Daily Archives: May 11, 2017

Quantum – Wikipedia

Posted: May 11, 2017 at 1:24 pm

In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization".[1] This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only certain discrete values.

For example, a photon is a single quantum of light (or of any other form of electromagnetic radiation), and can be referred to as a "light quantum". Similarly, the energy of an electron bound within an atom is also quantized, and thus can only exist in certain discrete values. The fact that electrons can only exist at discrete energy levels in an atom causes atoms to be stable, and hence matter in general is stable.

Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics. Quantization of the energy and its influence on how energy and matter interact (quantum electrodynamics) is part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature.

The word quantum comes from the Latin quantus, meaning "how great". "Quanta", short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons), was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity. However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900.[2] It was often used by physicians, such as in the term quantum satis. Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists. Helmholtz used quantum with reference to heat in his article[3] on Mayer's work, and the word quantum can be found in the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics by Mayer in his letter[4] dated July 24, 1841. Max Planck used quanta to mean "quanta of matter and electricity",[5] gas, and heat.[6] In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard (who explained his results by using the term quanta of electricity), Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called "quanta of light" ("Lichtquanta").[7]

The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation. By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called "bundles" or "energy elements",[8] Planck accounted for certain objects changing colour when heated.[9] On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black-body radiation.[10] As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of h, known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the AvogadroLoschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society. After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery.

While quantization was first discovered in electromagnetic radiation, it describes a fundamental aspect of energy not just restricted to photons.[11] In the attempt to bring experiment into agreement with theory, Max Planck postulated that electromagnetic energy is absorbed or emitted in discrete packets, or quanta.[12]

The adjective "quantum" is frequently used in common parlance to mean the opposite of its scientific definition. A "quantum leap" has been used colloquially since the 1950s to imply a large change, as opposed to the smallest possible change.[13][14] It is also used in a range of pseudoscientific beliefs (quantum mysticism), where the adjective is used to imply that a paranormal event is a consequence of quantum physics.[15][16]

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Quantum - Wikipedia

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Quantum Entanglement Persists Even Under High Accelerations, Experiments Reveal – International Business Times

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Quantum entanglement is just one of the many weird things that pop up when you try to understand the laws governing the world of subatomic particles. The phenomenon of entanglement wherein two particles can be separated by billions of light-years and yet be instantly affected by changes to the quantum state of one another seems so outlandish that even Albert Einstein (the essence of intelligence anthropomorphized) had trouble wrapping his head around the concept.

Despite Einsteins reservations, though, quantum entanglement has been empirically observed several times over the past few decades. The spooky action at a distance as the famed physicist once derisively called it is very real.

Read:Schrdingers Cat Is Now Dead And Alive In Two Boxes

In a series of experiments described in a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature Communications a team of researchers has now shown that quantum entanglement persists even at high accelerations. The experiments not only help scientists deepen their understanding of quantum mechanics, they also help them take a step toward the holy grail of particle physics the unification of quantum mechanics and relativity.

In their experiments, the researchers subjected pairs of entangled photons to accelerations of up to 30g (or 30 times the acceleration due to gravity a free-falling object experiences on Earth) in centrifuges.

Detectors mounted on the crate monitored the photons' entanglement during the experiments. Analysing the data, the physicists could calculate an upper bound of disadvantageous effects of acceleration on entanglement, the University of Vienna explained in a statement. The data showed thatentanglement quality did not significantly exceed the expected contribution of background noise.

Not only do the experiments prove that the phenomenon of entanglement is strong enough to persist even in experiments that may one day be carried out on a satellite or an accelerated spacecraft, they also suggests quantum mechanical entanglement ofphoton pairscan be tested while the particles undergo relativistic acceleration conditions under whichattempts to unify quantum mechanics and relativity into an overarching theory of everything can be made.

Currently, the universe we live in obeys two seemingly incompatiblelaws quantum mechanics, whichgovernsthe behavior of subatomic particles;and relativity, which describeshow clumps of atoms, such ashumans, stars and galaxies,behave. Formulating an all-encompassing theory of everything, one that resolves the apparent contradictions between quantum mechanics and relativity has, for the longest time, been the main goal of particle physicists.

This, however, is easier said than done. The seemingly insurmountable problem is that gravity, which is a product of massive objects warping space-time as explained by Einsteins theory of general relativity does not follow the laws of quantum physics.

As long as these descriptions of nature remain confined to their own scope of application, they cannot contribute to a unified theory that captures physics at the boundary between these specialized regimes, the researchers wrote in the study. Our experimental platform represents a testbed that can readily be upgraded for measurements with higher precision, by using a ultra-bright source of entangled photons, and higher-dimensional degrees of freedom, such as energy-time entanglement.

