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Daily Archives: April 13, 2017
The 3 Best Ways to Profit From Virtual Reality — The Motley Fool – Motley Fool
Posted: April 13, 2017 at 11:50 pm
Keith Noonan, Tim Brugger, and Daniel B. Kline
Virtual reality (VR) got off to a slow start in 2016, but it's still a young technology with the potential to have a revolutionary impact. Our team of top tech writers has spotlighted three companies poised to profit from the emerging medium. Read on to learn whyWalt Disney (NYSE:DIS), Activision Blizzard (NASDAQ:ATVI), andMicrosoft (NASDAQ:MSFT)made the list.
Image source: Getty Images.
Daniel B. Kline(Walt Disney): In any content market that may or may not develop, the best bet is a company that can enter the space with little risk and then capitalize on growth should demand actually develop. That's where Disney sits when it comes to virtual reality.
The company owns top-tier content that it can license to the technology companies spending the big money developing the devices that make VR possible. Star Wars, along with Marvel and Pixar properties, and the company's army of well-known cartoon characters would all be in heavy demand from VR device creators, as would ESPN sports content, and even perhaps certain ABC shows.
Disney can sit back and make money from other companies licensing these characters and then create its own VR products if that proves viable. That's essentially the model it has followed in the streaming space, working with established players while also taking steps in parts of the world to create its own service.
If VR becomes a viable consumer platform, Disney would likely pursue a hybrid strategy. It would take the easy money for licensing some of its properties while it would likely also develop some of its own VR services. That could mean perhaps Star Wars and Marvel games licensed to the major players while the company creates its VR theme parks experiences, or finds other uses for the technology that somebody else (lots of somebody elses) paid to develop.
There's no risk here for Disney. Few companies control anywhere close to the content library it does. That gives the company negotiating power, and means it will get paid for the rights to its characters even if the VR platform it licenses them to does not succeed.
If VR makes it, Disney has a new platform to leverage its content assets on. If it becomes a novelty or fails like 3D television, the company will have lost little while gaining some cash.
Keith Noonan(Activision Blizzard):With so many companies competing in the virtual reality hardware space and headset technology still finding its footing, investing in companies that produce content looks to be a better strategy for profiting from VR. Popular uses for virtual reality could eventually extend to areas like online shopping and even healthcare, but video games are the biggest hook for the technology at the moment -- and they're likely to remain a draw as VR progresses.
In the video game space, perhaps no company is better-equipped to take advantage of the new display medium than Activision Blizzard.The publisher hasn't jumped headlong into the production of virtual reality content, with its only entry in the category to date being aCall of Dutyexperience for Sony's PlayStation VR platform, but a wealth of popular franchises gives the company the potential to be a big winner in the emerging category.
In addition to Call of Duty, properties like Overwatch,World of Warcraft, andDestinycould eventually make a splash in VR, and the company's history of delivering quality products and creating fresh intellectual properties suggests it's well-suited to make entirely new experiences as well.Activision Blizzard is also making a big push into competitive gaming (known as eSports), which is likely to see overlap with virtual reality at some point down the line.
With a stellar franchise portfolio and a leadership position in its industry, Activision Blizzard looks to be a big beneficiary if VR goes mainstream.
Tim Brugger(Microsoft):Manufacturers of virtual reality headsets all claim their devices are unique, citing better graphics, audio, or other features. And there are certainly a lot of strong alternatives in a market primarily targeting the world's gamers, at least for now. However, one tech giant truly does offer a device unlike any other: Microsoft.
At this year's GameDevelopers Conference, Microsoft announced it has inked deals with five tech big hitters to develop VR/augmented reality (AR) devices for Windows. Unlike VR, AR allows users to meander through a virtual world while retaining awareness of their surroundings. Microsoft's suite of devices will deliver a "mixed reality" experience that incorporates the best of both worlds, VR and AR.
As a Microsoft exec put it, "What happens when your VR headset of tomorrow has the ability to see the real world and put holograms on it?" The answer is mixed reality, an area in which Microsoft is well ahead of the pack. And the opportunity is gigantic.
