Daily Archives: June 27, 2017

ThermoReal lets you feel heat, cold, and pain in virtual reality – VentureBeat

Posted: June 27, 2017 at 7:15 am

Virtual reality takes your eyes and ears into another world. But it isnt quite truly immersive, yet. So,Tegway wants to take you one step closer into the immersion by making you feel new sensations like heat, cold, and pain.

The company demonstrated its ThermoReal technology at the HTC Vive X accelerator event last week in San Francisco. ThermoReal developed a thermoelectric device that can generate heat and cold upon demand and translate that feeling into your hands as you hold touch controls in VR. It is a new kind of human-machine interface.

Tegway created a semiconductor device that heats up on one side when you input electricity into it. The other side becomes cold when you put electricity into it. This kind of technology is already used in wine refrigerators, which generate cold without vibrations because there are no moving parts (thats what you need to preserve the wine better).

The device can become hotter based on the level of the electrical current. I put on a VR headset and held the ThermoReal controller in my hand. As I touched something flaming, I felt actual heat. And when I touched something cold, I felt the coldness for real. And to make me feel pain, the ThermoReal device generated both heat and cold at the same time. It was an electrifying experience.

It may be a while before this can be built into a VR device. But it is an interesting milestone on the road to full immersion. Applications that use the tech could draw you into an experience through more than sound and visuals.

Above: Tegway technology.

Above: Tegway wants to bring new sensations to VR.

Tegway has filed numerous patent applications in the areas of fabricating flexible thermoelectric device technologies, hardware design and applications, and software algorithms for thermal realism.

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ThermoReal lets you feel heat, cold, and pain in virtual reality - VentureBeat

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Volvo and Autoliv aim to sell self-driving cars with Nvidia AI tech by 2021 – TechCrunch

Posted: at 7:14 am

Volvo is forming a new joint partnership with Autoliv, called Zenuity, with a focus on developing self-driving automotive software. The plan is to eventually get to the point where they can field self-driving cars for sale, based on Nvidias Drive PX in-car AI computing platform, by the not-so-distant target year of 2021.

Thats a tall order, but Nvidias Drive PX is already being used to power self-driving vehicles in road testing today, including Nvidias own demonstration vehicles. Volvo and Autolivs Zenuity will use Nvidias AI car compute groundwork as the basis for their own software development, with the hopes of speeding up the development progress of Volvos commercially-targeted autonomous vehicles.

The software that were doing with them will be in some cases unique to Volvo, explained Nvidias Senior Director of Automotive on call. But Autoliv also has the rights to make the software available to other automakers. I think were starting to see, in the industry, these types of collaborations, and the opportunity to leverage from Nvidia a lot of this great work as well.

Zenuity, as a new entity, will provide the resulting self-driving software from the partnership to Volvo directly, while Autoliv will also sell the same software to third-party OEMs using its existing supply channels and relationships. Its great news for Nvidia, too, since that means their PX platform will be a key ingredient for OEMs looking to implement the system in their own vehicles.

Autoliv, a longtime safety technology supplier for the automotive industry, has been working on active safety systems including radar, vision and other ADAS tech for quite some time. But the company says that Nvidias AI platform will help it take its own autonomous and driver assistance tech to the next level.

Volvo and Nvidia had previously partnered for Volvos Drive Me autonomous car pilot program, but this is the first time the two have announced a partnership aimed at commercial sales of vehicles.

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AI could kickstart a new global arms race we need better ways to govern it before it’s too late – The Conversation UK

Posted: at 7:14 am

There is a lot of money to be made from Artificial Intelligence. By one estimate, the market is projected to hit US$36.8 billion by 2025. Some of this money will undoubtedly go to social good, like curing illness, disease and infirmity. Some will also go to better understanding intractable social problems like wealth distribution, urban planning, smart cities, and more efficient ways to do just about everything. But the key word here is some.

Theres no shortage of people touting the untold benefits of AI. But once you look past the utopian/dystopian and techno-capitalist hyperbole, what we are left with is a situation where various stakeholders want to find new and exciting ways to part you from your money. In other words: its business, not personal.

While the immediate benefits of AI might be clear from a strategic business perspective, the longer term repercussions are not. Its not just that the future is impossible to predict, complex technologies are hard to control, and human values are difficult to align with computer code, its also that in the present its hard to hear the voices calling for temperance and judiciousness over the din of companies clamouring for market advantage.