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Quantum Entanglement Persists Even Under High Accelerations … – International Business Times

Posted: at 1:24 pm

Quantum entanglement is just one of the many weird things that pop up when you try to understand the laws governing the world of subatomic particles. The phenomenon of entanglement wherein two particles can be separated by billions of light-years and yet be instantly affected by changes to the quantum state of one another seems so outlandish that even Albert Einstein (the essence of intelligence anthropomorphized) had trouble wrapping his head around the concept.

Despite Einsteins reservations, though, quantum entanglement has been empirically observed several times over the past few decades. The spooky action at a distance as the famed physicist once derisively called it is very real.

Read:Schrdingers Cat Is Now Dead And Alive In Two Boxes

In a series of experiments described in a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature Communications a team of researchers has now shown that quantum entanglement persists even at high accelerations. The experiments not only help scientists deepen their understanding of quantum mechanics, they also help them take a step toward the holy grail of particle physics the unification of quantum mechanics and relativity.

In their experiments, the researchers subjected pairs of entangled photons to accelerations of up to 30g (or 30 times the acceleration due to gravity a free-falling object experiences on Earth) in centrifuges.

Detectors mounted on the crate monitored the photons' entanglement during the experiments. Analysing the data, the physicists could calculate an upper bound of disadvantageous effects of acceleration on entanglement, the University of Vienna explained in a statement. The data showed thatentanglement quality did not significantly exceed the expected contribution of background noise.

Not only do the experiments prove that the phenomenon of entanglement is strong enough to persist even in experiments that may one day be carried out on a satellite or an accelerated spacecraft, they also suggests quantum mechanical entanglement ofphoton pairscan be tested while the particles undergo relativistic acceleration conditions under whichattempts to unify quantum mechanics and relativity into an overarching theory of everything can be made.

Currently, the universe we live in obeys two seemingly incompatiblelaws quantum mechanics, whichgovernsthe behavior of subatomic particles;and relativity, which describeshow clumps of atoms, such ashumans, stars and galaxies,behave. Formulating an all-encompassing theory of everything, one that resolves the apparent contradictions between quantum mechanics and relativity has, for the longest time, been the main goal of particle physicists.

This, however, is easier said than done. The seemingly insurmountable problem is that gravity, which is a product of massive objects warping space-time as explained by Einsteins theory of general relativity does not follow the laws of quantum physics.

As long as these descriptions of nature remain confined to their own scope of application, they cannot contribute to a unified theory that captures physics at the boundary between these specialized regimes, the researchers wrote in the study. Our experimental platform represents a testbed that can readily be upgraded for measurements with higher precision, by using a ultra-bright source of entangled photons, and higher-dimensional degrees of freedom, such as energy-time entanglement.

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14-Year-Old Earns Physics Degree From TCU CBS Dallas / Fort … – CBS DFW

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FORT WORTH (CBS11) He studies the theories behind the subatomic building blocks of the universe. Hes earned a degree in physics from TCU. He is 14-years old.

Most 14-year-olds are learning to navigate the halls of high school as a freshman.

Carson Huey-You navigates the intricate world of quantum physics on a wall-sized college classroom white board.

Im studying physics but in particular quantum physics eventually going into research and teaching after graduate school, he said.

Huey-You will graduate TCU with a bachelors degree in physics Saturday.

He was 10 when Professor Magnus Rittby took him under his wing.

Of course I had reservations, he laughed. Ive never seen a 10-year-old apply for college. But he was a bright kid and I just thought it was worth fighting for him to get admitted and try it.

The age difference between him and his classmates is something Huey-You is accustomed to. After homeschooling, he started school in the 8th grade at five years old.

Its no different than what Im used to because I was around it all through high school, Huey-You said. So, I got used to it there and its really the same thing here. Its also good because they sort of accept me as an equal.

And that acceptance came with more than classwork as a 10-year-old had to learn how to manage himself maturely in a college environment.

I tried making it work both ways, Rittby said. That is, being mature about the academics but still being able to be a kid at heart which I think he still is. And I want to keep it that way.

I have Cannan my younger brother, Huey-You said of how he spends his down time. So we play together a lot. I have a puppy named Klaus. He likes to run around and hes very energetic.

Perhaps its not surprising that in a world of theoretical formulas where age is not a factor Huey-You never thought that he could actually earn his PhD when other students his age are graduating high school.

Its kind of surprising but then at the same time its really cool! he laughed.

His younger brother Cannan is graduating high school this week and will study physics and astronomy at TCU.