One study suggests the combined VR and AR markets will generate$120 billion in just three years -- and it gets better for Microsoft. Of that $120 billion, a whopping $90 billion will come from AR due to its commercial possibilities. Gamers will jump-start VR, including playing Microsoft's wildly popularMinecraft, which it acquiredfor $2.5 billion, but AR is expected to pick up steam in a hurry.
Whether it's VR, AR, or mixed reality, Microsoft has its oversize hat in the ring and is hands down one of the best ways to profit from a market worth more than $100 billion.
Teresa Kersten is an employee of LinkedIn and is a member of The Motley Fool's board of directors. LinkedIn is owned by Microsoft. Daniel Kline owns shares of Microsoft. Keith Noonan owns shares of Activision Blizzard. Tim Brugger owns shares of Walt Disney. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Activision Blizzard and Walt Disney. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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Tech firm AMD says virtual reality will soon be so advanced that humans will choose to live in computer simulations – The Sun
Posted: at 11:50 pm
Tech firm AMD, that makes the chips which power PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, believes we will one day move into a virtual world
A TOP technologycompany making virtual reality products is already planning for a time when actual life and virtual reality are indistinguishable.
Chip maker company AMD, which runs Playstation 4 and Xbox One consoles, is banking on virtual reality taking over the world.
THORPE PARK Resort
Some people have scoffed at early VR headsets such asOculus Rift, HTC Vive and Samsung Gear, which are expensive and sometimes make the wearer vomit.
But AMDs corporate vice president, Roy Taylor, took to the stage at a virtual reality conference being held in Bristol this week to blast any criticism and predict big things for the future.
He said: To get to photo realism is the next big step, to get to full presence is where we need to get afterwards, when actual life will be indistinguishable from virtual reality.
It seems far-fetched, but last year virtual reality headset sales reached almost one billion, Taylor said.
2016 saw the first virtual reality cinema, the first virtual reality surgery in London and even saw virtual reality used to settle a case in court.
"Remember Timemagazine wrote in 1994 that the internet would not take off," Taylor told an audience at Virtual Reality World Congress on Wednesday.
That said, there's probably some way to go until we abandon the real world. The software is not quite finished yet, thanks to technical obstacles.
And the more detailed the graphics become, the more likely the person wearing the headset is to feel nauseous.
Wires also get in the way, limiting gamers' movements.
But Taylor said that AMD might just have the answer, thanks to a new chip design which uses beamforming - a way to send signal to a direct target (unlike WiFi, which broadcasts signal to a wider area).
Taylor hinted it could be a component of the Xbox's virtual reality gaming, which is rumoured to be launching later this year as part of new console, Project Scorpion.
Computer simulations are already having a huge impact on the world we live in.
Scientists recently showed how subjects were able to catch virtual tennis balls that turned out to be real.
That means they were catching the balls without ever seeing the direction they were being thrown in.
Similarly, researchers have used virtual reality to make people feel they are having an out of body experience.
They believe it could cure society's fear of dying, as subjects all said they felt more positive about death after the experiment,
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Facebook F8: Major Focus on VR, Updates on New Headset … – Variety
Posted: at 11:50 pm
Virtual reality (VR) is getting a lot more attention at Facebooks annual F8developer conference this year: The event, which will be held in San Jose next week, will feature a number of sessions and announcements related to VR. The company may also use F8 to show off the latest prototype of its standalone VR headset.
Facebook is keeping details on any VR-related announcements at F8 tightly under wraps, something that one of the companyspartners compared to Steve Jobs-like secrecy in a conversation with Variety. But the conference schedule already lists 8 VR-related talks and sessions.
Thats not only four times as many as last year, it also makes VR the third-most-popular topic at the conference, based on the number of scheduled sessions. Instagram,WhatsApp, and even a topic as essential as monetization eachhas fewer sessions scheduled than VR. Some of the subjects on the schedule include social VR, VR gaming, and web-based VR experiences.
But the company may also use the event to give developers a status update on its latest hardware efforts.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced at Oculus Connect last October that his company is working on a standalone virtual reality headset that will combine some of the higher-end features of the Oculus Rift with the portability of the mobile Gear VR headset. We believe that there is a sweet spot between these, Zuckerberg said at the time.