This is neither a new nor recent phenomenon. Whether it was the social media boom, the smart phone revolution, or the commercialisation of the world wide web, if theres money to be made, entrepreneurs will try and make it. And they should. For better or worse, economic prosperity and stability depends on what brilliance can be conjured up by scientific minds.

But thats only one side of the coin. The flipside is that prosperity and stability can only be maintained if equally brilliant minds work together to ensure we have durable ways to govern these technologies, legally, ethically, and for the social good. In some cases, this might mean agreeing that there are simply certain things we should not do with AI; some things that profit should not be derived from. We might call this conscious capitalism but it is, in fact, now a societal imperative.

There are structural problems in how the AI industry is shaping up, and serious asymmetries in the work that is being done. Its all well and good for large companies invested in presenting themselves as the softer, cuddlier, but no less profitable, face of this new technological revolution to tout hashtags like #responsibleAI or #AIEthics. No rational person is object to either, but they should not distract from the fact that hashtags arent coherent policy. Effective policy costs money to research, devise, and implement and right now, there is not enough time, cash, brainpower and undivided attention being devoted to building the robust governance infrastructure that will be required to compliment this latest wave of technological terraforming.

There are people out there thinking the things that need to be thought and implemented on the law, policy and governance side, but they are being drowned out by the PR, social media influencers and marketing campaigns that want to turn a profit from AI, or tell you how they can help your company do so.

Ultimately, our reach exceeds our grasp. We are far better at building new, exciting and powerful technologies than we are at governing them. To an extent, this has always been the case with new technologies, but the gap between what we create and the extent we can control it is widening and deepening.

Over the course of my PhD, where I researched long term strategies for AI governance and regulation, I was offered some sage advice: If you want to ensure youre remembered as a fool, make predictions about the future. While I try and keep that in mind, I am going to go out on a limb: AI will fundamentally remake society beyond all imagination.

Our commitment to ensuring safe and beneficial AI should amount to more than hashtags, handshakes and changing the narrative. It should be internalised into the ethos of AI development. Technical research must go hand in hand with law and policy research on both the public and private side. With great power comes great shared responsibility and its about time we recognise that this is the best business model we have for AI going forward.

If we are going to try and socialise the benefits of AI across society as the familiar refrain goes we need to get serious about the distribution of money across the AI industry today. Public and private research and public engagement has a critical role to play in this, even if its easier (and cheaper) to co-opt it into in-house research. We need to build a robust government-led research infrastructure in the UK, Europe and beyond to meet head on the challenges AI and other tech will pose. This means we need to think about more than just about data protection, algorithmic transparency and bias.

We also need to get serious about how our legal and political institutions will need to adapt to meet the challenges of tomorrow. And they will need to adapt, just as they have proven able to do in the face of earlier technological changes, whether it was planes, trains, automobiles or computers. From legal personhood to antitrust laws, or criminal culpability to corporate liability, we are starting to confront the incommensurability of certain legal norms with the lived reality of the 21st century.

AI is a new type of beast. We cannot do governance as usual, which has meant waiting for the latest and greatest tech to appear and then frantically react to keep it in check. Despite protestations to the contrary, we must be proactive in engaging with AI development, not reactive. In the parlance of regulation, we need to think ex ante and not just ex post. The hands-off, we-are-just-a-platform-and-have-no-responsibility-here tone of Silicon Valley must be rejected once and for all.

If we are going to adapt our institutions to the 21st century we must understand how they have adapted before, and what can be done today to equip them for the challenges of tomorrow. These changes must be premised upon evidence; not fatalistic conceits about the machines taking over, not philosophical frivolity, not private interests. We need smart people on the law and policy side working with the smart people sitting at the keyboards and toiling in the labs at the companies where these engines of tomorrow are being assembled line by line. Some might see this as an unholy alliance, but it is, in fact, a noble goal.

The governance and regulation of AI is not a national issue; it is a global issue. The untold fortunes being poured into the technical side of AI research needs to start making its way into the hands of those devoted to understanding how we might best actualise the technology, and how we can in good conscience use it to solve problems where there is no profit to be made.