He is 11 years-old and already has taken some advanced classes at TCU.

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Donald Trump, ‘Brexit,’ Snapchat: Your Thursday Briefing – New York Times

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New York Times
Donald Trump, 'Brexit,' Snapchat: Your Thursday Briefing
New York Times
A photographer from TASS, Russia's official news agency, captured President Trump's meeting with the Russian foreign minister, Sergey Lavrov, second from left, in the Oval Office on Wednesday. American news outlets were denied access. Credit Alexander ...
The Russians are in the building! Donald Trump meets with Putin's officials hours after firing FBI chiefStuff.co.nz
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What Donald Trump doesn’t understand about the federal government – Washington Post

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Ithas been more than 36 hours since President Trump fired FBI Director James B. Comey, and the tick-tock, leaks and diatribes about it have not abated. The hard-working staff here at Spoiler Alerts has devoured all of them, and has reached a pretty simple conclusion: Donald Trump does not understand how the federal government works.

Julian Sanchez gets at this pointin Just Security:

Much has been made of Trumps willingness to flout longstanding political norms, but whats less often observed is that this appears to be as much a function of ignorance as brazenness. That is, its not just that hes decided he can get away with breaking the rules which thus far he has but that he routinely seemsto do so unwittingly, unaware of what the rulesare. Many have expressed incredulity that the White House truly believed it could take this step without provoking a political firestorm; I find it all too plausible. As a result, theyve been caught unprepared, without any credible story that would give members of his own party cover to defend the move with a straight face.

To be sure, Trump has the constitutional authority to fire Comey. I agree with Reasons Jacob Sullum that this is not a constitutional crisis. And other smart reporters like Politicos Jack Shafer or my colleague Dave Weigel do not even think this is a political crisis.

The Washington Post's Ruth Marcus explains how FBI Director James Comey's firing is a big deal, yet not quite "Nixonian." (Adriana Usero/The Washington Post)

But Spoiler Alerts throws its lot in with colleague Alyssa Rosenberg, who shrewdly observed that, Trump doesnt seem to recognize the difference between an ephemeral victory and a substantive one. Sure, Trump has forced out Comey, and thats not nothing for him. In the process, however, he has weakened his influence with two competing sources of authority: the Senate and the FBI.

GOP control over the Senate is razor thin, as a vote today made clear:

Something very unusual happened in the U.S. Senate today: a vote scheduled by the majority leader failed. The legislation would have repealed an Obama-era rule designed to prevent methane emissions from leaking out of drilling operations on public lands. Brought up under the Congressional Review Act, the resolution only needed 50 votes to pass the Senate, after already passing the House along party lines. But it failed 49-51

In the C-SPAN video of the vote, McCain can be seen in heated discussion with John Cornyn, R-Texas, the number two man in the Senate leadership, along with John Barrasso, R-Wyo., and an unidentified senator with his back to the camera. After yelling at them for close to a minute, McCain goes over to the Senate clerks and gives a thumbs down to record his vote. He then storms out of the chamber, as Cornyn raises his arms in mild protest.

McCain has a reputation for being a little, shall we say, vindictive. Its not out of the question at all that he would torpedo this vote, regardless of his ideological preferences, because of a fit of pique about the FBI director he admires getting unceremoniously dumped.

Nor is this a case of just one vote, or just one GOP senator. Because the GOPs margin is so small, it only takes a few recalcitrant GOP senators to gum up the works. And the gumming up has already started:

Is it possible that GOP senators will fall back into line? Sure, its possible, if Trump was a normal politician. But I find it hard to envision Trump sweet-talking McCain into a more compliant attitude. And this will inevitably affect Trumps ability to replace Comey with a more pliant FBI director.

As for the FBI, voracious news readers might have noticed a fewstories over the past day on how the rank and file are taking the news. The answer appears to be not well. Consider this story from The Daily Beasts Jana Winter and Betsy Woodruff:

Everyone feels like there has been a death in the family, said one counterterrorism agent.

Were basically sitting shiva, said another agent, referring to the Jewish mourning period just after a funeral.

At least a dozen agents posted photos on their private Facebook pages of themselves with Comey (or just of Comey). Some made those their temporary profile picture a gesture agents usually reserve for when a colleague dies in the line of duty.

And then theres this from the Posts 30-source Comeypalooza story:

Within the Justice Department and the FBI, the firing of Comey has left raw anger, and some fear, according to multiple officials. Thomas OConnor, the president of the FBI Agents Association, called Comeys firing a gut punch. We didnt see it coming, and we dont think Director Comey did anything that would lead to this.