Facebook did show off an early prototype code-named Santa Cruz to developers at the event, but Variety has learned that the Oculus team has since been working on a newer version. One of the internal code names for this new prototype is Monterey, according to a source familiar with the project, buttheres also a possibility that the company may use another beach town as its name.
(Oculus named all of the prototypes for the original Rift headset after beaches close to its original headquarters in Irvine, Calif.; it picked Santa Cruz as a first public code name for the standalone headset after moving to Northern California following the acquisition by Facebook.)
The standalone headset wont require a connection to a computer or the use of a phone to render VR experiences. It will also feature inside-out tracking, which means that it will be able to determine the location of a user in a room through sensors attached directly to the device, as opposed to the lighthouse-type sensor used by the Oculus Rift and competing devices like the HTC Vive.
Inside-out tracking is a technical challenge in itself. However, shrinking the computing power needed to render high-end virtual reality experiences in real-time to a mobile form factor may be just as challenging. Oculus particularly has been struggling with battery constraints, according to an industry source.
Zuckerberg had already warned audiences at last years Oculus Connect conference that it was early days for the companys standalone VR headset. The company may nonetheless be looking to share it early on with developers. Just as Rift experiences dont run on the Gear VR, the new hardware may require a new generation oflightweight applications that make use of positional tracking but dont necessarily use the computational power of a full-featured gaming PC.
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Pluto VR raises $13.9M to build out virtual reality communication platform – GeekWire
Posted: at 11:50 pm
Pluto VR lets you talk to other people within virtual reality apps. (Pluto VR Photo)
Pluto VR, the Seattle-based virtual reality startup co-founded by PopCap Games co-founder John Vechey, has raised $13.9 million in a Series A funding round.
The company, which is developing applicationsfor people to communicate within virtual reality, will use the cash infusion to continue research and development, roll out its alpha test to more customers and support additional platforms.
Seattle-based Maveron led the round, with participation from Madrona Venture Group of Seattle, Trilogy Equity Partners of Bellevue and other individual investors. Maveron co-founder and General Partner, Dan Levitan, will join Plutos board of directors.
Maveron, founded by Starbucks Chairman Howard Schultz and Levitan in 1998, has already backed three VR startups Virtuix, an active VR motion gaming platform; VicariousVR, a connected VR social network; and Against Gravity, a Seattle-based startup behind the hit VR game Rec Room.
Anarghya Vardhana, a senior associate at Maveron, explained to GeekWire in February why the firm is so bullish about VR/AR.
We see this as a way in which people interact with the world around them; with each other; with entertainment; with work, she told GeekWire. Its going to be a big computingshift, just like we saw a computing shift with the personal computer and cell phone.
Pluto VR wants to be the applicationwe use to talk to other people who are alsowearing a virtual or augmented reality headset. The three-year-old Seattle startup is developing something like Skype orFacebook Messenger a communication app that can run on its own,or on top of other experiences but for virtual reality.
The purpose of Pluto is to help humanity transcend physical location, Vechey said in a statement. While digital technologies today allow us to connect instantly from anywhere in the world with text, voice or video, they arent necessarily bringing us closer together. With Pluto, youll be able to connect with anyone anywhere, as if you were together in person.
GeekWire visited Plutos Seattle headquarters late last year and checked out its VR communication system. Pluto was aSeattle 10 company in 2015, and it employs 17 people at its Ballard office, which was previously occupied by pet insurance company Trupanion. Its much too large of a building for your typical 17-person startup, but its perfect forPluto given the technology it is building.The extra space and individual officesallow the company to better test its software.
From its own app control panel, Pluto lets you create your own avatar, control the opacity of each person, mute mics or make calls to other people without needing an avatar, andmore.For now, Plutoonly uses avatars that show faces and hand movements which are trackable with headsets and accompanying controllers.
Vecheysaid the company has no immediate plans to release its product more broadly, and that Pluto VR is focused on getting the little things right with alpha customers and rolling out slowly.
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A virtual reality check for Children’s Hospital patients | Boston Herald – Boston Herald
Posted: at 11:50 pm
Young patients will soon take trips to the bottom of the ocean, the tops of mountain peaks and even outer space thanks to a cutting-edge virtual reality program at Boston Childrens Hospital an innovative new push to lessen stress that comes with getting stuck in their rooms for long stretches.