The risk we run is that AI research kick starts a new global arms race; one where finishing second is framed as tantamount to economic hari-kari. There is tremendous good that the AI industry can do to help change this, but so far these good intentions have not manifested themselves in ways conducive to building the robust law, policy and social-scientific infrastructure that must compliment the technical side. As long as this imbalance continues, be afraid. Be very afraid.

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AI could kickstart a new global arms race we need better ways to govern it before it's too late - The Conversation UK

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PromoRepublic raises $1.2M for AI which creates social media for small businesses – TechCrunch

Posted: at 7:14 am

As AI slowly seeps into various sectors, it was fairly inevitable that we would start to see the AI for X startups begin to appear. Thus AI for small business social media is now a thing, in the shape of PromoRepublic, a US/Finnish/Ukrainian startup which has now raised a $1.2M investment round.

More specifically, they bill themselves as a WIX for a small businesss social presence. So what does that mean? Effectively its a simple way to grow a small business with social media content.

Investors in this seed round include Peter Druckers daughter Cecily Drucker, Nick Bilogorskiy (the ex-chief malware expert at Facebook), angel investor Aviram Jenik, business modeling guru David Lottenbach, Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation Tekes, as well as Howzat Partners, Digital Future and Spring Capital VC firms.

So far they have 50,000 small and medium business owners registered on the platform. It competes with visual design companies like Canva, Stencil, Adobe Spark, and DIFM (do-it-for-me) companies like MainStreenHub, Boostability and RevLocal who do custom social content for SMBs. DIFM-companies tend to cost around $300 per month which is pricey for small businesses. PromoRepublic starts at $20 per month.

The platform helps small business owners understand what specific content to post for their specific business. So, when to post, how often, what copy, design, call to actions and hashtags to use on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram. Then the user needs to make a final customization and approve content for the whole month. The platform has access to 100,000+ templates and images and is integrated with Hootsuite, HubSpot, Buffer, and Yext.

PromoRepublic will post automatically at the right time and frequency, thus doing the heavy lifting for SME/SMB business owners who really wouldnt know where to begin in terms of creating and sharing content about their business.

Given that most small business owners usually do their own social media, theyd probably happily drop $20 a month on a platform that came up with ideas they could use and approve every month. Goodbye social media consultants? This could well be the case, at least at this level.

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Volkswagen partners with Nvidia to expand its use of AI beyond autonomous vehicles – TechCrunch

Posted: at 7:14 am

Volkswagen is working with Nvidia to expand its usage of its artificial intelligence and deep learning technologies beyond autonomous vehicles and into other areas of business, the two companies revealed today.

VW set up its Munich-based data lab in 2014. Last year it pushed on with the hiring ofProf. Patrick van der Smagt to lead a dedicated AI team that is tasked with taking the technology into areas such as robotic enterprise, or use of the technology in enterprise settings.

Thats the backdrop to todays partnership announcement. VW wants to use AI and deep learning to power new opportunities within its corporate business functions and, more widely, in the field of mobility services. As an example, the German car-maker said it is working on procedures to help optimize traffic flow in cities and urban areas, while it sees the potential forintelligent human-robot collaboration, too.

Artificial intelligence is the key to the digital future of the Volkswagen Group. We want to develop and deploy high-performance AI systems ourselves. This is why we are expanding our expert knowledge required. Cooperation with NVIDIA will be a major step in this direction,Dr. Martin Hofmann, CIO of the Volkswagen Group, said in a statement.

Beyond the work on VWs own brands, the car-maker and Nvidia are teaming up to help other startups in the automotive space. The VW Data Lab is opening a startup support program that is specialized on machine learning and deep learning with Nvidias help. The first batch will include five startups and start this fall. The duo are also reaching out to students with a Summer of Code camp that will begin soon.

Nvidia is already working with VW-owned Audi on self-driving cars which they are aiming to bring to market by 2020 but todays announcement is purely about the data potential and not vehicles themselves. VW did ink an agreement earlier this year to work with Nvidia to develop AI-cockpit services for its 12 automotive brands, but it is also working with rival chip firm Qualcomm on connected cars and smart in-car systems, too.

This VW hookup is one part of a triple dose of automotive-themed news updates from Nvidia today.

Separately, it announced that Volvo andAutoliv have committedto sell self-driving cars powered by its technology by 2021. Nvidia also signed up auto suppliersZF and Hella to build additional safety standards into its autonomous vehicle platform.