Many employees said they were furious about the firing, saying the circumstances of his dismissal did more damage to the FBIs independence than anything Comey did in his three-plus years in the job.

One intelligence official who works on Russian espionage matters said they were more determined than ever to pursue such cases. Another said Comeys firing and the subsequent comments from the White House are attacks that wont soon be forgotten. Trump had essentially declared war on a lot of people at the FBI, one official said. I think there will be a concerted effort to respond over time in kind.

So Trump has gotten rid of his immediate obstacle Comey but has created even more obstacles in the process. I might be a small-town political scientist, but it seems like this is not the best way to achieve political success.

In fairness to Trump, he might be able to weather this latest own-goal. Each leak from the FBI will potentially erode the prestige of that institution. And Republicans really, really want to pass conservative legislation, which they can do now that a Republican is president.

But as Kori Schake so eloquently notes at Foreign Policy, the costs of legislative quiescence to Trumps more controversial moves might be high.

Republicans in Congress ought perhaps also to wonder whether continued support for the president might ensure this really will be the only time in a generation Americans will entrust Republicans with both the legislature and executive branch. The White House is evidently banking on public indifference.

For any of this to matter after next week,Trumps unpopularitywill have to start infecting the poll numbers ofGOP members of Congress. If that happens, however and it might then the Trump administrations latest short-term political move will lead to its long-term political ruination.

Or, to put it more simply: when your most stalwart defender is Sebastian Gorka, you are probably losing the argument.

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Donald Trump thinks he invented the phrase ‘priming the pump.’ That’s telling. – CNN

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TRUMP: We have to prime the pump.

ECONOMIST: It's very Keynesian.

TRUMP: We're the highest-taxed nation in the world. Have you heard that expression before, for this particular type of an event?

TRUMP: Yeah, have you heard it?

ECONOMIST: Yes.

TRUMP: Have you heard that expression used before? Because I haven't heard it. I mean, I just...I came up with it a couple of days ago and I thought it was good. It's what you have to do.

Trump, quite clearly, believes he came up with the phrase "prime the pump." Or at least that he is the first person to use it in regards the potential kick-starting effect of tax cuts on an economy.

A simple slip of the tongue by Trump? I don't think so.

Here's the thing with Trump: He is someone who has always created his own version of events and reality. One of his tried and true tactics as a businessman was, no matter the outcome of a deal, to declare victory and move on. He would aim to win the next day's press story -- knowing that for lots of people not paying close attention that would be all they would hear.

And he didn't stop doing it once he became a candidate for president. He would simply say things -- Muslims were celebrating on the roofs in northern New Jersey after 9/11, Ted Cruz's father might have been involved in JFK's assassination (or maybe he wasn't!), all the polls showed him beating Hillary Clinton -- that weren't factually true but seemed right to him. His gut -- the much-ballyhooed origin of most of Trump's political instincts -- told him this stuff was right, so who were fact checkers and biased media types to tell him -- or his supporters -- differently?

Trump kept building his own world once in the White House. He would have won the popular vote except for the 3 to 5 million votes cast by undocumented immigrants. His inauguration crowd was the biggest ever. His first 100 days were among the most successful of any president ever. And so on and on and on.

It didn't matter that all of these things were provably false. What mattered (and matters) is that Trump believed them. That made them truth to him.

Which brings us back to him inventing the phrase "prime the pump." Of course he didn't do that. But Trump came up with it in relation to his tax reform plan -- raising the deficit in the near term via tax cuts in the belief they will "prime the pump" for future economic growth -- so he, naturally, believed he was the first one to think it up.

That takes some significant self-regard. But also a sense that if you say it, it must be new and true. And Donald Trump believes that whatever he says is, by definition, new and true.

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Donald Trump Is Launching a Panel to Investigate Voter Fraud – Fortune

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President Donald Trump is expected to sign an executive order on Thursday launching a commission to review alleged voter fraud and voter suppression in the U.S. election system, three White House officials said.

Vice President Mike Pence and Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach will lead the commission, which will look at allegations of improper voting and fraudulent voter registration in states and across the nation, one official said. The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they weren't authorized to discuss details ahead of the formal announcement.

Trump has alleged, without evidence, that 3 to 5 million people voted illegally in his 2016 campaign against Democrat Hillary Clinton. He has vowed since the start of his administration to investigate voter fraud, a process that has been delayed for months.

The commission will include Republicans and Democrats and be composed of current and former state election officials and other experts, the White House official said.

The panel will aim to ensure confidence in the integrity of federal elections while looking at vulnerabilities in the system and the possibility of improper voting and fraudulent voter registration and voting, the official said.

Potential panel members include former Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell and Indiana Secretary of State Connie Lawson, the official said.