It transports kids, said Laurel Anderson, a child life specialist in a surgical wing at Childrens. It really gives them a true break. It blocks out all the nurses, all the doctors. They cant see their IV pole, they cant see their cast. It really gives them a true break. Its amazing.
Using an HTC Vive virtual reality headset, patients can be transported underwater, surrounded by fish and sea turtles; hang out with a friendly virtual dog on a mountaintop; or teleport through the solar system. Because the Vive is interactive and comes with controllers, kids can touch the tops of jellyfish or throw a stick for the dog.
For Gwen Jones, a 7-year-old from Beverly who came to Childrens after her appendix burst, virtual reality was by far the best thing during her three-week stay. Gwen spent 15 minutes with a black VR headset over her blonde braid, wandering around a virtual canvas, as well as painting and walking through pink hearts and a house made of neon rainbows.
Eventually, she discovered a wintry scene. Its snowing! she said as she threw pink snow into the air. Whoa, a snowman!
Gwens mother, Andrea Jones, said it has been hard at times keeping her daughter engaged and excited after so long in the hospital.
Were trying to take advantage of everything to make the days go fast, Andrea Jones said. Some days its tough.
For Gwen, VR was definitely a hit.
I reeeaaaally liked it, she said.
Childrens has been piloting the VR program since September, testing games and the VR system with about a half-dozen patients. Now, they are preparing to make it available to dozens more and make virtual reality a regular part of caring for patients.
Were always looking for opportunities for kids here to feel like a child, to escape from the medical environment and their medical experiences and to play and do normal childhood things, even in this environment, said Brianna OConnell, another child life specialist overseeing the virtual reality program.
OConnell said Childrens will soon set up the headset which has to be calibrated with cameras and run through a computer for five- or six- hour blocks to accommodate as many patients as possible. For kids who cant leave their rooms because of mobility or immune system problems, the hospital will bring the headset to them. Yet virtual reality will be far more than just fun, Childrens hopes. For kids with chronic conditions such as cystic fibrosis who are in the hospital for weeks several times a year, spending even 20 minutes in a virtual world without doctors could be a game-changer. It could also prevent a condition called ICU psychosis, where patients who spend a long time in a hospital room start to lose their sense of reality.
Its allowing the kids an escape and its kind of switching gears in the way that theyre experiencing things, OConnell said.
I had one mom talk to me about the fact that her child had been kind of withdrawn and was really anxious about an upcoming procedure, she said. And she spent half an hour using the virtual reality and her whole mood lifted.
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David Bowie’s musical will be available to watch in virtual reality this month – The Verge
Posted: at 11:50 pm
David Bowies Lazarus ended its London run this past January, but the musical is returning to the city once again this month as a virtual reality experience. Lazarus will be staged as part of a VR exhibition during the V&A Museums Performance Festival, Dazed reports.
Visitors to the museum will be given a headset where they can watch a virtual reality recording of the musical, which features songs from Bowies back catalog and his final album Blackstar. Because Lazarus only had a limited run in New York and London (which sold out almost immediately), this exhibition offers another way for those who missed it the first time around to catch it in 360 degrees.
the man who fell to virtual reality
This is not the first time Bowies work has appeared in virtual reality. At Sundance this year, an Oculus-supported dance sequence called Heroes was set to the Bowie song of the same name. And other rock musicians have slowly embraced the medium as well. Last year, Queens guitarist Brian May designed his own mobile VR glasses to go along with an interactive app (set inside Freddie Mercurys mind) called The Bohemian Rhapsody Experience.
The V&A Museum exhibition is called From VHS to VR, and will take place on Sunday, April 30th.
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You Can Watch David Bowie’s Musical in Virtual Reality – Esquire.com
Posted: at 11:50 pm
Over a year after the loss of the legendary David Bowie, fans will be able to see some of his last hits in a musical virtual reality experience.
Dazed reports that the musician's musical, Lazarus, will be hitting London again...but through virtual reality. Through a VR headset, the virtual reality exhibit will feature clips of real-life Lazarus performances during its run at the King's Cross Theatre, and it will be presented during the Performance Festival at the V&A museum on April 30th.