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Aura uses artificial intelligence to deliver personalized meditations – Popular Science

Posted: at 7:14 am

If you struggle with stress or anxiety, you are far from alone. In fact, most US workers say they suffer from stress on the job. Thankfully, technology and science are teaming up to fix this growing issue with a whole slew of meditation and relaxation based tools. One example that's currently sweeping the industry is Aura, an app that helps you reach inner calmness through short, guided meditation sessions. Right now, you can get lifetime Premium access for just $59.99 via the Popular Science Shop.

While few of us have time for yoga classes and prolonged mindfulness, we can all spare 10 minutes. Aura helps you hit maximum relaxation in the minimum time by employing artificial intelligence that tailors your meditations to your state of mind.

When you open Aura, the app first asks about your mood and how long you have to meditate. Sessions last between 3 and 10 minutes with accompanying audio that has been crafted by meditation teachers and therapists. Aura even helps you track your mood over time, so you can see the improvement.

As a Premium member, you get unlimited sessions for life. Worth $399, Aura Premium lifetime subscriptions are now just $59.99 for a limited time.

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Aura uses artificial intelligence to deliver personalized meditations - Popular Science

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Volkswagen, Nvidia to cooperate on artificial intelligence – Economic Times

Posted: at 7:14 am

FRANKFURT: German carmaker Volkswagen said on Tuesday it would cooperate with US chipmaker Nvidia on deep learning software that could be used to manage traffic flows or make it easier for humans to work with robots.

"Artificial intelligence is the key to the digital future of the Volkswagen Group," Volkswagen Chief Information Officer Martin Hofmann said in a statement.

"We want to develop and deploy high-performance AI systems ourselves. This is why we are expanding our expert knowledge required. Cooperation with Nvidia will be a major step in this direction," he said.

Nvidia came to prominence in the gaming industry for designing graphics processing chips, but in recent years has been a key player in the automotive sector for providing the so-called "brain" of the autonomous vehicle.

The U.S.-based group separately announced it was also partnering with Volvo Cars and Swedish auto supplier Autoliv to develop self-driving car technology for vehicles due to hit the market by 2021.

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Volkswagen, Nvidia to cooperate on artificial intelligence - Economic Times

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Artificial Intelligence on the Assembly Line – Automation World

Posted: at 7:14 am

When Anna-Katrina Shedletsky was working as an engineer at Apple, she often found herself traveling overseas and spending weeks at the factory to fix a problem on an electronics assembly line. Finding the root cause of an anomaly can be like finding a needle in a haystack. It is a highly manual failure analysis process that can cause significant delays to the schedule.

And, when it comes to producing product, time is money. Not to mention the small window of opportunity once the product hits the market. For example, the Apple AirPods wireless earbuds shipped a few months after the release of the iPhone 7which had no headphone jack. A costly, and somewhat embarrassing problem.

Luckily, Anna, who was the product design lead for Apple Watch, wasnt part of the AirPods debacle. And, actually, she wasnt part of Apple at all at the time, as she was busy launching her own businesswhich is creating a system that will help electronics companies identify and fix assembly problems much faster. Oh, and drawing on her and her colleagues experiences spending hundreds of days at manufacturers responsible for millions of Apple products, she and her team have a deep understanding of the inefficiencies in the new product development processand the value of not having to travel far from home. To that end, the product Shedletsky designed can remotely analyze anomalies on the line.

Shedletsky is the co-founder and CEO of Instrumental. Established in May of 2015, the California start-up has raised $10.3 million backed by Eclipse Ventures, First Round Capital and Root Ventures. Whats unique here is that the hardware/software product leverages machine learning to identify problems quickly.

The system includes inspection stations and software tools that enable engineers to remotely review images of any unit, while virtually tearing down a device to understand what went wrong, take measurements, communicate with the global team, and make fixes or specification changes to stop delays before they start.

Heres how it works: First, inspection systems take a lot of images of the product while on the assembly line. Then, it makes those images remotely searchable and comparable. And, lastly, it applies learning and reacting to assembly line data so engineers can prevent further issues.

The machine-learning feature, called Detect, launched this month, highlights units that appear defective giving customers a significant edge in resolving product issues.

Detect uses Convolutional Neural Networks, a machine learning technique, to process hundreds of units and identify the most interesting units to review in seconds, Shedletsky said. Detect requires no foresight of what might go wrong, no training, and no golden units. It works on both small and large datasets.