Other names under consideration include longtime New Hampshire Secretary of State Bill Gardner and Maine Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap, both Democrats, and Christy McCormick of the U.S. Election Assistance Commission.

During his campaign, Trump repeatedly alleged that the election system was "rigged" and after his election argued that such massive, widespread fraud kept him from the popular vote. Trump won the presidency with an Electoral College victory despite losing to Democrat Hillary Clinton by nearly 3 million votes.

Voting experts and many lawmakers have said they haven't seen anything to suggest that millions of people voted illegally, including House Oversight Committee Chairman Jason Chaffetz. The Utah Republican said his committee won't be investigating voter fraud.

In a lunch meeting with senators in February, Trump said that he and former Republican Sen. Kelly Ayotte would have won in New Hampshire if not for voters bused in from out of state. New Hampshire officials have said there was no evidence of major voter fraud in the state.

Trump had previously identified Pence as the person to oversee the long-awaited commission. Kobach advised Trump's transition team and has been a leading GOP proponent of tighter voting regulations.

The secretary of state championed Kansas' proof-of-citizenship requirement as an anti-fraud measure that keeps noncitizens from voting, including immigrants living in the U.S. illegally. Critics contend it suppresses voter turnout, particularly among young and minority voters, and that there have been few cases of fraud.

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Donald Trump After Hours – TIME

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TIME
Donald Trump After Hours
TIME
In a few minutes, President Donald Trump will release a new set of tweets, flooding social-media accounts with his unique brand of digital smelling saltswords that will jolt his supporters and provoke his adversaries. Nearly a dozen senior aides ...
Trump gets 2 ice cream scoops at White House dinners everyone else gets 1Business Insider

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Donald Trump Thinks He Invented a Phrase That’s Been Around Since 1932 – Vanity Fair

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By Molly Riley-Pool/Getty Images.

Last week, Donald J. Trump sat down for an interview with The Economist, which sort of feels like a kindergartner being interviewed by the The Paris Review. The chat covered a variety of issues, from trade to taxes to health care to immigration, and included some delightfully surreal moments, such as when the president claimed to have invented the phrase prime the pump. Herewith, the highlights:

Trumponomics, as it were, is about self-respect and winning: . . . it really has to do with self-respect as a nation. It has to do with trade deals that have to be fair, and somewhat reciprocal, if not fully reciprocal. And I think thats a word that youre going to see a lot of, because we need reciprocality in terms of our trade deals . . . We always lose. But were not going to lose any more.

He appears unaware of the fact that his own aides opened a back channel to Justin Trudeau to convince him not to withdraw from NAFTA: I was going to terminate NAFTA last week, I was all set, meaning the six-month termination. I was going to send them a letter, then after six months, its gone. But the word got out, they called and they said, we would really love to . . . they called separately but it was an amazing thing. They called separately 10 minutes apart. I just put down the phone with the president of Mexico when the prime minister of Canada called. And they both asked almost identical questions. We would like to know if it would be possible to negotiate as opposed to a termination. And I said, Yes, it is. Absolutely. So, so we did that and well start.

He possibly had no idea how old China is, until president Xi Jinping gave him a history lesson; now, hes really excited to show off that knowledge: [Our] relationship with China is long. Of course by China standards, its very short [laughter], you know when Im with [Xi Jinping], because hes great, when Im with him, hes a great guy. He was telling me, you know they go back 8,000 years, we have 1776 is like modern history. They consider 1776 like yesterday and they, you know, go back a long time.

Hes totally flexible, but he wont give any examples of said flexibility for publication: Nobody, you know, I always use the word flexibility, I have flexibility. [Goes off the record.]

He thinks he coined the phrase prime the pump, which has in fact been used since 1932, with the creation of President Herbert Hoover's Reconstruction Finance Corporation (this exchange really must be read in full):

The Economist: But beyond that its O.K. if the tax plan increases the deficit?

Trump: It is O.K., because it wont increase it for long. You may have two years where youll . . . you understand the expression prime the pump?

Trump: We have to prime the pump.

The Economist: Its very Keynesian.

Trump: Were the highest-taxed nation in the world. Have you heard that expression before, for this particular type of an event?

The Economist: Priming the pump?

Trump: Yeah, have you heard it?

Trump: Have you heard that expression used before? Because I havent heard it. I mean, I just . . . I came up with it a couple of days ago, and I thought it was good. Its what you have to do.

The Economist: Its . . .

Trump: Yeah, what you have to do is you have to put something in before you can get something out.

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Donald Trump Thinks He Invented a Phrase That's Been Around Since 1932 - Vanity Fair

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