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Lazarus, a play directed by Ivo van Hove and written by Bowie and Enda Walsh, was one of Bowie's final creative projects before his death in early 2016. Featuring music from his final album Blackstar, the virtual reality exhibition is a must for any Bowie fan who has some extra cash to buy a London flight.
Two Rare David Bowie Albums Making a Comeback
(H/T Dazed)
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AI Adds a New Layer to Cyber Risk – Harvard Business Review
Posted: at 11:49 pm
Executive Summary
Cognitive and AI technologies are a certainty of our future. While they have the power to bring immense potential to our productivity and quality of life, we must also be mindful of potential vulnerabilities on an equally large scale. With humans, a security breach can often be localized back to the source and sealed. With cognitive and AI breaches, the damage can become massive in seconds. Balancing the demands between automation and information security should be about making cybersecurity integral not an afterthought to an organizations information infrastructure.
Cognitive computing and artificial intelligence (AI)are spawning what many are calling a new type of industrial revolution. While both technologies refer to the same process, there is a slight nuance to each. To be specific, cognitive uses a suite of many technologies that are designed to augment the cognitive capabilities of a human mind. A cognitive system can perceive and infer, reason and learn. Were defining AIhere as a broad term that loosely refers to computers that can perform tasks that once required human intelligence. Because these systems can be trained to analyze and understand natural language, mimic human reasoning processes, and make decisions, businesses are increasingly deploying them to automate routine activities. From self-driving cars to drones to automated business operations, this technology has the potential to enhance productivity, direct human talent on critical issues, accelerate innovation, and lower operating costs.
Yet, like any technology that is not properly managed and protected, cognitive systems that use humanoid robots and avatars and less human labor can also pose immense cybersecurity vulnerabilities for businesses, compromising their operations. The criminal underground has been leveraging this capability for years, using the concept of botnets which distribute tiny pieces of code across thousands of computers programmed to execute tasks that mimic the actions of tens and hundreds of thousands of users, resulting in mass cyberattacks and spamming of email and texts, and even making major websites unavailable for large periods of time via denial of service attacks.
How it will impact business, industry, and society.
In a digital world where there is greater reliance on business data analytics and electronic consumer interactions, the C-suite cannot afford to ignore these existing security risks. In addition, there are unique and new cyber risks associated with cognitive and AI technology. Businesses must be thoughtful about adopting new information technologies, employing multiple layers of cyber defense, and security planning to reduce the growing threat. As with any innovative new technology, there are positive and negative implications. Businesses must recognize that a technology powerful enough to benefit them is equally capable of hurting them.
First of all, theres no guarantee of reliability with cognitive technology. It is only as good as the information fed into the system, and the training and context that a human expert provides. In an ideal state, systems are designed to simulate and scale the reasoning, judgment, and decision making capabilities of the most competent and expertly trained human minds. But, bad human actors say, a disgruntled employee or rogue outsiders could hijack the system, enter misleading or inaccurate data, and hold it hostage by withholding mission-critical information or by teaching the computer to process data inappropriately.
Second, cognitive and artificial intelligence systems are trained to mimic analytical processes of the human brain not always through clear, step-by-step programming instructions like a traditional system, but through example, repetition, observation and inference.
But, if the system is sabotaged or purposely fed inaccurate information, it could infer an incorrect correlation as correct or learn a bad behavior. Since most cognitive systems are designed to have freedom, as humans do, they often use non-expiring and hard-coded passwords. A malicious hacker can use the same login credentials as the bot to gain access to much more data than a single individual is allowed. Security monitoring systems are sometimes configured to ignore bot or machine access logs to reduce the large volume of systemic access. But this can allow a malicious intruder, masquerading as a bot, to gain access to systems for long periods of time and go largely undetected.
In some cases, attempts to leverage new technology can have unintended consequences, and an entire organization can become a victim. In a now-classic example, MicrosoftsTwitterbot, Tay, which was designed to learn how to communicate naturally with young people on social media, was compromised shortly after going live when internet trolls figured out the vulnerabilities of its learning algorithms and began feeding it racist, sexist, and homophobic content. The result was that Tay began to spew hateful and inappropriate answers and commentary on social media to millions of followers.