When used in combination with other Instrumental software tools, an engineer can identify an issue and then take the next step by virtually disassembling concerning units and even taking measurements to understand what is wrong. These remote and on-demand first pass failure analysis tools save significant time and communication between companies and the factories that make their products.

And, while Instrumental Detect automatically processes hundreds of units and identifies the most interesting issues in seconds, in the near future, the companywill begin alerting engineers directly when it discovers anomalous units.

With the Instrumental system, teams can:

Triage defective units automatically

Restart downed lines hours or days faster

Identify root cause in minutes

Testhypotheses without building more units

Monitor and set cosmetic specifications remotely

Keep teams aligned around the globe

Right now, the company is putting a lot of effort into electronic manufacturing, but they are expanding quickly to any brand building serialized units. According to the company, Instrumental customers, including Fortune 500 companies, have used the system to virtually disassemble 16,000 units and to take over 40,000 measurements, all remotely. Multiple customers have saved over $350,000 in the first several months by using Instrumental to respond to issues, the company said.

Theres no going back, robotics and automation have already changed manufacturing. Intelligence like the kind we are building at Instrumental will change it again, Shedletsky said. We can radically improve how companies make products today and we hope to soon fundamentally change manufacturing as a whole.

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Dietary Supplements or Unapproved Drugs? – ModernMedicine

Posted: at 7:10 am

Red yeast rice is a dietary supplement designed to help treat hyperlipidemia and heart disease. Americans spend about $20 million a year on the product, which contains the same statin (monacolin K) as prescription lovastatin.

Despite this, the supplement is regulated as a food, not a drug. But a new study published in the European Journal of Preventative Cardiology has shown that even after the FDA implemented good manufacturing practices, the amount of the active ingredient in red yeast rice can differ widely from brand to brand, even reaching prescription-strength levels.

The study looked at 28 different brands of the supplements, each on sold in at least one of four major chainsGNC, Walgreens, Walmart, and Whole Foods.

Two of the brands contained no monacolin K. The brands that did contain monacolin K varied widelyfrom 0.09 to 5.48mg per 1200mg of red yeast rice. Over one-third of the brands tested contained more than 2 mg of monacolin K per 1200 mg of red yeast rice. This means that consumers could be ingesting 0.09 to 10.94mg of monacolin K per day, a difference of 120-fold. The study found that the dosages for some brands lined up with the dosages on prescription lovastatin tablets, which are produced in 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg dosages.

No brand listed the amount of the monacolin K and only two brands warned the consumer not take the supplements with prescription statins. Previous studies have shown that consumers may suffer from the same adverse effects while taking red yeast rice as they would when taking a statineffects possibly exacerbated when taken with another prescription statin.

So why all the variance? Red yeast rice is made by fermenting rice with different strains of Monascus spp., also known as ang-khak rice mold. As with any fermented product, minor differences in the process can lead to large differences in the final result. Authentic Chinese red yeast rice generally contains small amounts of monacolin K, but certain mutant strains of yeast can produce higher levels of the statin.

FDA regulations say that red yeast rice with higher levels of monacolin Khigher than 4 mg per dayare not supplements but unapproved drugs. Six brands tested in the study would qualify as unapproved drugs.

The study only tested one batch of each supplement, but the authors warn that even from batch to batch the amount of monacolin K is most likely variable. The study also only examined monacolin K, whereas red yeast rice can have multiple statin-like monacolins, potentially creating additional problems.

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Trade Group Seeks More Funds for FDA to Police Dietary Supplements – Natural Products INSIDER (blog)

Posted: at 7:10 am

For the fiscal year that ended Sept. 30, 2016, FDAs Office of Dietary Supplement Programs (ODSP) had a budget of US$4.6 million to police an industry with tens of billions of dollars in sales and tens of thousands of products on the U.S. market.

The Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN), a trade organization in Washington representing the dietary supplement industry, is seeking $5 million above current funding and has been in talks with lawmakers who hold the governments purse strings.

Mike Greene, senior vice president of government relations with CRN, said his organization has met with more than 50 appropriators on Capitol Hill.

Generally, everyone we meet withRepublican or Democratis supportive of the idea," he said. They understand this a growing industry."

