experiment with DMT. In the process, they are targeting the pseudoscientific ideas that envelop and overwhelm any discussion of the so-called spirit molecule.

What may be glamour for some people or may be baffling, such as 'machine elves' for us is an opportunity, said Chris Timmermann, a PhD candidate conducting the research. It wont be mundane, says Carhart-Harris. I dont think it kills the magic.

The researchers have already given 12 volunteers DMT in a pilot EEG study. In a matter of weeks, they will begin the first ever fMRI scan of DMTs effect on the brain, in research that is expected to continue for at least six months.

The primary goal is to map brain activity during the experience. But Carhart-Harris and Timmerman hope they will be able to draw some conclusions from the research one of which will rationalise psychedelic encounters with entities.

Perhaps [entity encounters] relate to the fact that, certainly throughout our lives, but especially early on in our lives, were surrounded by entities as in people, says Carhart-Harris, who has a background in psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychology.

The first thing that we manage to focus our gaze on are people, and their eyes, usually. So it just follows that this will be a major part of the human psyche, and likely a major part of the unconscious.

Carhart-Harris hopes to show that an encounter with an entity may show a similar pattern of brain activity to an encounter with a person.

Its not a bulletproof approach, he says. But were working on the hypothesis that the experience of entity encounters rests on brain activity. And if it does, then why dont we look at the neural correlates of some elements of encounters [with] entities off the drug, and get a sense of where peoples brains are sensitive.

The researchers will also be paying close attention to the transcendental qualities of the DMT experience. By asking participants to rate the intensity of experience, they hope to capture, potentially, that leap into another world which characterises a trip.

The experiment is the latest from Imperial Colleges neuropsychopharmacology unit. Professor David Nutt is overseeing the study, Carhart-Harris and others designed it, and Timmerman is carrying it out.

They have a formidable record of safe experimentation with psychedelics, thanks to previous high-profile work with LSD and psilocybin. So securing permission to do the study was quite a smooth process, according to Carhart-Harris. Particularly when it came to the Ethics Review Committee.

They were quite warm really to us. We even had someone on the panel whose eyes were really lighting up, basically volunteering to be part of the study, he said. (The unnamed panel member was sadly not eligible to participate).

To make sure they get it right, the team has also called on the godfather of DMT research: Rick Strassman, clinical associate professor of psychiatry at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine.

Strassman gave advice on dosage and administration. He gave several hundred doses of the drug to volunteers between 1990-95, famously coining DMT the spirit molecule because of the wide range of mystical experiences participants reported.

Carhart-Harris is less enamoured by the use of non-secular, unscientific language to describe the DMT experience.

Its quite easy to hear a lot of pseudo-scientific musings and this idea of the spirit molecule is in that space, he said, later adding that psychedelics researchers worry that they, as individuals, will be stigmatised and thought of as not serious scientists.

DMT is best understood as a tool that can be used to understand consciousness, says Timmerman.

Its hard to find other tools out there that can alter consciousness so dramatically and so reliably, says Carhart-Harris.

The dosage the researchers have settled on is 20mg a quantity that is significantly more potent than it would be if smoked (the usual route of administration) due to its intravenous administration.

I would characterise it as a moderate-high dose of DMT, says Timmerman.

Participants will lie in the fMRI with an EEG cap on and their eyes closed. The whole experiment takes 20-30 minutes (the duration of a DMT trip), with researchers interjecting every two minutes to ask them to rate the intensity of the experience.

Were mostly looking at spontaneous brain activity, or resting brain activity, says Carhart-Harris. Because resting, especially under DMT you wouldnt really call it rest.

People are not able to do a task or engage with the external world in that state, agrees Timmerman.

Afterwards, the researchers will record the experience and how it unfolded over time from the participant in very fine detail a kind of peer-reviewed trip report.

12 people have already gone through the pilot, which involved just an EEG scan. A further 20 will go through the full EEG and fMRI scan.

One question that they do not expect to answer is why DMT exists in nature. The DMT question is more for DMT enthusiasts, perhaps, says Carhart-Harris.

But the question of why humans possess a specific serotonin receptor that DMT binds to is a big one, he says.

As far as we know its one particular serotonin receptor thats key to how these drugs work in the brain. Its a big curiosity and a question that is unanswered in science. What are these receptors for, and what do they do?

The answer may provide clues to the ability of psychedelic drugs to facilitate behavioural change. Studies have shown that they can be useful in the treatment of addictive or compulsive behaviours.

Finding a clinical application for DMT is not the primary outcome, however, says Timmerman. These are all completely healthy people. So its hard to draw a direct inference on mental health, because theyre all well."

But preliminary results from the pilot suggest that DMT improves mood. There is a significant drop in the depression scores, says Timmerman.

And ultimately the team at Imperial, like scientists from all over the world making discoveries in the so-called psychedelic renaissance, envision a future when psychedelics can be prescribed by doctors and made available in a therapeutic setting.

In many ways thats the ultimate aim, says Carhart-Harris.

If Imperials research already has the drug prohibitionists hyperventilating, the model Carhart-Harris proposes for the NHS will send them into an altered state of consciousness. It is the administration of psilocybin and DMT (not, it should be stated, at the same time) in a series of therapeutic treatments, for those conditions where they are shown to be effective.

People will realise that its quite expensive to develop this kind of treatment, he says. Because its a treatment model that requires some psychological preparation, quite a few hours of staff time to look after this patient, and ward space.

And how is this possible in the shell of the National Health Service that we have?

The advantage of DMT is its short acting time. Several short DMT treatments, which last under an hour, could be used to supplement psilocybin treatments, which would have effects that last for several hours.

Carhart-Harris and the rest of the team may be calling out the falsehoods people project onto the DMT experience. But they are not the only myths to ruin. He is just as comfortable providing the science that underpins the advocacy of psychedelic drugs in a therapeutic context.

Done right, with all the appropriate caveats and safeguards, it could be a revolution in psychiatry, he says. Its quite a reasonable thing to say.

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The brain on DMT: mapping the psychedelic drug's effects - Wired.co.uk