Finally, contrary to popular thinking, cognitive systems are not protected from hacks just because a process is automated. Chatbots are increasingly becoming commonplace in every type of setting, including enterprise and customer call centers. By collecting personal information about users and responding to their inquiries, some bots are designed to keep learning over time how to do their jobs better. This plays a critical role in ensuring accuracy, particularly in regulated industries like healthcare and finance that possess a high volume of confidential membership and customer information.
But like any technology, these automated chatbots can also be used by malicious hackers to scale up fraudulent transactions, mislead people, steal personally-identifiable information, and penetrate systems. We have already seen evidence of advanced AI tools being used to penetrate websites to steal compromising and embarrassing information on individuals, with high-profile examples such as Ashley Madison, Yahoo and the DNC. As bad actors continue to develop advanced AI for malicious purposes, it will require organizations to deploy equally advanced AI to prevent, detect and counter these attacks.
But, risks aside, there is tremendous upside for cyber security professionals to leverage AI and cognitive techniques. Routine tasks such as analyzing large volumes of security event logs can be automated by using digital labor and machine learning to increase accuracy. As systems become more effective at identifying malicious and unauthorized access, cybersecurity systems can become self-healing actually updating controls and patching systems in real time as a direct result of learning and understanding how hackers exploit new approaches.
Cognitive and AI technologies are a certainty of our future. While they have the power to bring immense potential to our productivity and quality of life, we must also be mindful of potential vulnerabilities on an equally large scale. With humans, a security breach can often be localized back to the source and sealed. With cognitive and AI breaches, the damage can become massive in seconds. Balancing the demands between automation and information security should be about making cybersecurity integral not an afterthought to an organizations information infrastructure.
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As Boston Children’s launches clinical decision support challenge, a warning about AI hype – MobiHealthNews
Posted: at 11:49 pm
Boston Childrens Hospital held its second Innovation and Digital Health Accelerator Innovators Showcase yesterday, inviting more than 20 startups working with the hospital in some capacity to network and share their work with each other.
At the event, the company also kicked off its newest open innovation challenge, which focuses specifically on clinical decision support.
The idea there is were sourcing ideas from frontline staff or researchers and others on the administrative side to find new ideas where we can use technology to improve clinical decisions, be it through machine learning, AI, image recognition, or even operational improvements, IDHA Innovation Lead Matt Murphy said.
The hospital will accept applications through April 28, and one or two winners will get $50,000 in grant funding and other support from the hospital.
To get the wheels turning about ways that AI could help improve clinical decision support, Boston Childrens invited some doctors doing research in that area to speak to the assembled crowd.
Dr. Garry Steil showed off some results of a project to use artificial intelligence to help people with Type 1 diabetes predict their blood sugar spikes and take insulin accordingly. Steils system has already shown some previously unknown correlations between exercise, food, and sleep that could help people with diabetes stay on track.
The other speaker, Dr. Doug Perrin, spoke more broadly about artificial intelligence. His biggest warning was to avoid overhyping AI, which in 2017 is just a sophisticated form of computing, not the creation of an actual artificial mind.
Perrin gave an interesting history lesson about AI. He said that some of the first attempts at AI were in 1957 and revolved around a computing element called a Perceptron. So much hype was built around the Perceptron that when Marvin Minsky mathematically proved its limitations in a 1969 book, it led to a dramatic fall-off in all AI research.
This kicked off what we call the AI Winter, Perrin said. If you talk to anyone who was doing artificial intelligence in the 80s and 90s this term comes up. It was an era where you could not get funded if you said you worked on AI or if any of the words you were using to describe your research looked anything like strong AI. So we came up with other terms: informatics, machine learning, intelligent systems, intelligent agents, and computational intelligence.
The AI Winter ended only recently, when computers became fast enough and storage became cheap enough that the results of the few AI experiments did get funding were impossible to ignore.
Fighting AI hype is the best way to avoid another winter, Perrin said.
For medical care specifically, Perrin cautioned that AI could only really be used to support clinical decisions, not to take them over, because the cost of failure is so high.