Explained Greene in the first of two interviews on the subject: Were hopeful we get funding now, but if we dont or if we get less funding, well be focused on this over the long haul, probably the next three years, working to ensure that adequate funding is given to the Office of Dietary Supplement Programs."

ODSPs director, Steven Tave, and his staff of 25 in College Park, Maryland, face a daunting task: policing a $41 billion industry.

In 1994, the year Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), there were an estimated 4,000 products on the market, according to FDA. Twenty years later, the number of dietary supplements on the market exceeded 85,000, according to FDA estimates in 2014.

In late 2015, FDAs Division of Dietary Supplement Programs was elevated to an office. As FDA explained in its FY18 budget report to Congress, the move further enhances the effectiveness of dietary supplement regulation by allowing ODSP to better compete for government resources and capabilities to regulate this rapidly expanding industry."

However, Greene said to some extent, there was no immediate follow-up to ensure FDA supplement officials received additional resources.

In FY16, FDAs Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) provided ODSP $4.6 million, the agency disclosed to the Senate Committee on Appropriations. Michael Felberbaum, an FDA spokesman, said in an email to INSIDER that ODSPs FY17 budget is $6.5 million.

FY16 FDA Dietary Supplement Activities

678 domestic inspections

99 foreign inspections

83 warning letters

6 untitled letters

49 detentions

3 injunctions

Source: FDA FY18 budget request to Congress

Appropriators on Capitol Hill with whom CRN has met believe that an office should be funded appropriately because these are products that we put into our bodies," Greene said. We have to be very concerned with public health."

While FDAs FY18 budget request to Congress doesnt specify a requested funding level for ODSP, CFSAN may have an incentive to boost FY18 funding for dietary supplement activities if it receives such direction from Congress in House and Senate appropriations committee reports.

Nonetheless, Steven Grossman, deputy executive director of the Alliance for a Stronger FDA, cautioned, Technically, FDA doesnt have to follow the report languagejust be prepared to explain what it did or didnt do in response to it. As a practical matter, they are not going to say that they didnt follow Congress direction."

On June 20, FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., appeared before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies.

During the hearing to discuss President Trumps FY18 request and the budget justification for FDA, lawmakers discussed with Gottlieb a range of issues from the opioid epidemic to prescription drugs to regulations impacting premium cigars.

Dietary supplements werent mentioned. On a broader level, lawmakers expressed concerns about FDAs ability to carry out its duties under Trumps proposed budget.

Excluding a proposal to increase user fees and the mandatory funding through the 21st Century Cures Act of 2016, FDAs FY18 budget features a 34 percent cut, according to Sen. Patrick Leahy, a Democrat from Vermont.

The cuts include $119 million from monitoring food safety and a $55 million reduction in medical product safety," Leahy said in a statement. In my many years in the Senate, I have heard repeatedly that the FDA needs more, not less, resources to adequately fulfill the agencys mission."

In response to a question from Sen. Jon Tester (D-Montana) regarding expedited review of generic drugs under Trumps budget proposal, Gottlieb conceded, These are challenging budgetary times, and were going to have to figure out ways to do more with less."

While Greene of CRN acknowledged the budgetary constraints under the Trump administration, he described a $5 million increase in ODSPs budget as a drop in the bucket" relative to FDAs overall budget ($5.1 billion in requested appropriations for FY18).

CRN is seeking additional funds for ODSP to increase dietary supplement inspections and bolster enforcement activities to target companies that violate the law, such as dietary supplement firms that spike products with pharmaceutical ingredients. ODSP has faced criticisms on occasion for moving too slowly against bad actors" in the industry, while the agency has cited limited resources and its focus on safety in prioritizing its work.

Concluded Greene: We are a growing and robust industry, and therefore, we should have an office that matches the industry growth and is able to inspect and enforce all the things that they [FDA officials] need to fully implement the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act."

The following members of Congress did not respond to requests for comment for this article: Sens. John Hoeven (R-North Dakota) and Jeff Merkley (D-Oregon), the chairman and ranking member of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration; Reps. Robert Aderholt (R-Alabama) and Sanford Bishop (D-Georgia), the chairman and ranking member of the corresponding appropriations subcommittee in the House; and Sen. Dick Durbin (D-Illinois), who has introduced dietary supplement legislation in previous years andcited shortcomings withthe current regulatory framework at FDA.

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