This is unlikely to change, he said. These methods mostly rely on probabilistic approaches, so its going to be mostly right most of the time. But if it failing some of the time is going to be terrible, you dont want to use these methods in an unsupervised fashion. The best approach is on collaborations on decision support, not in making the decision. Radiologists should not be replaced. Radiologists should be using these things.
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AI programs exhibit racial and gender biases, research reveals – The Guardian
Posted: at 11:49 pm
An artificial intelligence tool that has revolutionised the ability of computers to interpret everyday language has been shown to exhibit striking gender and racial biases.
The findings raise the spectre of existing social inequalities and prejudices being reinforced in new and unpredictable ways as an increasing number of decisions affecting our everyday lives are ceded to automatons.
In the past few years, the ability of programs such as Google Translate to interpret language has improved dramatically. These gains have been thanks to new machine learning techniques and the availability of vast amounts of online text data, on which the algorithms can be trained.
However, as machines are getting closer to acquiring human-like language abilities, they are also absorbing the deeply ingrained biases concealed within the patterns of language use, the latest research reveals.
Joanna Bryson, a computer scientist at the University of Bath and a co-author, said: A lot of people are saying this is showing that AI is prejudiced. No. This is showing were prejudiced and that AI is learning it.
But Bryson warned that AI has the potential to reinforce existing biases because, unlike humans, algorithms may be unequipped to consciously counteract learned biases. A danger would be if you had an AI system that didnt have an explicit part that was driven by moral ideas, that would be bad, she said.
The research, published in the journal Science, focuses on a machine learning tool known as word embedding, which is already transforming the way computers interpret speech and text. Some argue that the natural next step for the technology may involve machines developing human-like abilities such as common sense and logic.
A major reason we chose to study word embeddings is that they have been spectacularly successful in the last few years in helping computers make sense of language, said Arvind Narayanan, a computer scientist at Princeton University and the papers senior author.
The approach, which is already used in web search and machine translation, works by building up a mathematical representation of language, in which the meaning of a word is distilled into a series of numbers (known as a word vector) based on which other words most frequently appear alongside it. Perhaps surprisingly, this purely statistical approach appears to capture the rich cultural and social context of what a word means in the way that a dictionary definition would be incapable of.
For instance, in the mathematical language space, words for flowers are clustered closer to words linked to pleasantness, while words for insects are closer to words linked to unpleasantness, reflecting common views on the relative merits of insects versus flowers.
The latest paper shows that some more troubling implicit biases seen in human psychology experiments are also readily acquired by algorithms. The words female and woman were more closely associated with arts and humanities occupations and with the home, while male and man were closer to maths and engineering professions.
And the AI system was more likely to associate European American names with pleasant words such as gift or happy, while African American names were more commonly associated with unpleasant words.
The findings suggest that algorithms have acquired the same biases that lead people (in the UK and US, at least) to match pleasant words and white faces in implicit association tests.
These biases can have a profound impact on human behaviour. One previous study showed that an identical CV is 50% more likely to result in an interview invitation if the candidates name is European American than if it is African American. The latest results suggest that algorithms, unless explicitly programmed to address this, will be riddled with the same social prejudices.
If you didnt believe that there was racism associated with peoples names, this shows its there, said Bryson.
The machine learning tool used in the study was trained on a dataset known as the common crawl corpus a list of 840bn words that have been taken as they appear from material published online. Similar results were found when the same tools were trained on data from Google News.
Sandra Wachter, a researcher in data ethics and algorithms at the University of Oxford, said: The world is biased, the historical data is biased, hence it is not surprising that we receive biased results.
Rather than algorithms representing a threat, they could present an opportunity to address bias and counteract it where appropriate, she added.
At least with algorithms, we can potentially know when the algorithm is biased, she said. Humans, for example, could lie about the reasons they did not hire someone. In contrast, we do not expect algorithms to lie or deceive us.
However, Wachter said the question of how to eliminate inappropriate bias from algorithms designed to understand language, without stripping away their powers of interpretation, would be challenging.
We can, in principle, build systems that detect biased decision-making, and then act on it, said Wachter, who along with others has called for an AI watchdog to be established. This is a very complicated task, but it is a responsibility that we as society should not shy away from.
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AI programs exhibit racial and gender biases, research reveals - The Guardian
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